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Hot Working & Cold Working

The document discusses metal forming processes and describes properties related to plasticity, ductility, and malleability. It then defines and compares hot working and cold working processes. Hot working involves plastic deformation above the metal's recrystallization temperature, allowing new grain growth. Cold working is below this temperature and causes strain hardening. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are provided.

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77 views5 pages

Hot Working & Cold Working

The document discusses metal forming processes and describes properties related to plasticity, ductility, and malleability. It then defines and compares hot working and cold working processes. Hot working involves plastic deformation above the metal's recrystallization temperature, allowing new grain growth. Cold working is below this temperature and causes strain hardening. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are provided.

Uploaded by

Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‫ عبد الكريم جليل كاظم‬.

‫د‬ MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

METAL FORMING PROCESSES

Plasticity, ductility and malleability are the properties of a material,


which retains the deformation produced under applied forces
permanently and hence these metal properties are important for metal
working processes. Plasticity is the ability of material to undergo some
degree of permanent deformation without rupture or failure. Plastic
deformation will take place only after the elastic range has been
exceeded. Such property of material is important in forming, shaping,
extruding and many other hot and cold working processes. Materials
such as clay, lead, etc. are plastic at room temperature and steel is plastic
at forging temperature. This property generally increases with increase in
temperature. Ductility is the property of a material enabling it to be
drawn into wire with the application of tensile force. A ductile material
must be both strong and plastic. The ductility is usually measured by the
terms percentage elongation and percent reduction in area often used as
empirical measures of ductility. The ductile material commonly used in
engineering practice in order of diminishing ductility are mild steel,
copper, aluminium, nickel, zinc, tin and lead.
Malleability is the ability of the material to be flattened into thin sheets
without cracking by hot or cold working. A malleable material should be
plastic but it is not essential to be so strong. The malleable materials
commonly used in engineering practice in order of diminishing
malleability are lead, soft steel, wrought iron, copper and aluminium.
Aluminium, copper, tin, lead, steel, etc. are recognized as highly
malleable metals.

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‫ عبد الكريم جليل كاظم‬.‫د‬ MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

RECRYSTALISATION
During the process of plastic deformation in metal forming, the plastic
flow of the metal takes place and the shapes of the grains are changed. If
the plastic deformation is carried out at higher temperatures, new grains
start growing at the location of internal stresses caused in the metal. If
the temperature is sufficiently high, the growth of new grains is
accelerated and continuous till the metal comprises fully of only the new
grains. This process of formation of new grains is known as
recrystallisation and is said to be complete when the metal structure
consists of entirely new grains. That temperature at which
recrystalisation is completed is known as the recrystallisation
temperature of the metal. It is this point, which draws the line of
difference between cold working and hot working processes. Mechanical
working of a metal below its recrystalisation temperature is called as
cold working and that accomplished above this temperature but below
the melting or burning point is known as hot working.

Hot Working
Hot working is the plastic deformation of metals above their
recrystallization temperature.
Hot working occurs under conditions of temperature and
strain rate such that recrystallization occurs simultaneously
with deformation.

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‫ عبد الكريم جليل كاظم‬.‫د‬ MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Plastic deformation is a permanent deformation, and


obtained by applying forces great enough to exceed the
elastic limit of the material.
Recrystallization temperature is the temperature at which
new, unstrained crystals from the original distorted grains
are formed after being plastically deformed.
Tr =0.5 Tm Ko
where Tr :Recrystallization temperature Tm: melting
temperature
Advantages of Hot Working
1. The yield strength of metals decreases as temperature
increases, and the ductility increases. Thus it becomes
possible to alter the shape of metals drastically by hot
working
● without causing them to fracture and
● without the necessity for using excessively large forces.
2. Hot working does not produce strain hardening.
Therefore, it does not cause any increase in yield strength
or hardness, or corresponding decrease in ductility.
3. The elevated temperatures promote diffusion that can
remove chemical inhomogenities, pores can be welded,
shut or reduced in size during deformation and the
metallurgical structure can be altered to improve the final
properties.

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‫ عبد الكريم جليل كاظم‬.‫د‬ MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

4. Undesirable coarse or columnar grains may be


eliminated and a fine, randomly oriented grain structure
may be obtained.
Metals with fine grain structures have superior strength,
ductility and toughness.
5. Impurities which are located around grain boundaries
are often reoriented into a "crack-arrestor" configuration,
perpendicular to crack propagation.

Disadvantages of Hot Working

1. The high temperatures may promote undesirable


reactions between the metal and surroundings,
2. Tolerances are poorer due to thermal contractions and
possible non uniform cooling,
3. Metallurgical structure may also be non-uniform.
Cold Working
Cold working is the plastic deformation of metals below
their recrystallization temperature.
It is generally performed at room temperature.
Advantages of Cold Working
1. No heating is required.
2. Better surface finish is obtained.
3. Superior dimension control.
4. Better reproducibility and interchangeability of parts.
5. Improved strength properties.

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‫ عبد الكريم جليل كاظم‬.‫د‬ MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

6. Directional properties can be imparted.


7. Contamination problems are minimized.
Disadvantages of Cold Working
1. Higher forces are required for deformation.
2. Heavier and more powerful equipment is required.
3. Less ductility is available.
4. Metal surfaces must be clean and scale-free.
5. Strain hardening occur.
6. Imparted directional properties may be detrimental.
7. May produce undesirable residual stresses.

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