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50 views38 pagesX - Maths Revision Notes
Uploaded by
Vikas AmboreCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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/ 38
CLASS X_: CHAPTER - 1
REAL NUMBERS
IMPOR’
iT AS & INCEPT!
EUCLID’S DIVISION LEMMA.
Given positive integers a and b, there exist unique integers q and r satisfying a = bq + r, where
O d, follow the steps below:
Step 1 : Apply Euclid’s division lemma, to c and d. So, we find whole numbers, q and r such that ¢
=dq+r, 0Sr HCF(a,b)xLCM (a,b) =axb
> LCM (a,b)-—
HCF (a,b)
> HCF(a,b)=— >
LCM (a,b)
PRIME FACTORISATION METHOD TO FIND HCF AND LCM
HCF(a, b) = Product of the smallest power of each common prime factor in the numbers.
LCM(a, b) = Product of the greatest power of each prime factor, involved in the numbers.
RATIONAL NUMBERS
‘The number in the form of 2 where ‘p’ and ‘q’ are integers and q#0, e.g. 33, 7
q
Every rational number can be expressed in decimal form and the decimal form will be either
terminating or non-terminating repeating. e.g. Saas (Terminating), 3 = 0.66666... or 0.6 (Non-
terminating repeating).
IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
‘The numbers which are not rational are called irrational numbers. e.g. V2, 3, V5, etc.
Let p be a prime number. If p divides a2, then p divides a, where a is a positive integer.
“If p is a positive integer which is not a perfect square, then Vm is an irrational, e.g.
V2,V5,V6,V8,...ete.
+ Ifp is prime, then J/p is also an irrational.
RATIONAL NUMBERS AND THEIR DECIMAL EXPANSIONS
> Let x be a rational number whose decimal expansion terminates. Then x can be expressed in the
form © where p and q are coprime, and the prime factorisation of q is of the form 2'5", where
q
n, mare non-negative integers.
> Letx=2 bea rational number, such that the prime factorisation of q is of the form 2"5", where
q
rn, m are non-negative integers. Then x has a decimal expansion which terminates.
> Letx =". be a rational number, such that the prime factorisation of q is not of the form 2"5",
q
where n, m are non-negative integers. Then, x has a decimal expansion which is non-terminating
repeating (recurring).
* The decimal form of irrational numbers is non-terminating and non-repeating.
*% Those decimals which are non-terminating and non-repeating will be irrational numbers.
e.g. 0.20200200020002....... is a non-terminating and non-repeating decimal, so it
irrational. CLASS X_: CHAPTER - 2
POLYNOMIALS
IMPORTANT F AS & INCEPT!
An algebraic expression of the form p(x) = a9 + a1x + ax” + asx? +
called a polynomial in variable x of degree n.
Here, ap, a1, a2, a3, ....++++nsq are real numbers and each power of x is a non-negative integer.
e.g. 3x’ — 5x + 2 is a polynomial of degree 2.
3x +2 is not a polynomial.
ink", where a #0, is
> If p(x) is a polynomial in x, the highest power of x in p(x) is called the degree of the polynomial
pC). For example, 4x + 2 is a polynomial in the variable x of degree 1, 2)* - 3y + 4 is a
polynomial in the variable y of degree 2,
+ A polynomial of degree 0 is called a constant polynomial.
+ A polynomial p(x) = ax + b of degree 1 is called a linear polynomial.
+ A polynomial p(x) = ax? + bx +c of degree 2 is called a quadratic polynomial.
“A polynomial p(x) = ax’ + bx? + cx +d of degree 3 is called a cubic polynomial.
A polynomial p(x) = ax‘ + bx + cx” + dx +e of degree 4 is called a bi-quadratic polynomial.
VALUE OF A POLYNOMIAL AT A GIVEN POINT x=k
If p(x) is a polynomial in x, and if k is any real number, then the value obtained by replacing x by k
in p(x), is called the value of p(x) at x = k, and is denoted by p(k).
ZERO OF A POLYNOMIAL
A real number k is said to be a zero of a polynomial p(x), if p(k) = 0.
+ Geometrically, the zeroes of a polynomial p(x) are precisely the x-coordinates of the points,
where the graph of y = p(x) intersects the x -axis.
+ A quadratic polynomial can have at most 2 zeroes and a cubic polynomial can have at most 3
zeroes.
+ In general, a polynomial of degree ‘n’ has at the most ‘n’ zeroes.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ZEROES & COEFFICIENTS OF POLYNOMIALS
Type of Generalform | No.of | Relationship between zeroes and coefficients
Polynomial zeroes
Linear ax+b,a#0 1 Big pa Lonstant term
ida Coefficient of x
Quadratic [ax bx +e, aZ0 2 Coefficient of x _
Sum of zeroes (a +B) =
Coefficient of x?
Product of zeroes (ap) = —omstantterm_ _ ©
Coefficient of x? a
Cubic ax + bx +ex+d, 3 Coefficient of x? __b
az0 Sum of zeroes (a+ B +7) =~
Coefficient of x
Product of sum of zeroes taken two at a time
Coefficient of x _ ¢
(rf + By + yor) = Coetticient of x _ ¢
(B+ By +10) = Coentcient of a
Constant term __d
Product of zeroes (ay) =
Coefficient of x* a A quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are a and f is given by p(x) =
ie. x — (Sum of zeroes)x + (Product of zeroes)
(a+ P)xtap
+ A cubic polynomial whose zeroes are a, and y is given by
PQ)= x —(a+ B+ y)xv + (oP + By +ya)x—apy
The zeroes of a quadratic polynomial ax” + bx +c, a 0, are precisely the x-coordinates of the points
where the parabola representing y = ax” + bx +c intersects the x-axis.
In fact, for any quadratic polynomial ax’ + bx + c, a 0, the graph of the corresponding equation y =
ax’ + bx +c has one of the two shapes either open upwards like U or open downwards like
A depending on whether a > 0 or a <0. (These curves are called parabolas.)
The following three cases can be happen about the graph of quadratic polynomial ax” + bx +¢ :
Case (i) : Here, the graph cuts x-axis at two distinet points A and A’, The x-coordinates of A and A’
are the two zeroes of the quadratic polynomial ax” + bx + ¢ in this case
¢
x op ex x ~ al *x
\
\
yi ve
@ Gi)
a>0 a<0
lere, the graph cuts the x-axis at exactly one point, i.e., at two coincident points. So, the
two points A and A’ of Case (i) coincide here to become one point A. The x-coordinate of A is the
only zero for the quadratic polynomial ax” + bx + ¢ in this case.
Y xi
(i) (ii)
a>0 a<0 Case (iii) : Here, the graph is either completely above the x-axis or completely below the x-axis. So,
it does not cut the x-axis at any point. So, the quadratic polynomial ax” + bx + has no zero in this
case.
@
a>0
DIVISION ALGORITHM FOR POLYNOMIALS
If p(x) and g(x) are any two polynomials with g(x) 4 0, then we can find polynomials q(x) and r(x)
such that p(x) = g() x g(a) + 100),
where r(x) = 0 or degree of r(x) < degree of g(x).
If (x) = 0, then g(x) is a factor of p(x).
Dividend = Divisor x Quotient + Remainder CLASS X_: CHAPTER - 3
PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES
IMPORTANT FORMULAS & CONCEPTS
+ An equation of the form ax + by + ¢ = 0, where a, b and c are real numbers (a#0,b%0), is
called a linear equation in two variables x and y.
4 The numbers a and b are called the coefficients of the equation ax + by + ¢ = 0 and the number
is called the constant of the equation ax + by + ¢ = 0.
Two linear equations in the same two variables are called a pair of linear equations in two variables.
The most general form of a pair of linear equations is
ax by er
anx + by +02 =0
where ay, dz, bi, bo, c1, €2 are real numbers, such that ay? + b,7#0, az? + by #0.
CONSISTENT SYSTEM
A system of simultaneous linear equations is said to be consistent, if it has at least one solution.
INCONSISTENT SYSTEM
A system of simultaneous linear equations is said to be inconsistent, if it has no solution.
METHOD TO SOLVE A PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATION OF TWO VARIABLES:
A pair of linear equations in two variables can be represented, and solved, by the:
(® graphical method Gi) algebraic method
GRAPHICAL METHOD OF SOLUTION OF A PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
The graph of a pair of linear equations in two variables is represented by two lines.
1, If the lines intersect at a point, then that point gives the unique solution of the two equations, In
this case, the pair of equations is consistent.
y
stevoiyreteo
aberoaysetmo
:
2. If the lines coincide, then there are infinitely many solutions — each point on the line being a
solution. In this case, the pair of equations is dependent (consistent).
strsbtysetna f
attblyte?ed 3. If the lines are parallel, then the pair of equations has no solution. In this case, the pair of
equations is inconsistent.
y
atxtbtyteteo
Algebraic interpretation of pair of linear equations in two variables
The pair of linear equations represented by these lines a1x + bry + ci = 0 and apx + bry + ¢2 = 0
ii a then the pair of linear equations has exactly one solution.
then the pair of linear equations has infinitely many solutions.
o
3. 1f = 4.44 then the pair of linear equations has no solution.
a bh
S.No. _ | Pair of lines Compare | Graphical Algebraic
the ratios __| representation | interpretation
ax + by +e Intersecting | Unique solution (Exactly
1 aox + boy +c lines. ‘one solution)
ax+biy +e Coincident | Tnfinitely many solutions
2 ax + boy +c =0 lines
ax + bye =0 Parallel ines, No solution’
3 axx + by + ¢; ene
ALGEBRAIC METHODS OF SOLVING A PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
Substitution Method
Following are the steps to solve the pair of linear equations by substitution method:
ax + by +e) =0... (i) and
ax + boy + cy i)
Step 1: We pick either of the equations and write one variable in terms of the other
~4z-4... (ip
Areas Gil)
Step 2: Substitute the value of x in equation (i) from equation (iii) obtained in step 1
Step 3: Substituting this value of y in equation (iii) obtained in step 1, we get the values of x and y.
Elimination Method
Following are the steps to solve the pair of linear equations by elimination method:
Step 1: First multiply both the equations by some suitable non-zero constants to make the
coefficients of one variable (either x or y) numerically equal.
Step 2: Then add or subtract one equation from the other so that one variable gets eliminated.
+ Ifyou get an equation in one variable, go to Step 3.
+ Ifin Step 2, we obtain a true statement involving no variable, then the original pair of
equations has infinitely many solutions. + Ifin Step 2, we obtain a false statement involving no variable, then the original pair of
equations has no solution, i.., it is inconsistent.
Step 3: Solve the equation in one variable (x or y) so obtained to get its value.
Step 4: Substitute this value of x (or y) in either of the original equations to get the value of the other
variable.
Cross - Multiplication Method
Let the pair of linear equations be:
aix + by +c1=0... (1) and
ax + boy +02 =0...
QB)
ab, — ab,
In remembering the above result, the following diagram may be helpful :
x y 1
; x ; x : x :
by G % b,
‘The arrows between the two numbers indicate that they are to be multiplied and the second product
is to be subtracted from the first.
For solving a pair of linear equations by this method, we will follow the following steps :
Step 1: Write the given equations in the form (1) and (2).
Step 2 : Taking the help of the diagram above, write Equations as given in (3).
Step 3 : Find x and y, provided a,b, —a,b, #0
Step 2 above gives you an indication of why this method is called the eross-multiplication method. CLASS X_: CHAPTER - 4
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
IMPORTANT F A EPT!
POLYNOMIALS
An algebraic expression of the form p(x) = a9 + a1x + ax” + asx? +...
called a polynomial in variable x of degree n.
Here, ag, a1, a2, a3, ......+-«fp are real numbers and each power of x is a non-negative integer.
e.g. 3x’ — 5x + 2 is a polynomial of degree 2.
3x +2 is not a polynomial.
.-figX", where a # 0, is
> If p(x) is a polynomial in x, the highest power of x in p(x) is called the degree of the polynomial
pC). For example, 4x + 2 is a polynomial in the variable x of degree 1, 2)* - 3y + 4 is a
polynomial in the variable y of degree 2,
+ A polynomial of degree 0 is called a constant polynomial.
+ A polynomial p(x) = ax + b of degree 1 is called a linear polynomial.
A polynomial p(x) = ax? + bx + ¢ of degree 2 is called a quadratic polynomial.
‘A polynomial p(x) = ax* + bx? + cx + d_of degree 3 is called a cubic polynomial.
& A polynomial p(x) = ax‘ + bx’ + cx" + dx +e of degree 4 is called a bi-quadratic polynomial,
QUADRATIC EQUATION
A polynomial p(x) = ax? + bx + ¢ of degree 2 is called a quadratic polynomial, then p(x) = 0 is
known as quadratic equation.
e.g. 2x — 3x +2=0, x? + 5x +6 =0 are quadratic equations.
METHODS TO FIND THE SOLUTION OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Three methods to find the solution of quadratic equation:
1, Factorisation method
2. Method of completing the square
3. Quadratic formula method
FACTORISATION METHOD
Steps to find the solution of given quadratic equation by factorisation
> Firstly, write the given quadratic equation in standard form ax” + bx +c = 0.
> Find two numbers o and f such that sum of a and i is equal to b and product of a and fi is
equal to ac.
> Write the middle term bx as a.x+ Bx and factorise it by splitting the middle term and let factors
are (x + p) and (x + q) ie. ax? + bx +e=0 > (x +p)(x+q)=0
> Now equate reach factor to zero and find the values of x.
> These values of x are the required roots/solutions of the given quadratic equation.
METHOD OF COMPLETING THE SQUARE
Steps to find the solution of given quadratic equation by Method of completing the square:
> Firstly, write the given quadratic equation in standard form ax” + bx + c= 0.
> Make coefficient of x? unity by dividing all by a then we get
Soe
P42xe5e0
a > Shift the constant on RHS and add square of half of the coefficient of x ic. (4) on both sides.
2a
ate leieacest b bY _c¢ (by
v4lxe—Lop x? 42[ 2 |x4[ S| =-S4] >
ao 2a)""\2a) ~~ a (2a
> Write LHS as the perfect square of a binomial expression and simplify RHS.
bY) _b-4ac
x+2 | -2 oie
2a 4a’
> Take square root on both sides,
> Find the value of x by shifting the constant term on RHS ie. x=+,
QUADRATIC FORMULA METHOD
Steps to find the solution of given quadratic equation by quadratic formula method:
> Firstly, write the given quadratic equation in standard form ax’ + bx + ¢=0.
> Write the values of a, b and c by comparing the given equation with standard form.
> Find discriminant D = b* ~ dac. If value of D is negative, then is no real solution ie. solution
does not exist. If value of D> 0, then solution exists follow the next step.
. . —b+VD .
> Put the value of a, b and D in quadratic formula re? and get the required
a
roots/solutions.
NATURE OF ROOTS
The roots of the quadratic equation ax? + bx + c= 0 by quadratic formula are given by
yb? -4ac _-b+VD
2a 2a
where D = 6*—dac is called discriminant. The nature of roots depends upon the value of
discriminant D. There are three cases —
Case -I
When D>0 ie. b?—dac > 0, then the quadratic equation has two distinet roots.
~b+VD -b-VD
= and
2a 2a
Case - II
When D = 0, then the quadratic equation has two equal real roots.
Case — IIT
When D <0 then there is no real roots exist. ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION (AP)
IMPORTANT F A EPT!
SEQUENCE
‘An arrangement of numbers in a definite order according to some rule is called a sequence. In other
words, a pattern of numbers in which succeeding terms are obtained from the preceding term by
adding/subtracting a fixed number or by multiplying with/dividing by a fixed number, is called
sequence or list of numbers.
eg. 1,2,3,4,5
A sequence is said to be finite or infinite accordingly it has finite or infinite number of terms. The
various numbers occurring in a sequence are called its terms.
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION ( AP ).
An arithmetic progression is a list of numbers in which each term is obtained by adding a fixed
number to the preceding term except the first term,
This fixed number is called the common difference of the AP. It can be positive, negative or zero.
Let us denote the first term of an AP by ay, second term by az, . . ., nth term by dy and the common
difference by d. Then the AP becomes a, 2, a3, . «+ dr.
So, aa — a) = 3-42 =. «= dy ~ dy
The general form of an arithmetic progression is given by
a,a+d,a+2d,a+3d,...
where a is the first term and d the common difference.
nth Term of an AP
Let ai, a2, a3, ... be an AP whose first term a; is a and the common difference is d.
Then,
the second term a;
the third term a:
the fourth term ay = a3 +d =(a+2d) +=
at+d=a+(2-Id
+@-Dd
43d=a+(4-1)d
Looking at the pattern, we can say that the nth term dy =a + (n~ 1) d.
So, the nth term a, of the AP with first term a and common difference d is given by
a, =a+(n-1)d.
4 is also called the general term of the AP. If there are m terms in the AP, then ay represents the
last term which is sometimes also denoted by .
nth Term from the end of an AP
Let the last term of an AP be ‘/’ and the common difference of an AP is ‘d” then the nth term from
the end of an AP is given by
In =1-(n-1)d. Sum of First 1 Terms of an AP
The sum of the first n terms of an AP is given by
where a = first term, d = common difference and n = number of terms.
Also, it can be written as
S, =Fla+a,]
where ay = nth terms
or
[a+]
where / = last term
This form of the result is useful when the first and the last terms of an AP are given and the common
difference is not given.
n(n+1)
2
Sum of first n positive integers is given by S, =
Problems based on finding a, if S, is given.
Find the nth term of the AP, follow the steps:
Consider the given sum of first n terms as Sp.
Find the value of S; and S2 by substituting the value of n as 1 and 2.
‘The value of §} is ar ie. a= first term and S2— $1 = ay
Find the value of a3 — a; = d, common difference.
> Byusing the value of a and d, Write AP.
vvvv
Problems based on finding S, if a, is given.
Find the sum of n term of an AP, follow the steps:
> Consider the nth term of an AP as ay.
Find the value of a; and a by substituting the value of n as 1 and 2.
‘The value of ay is a = first term.
Find the value of a; — a: = d, common difference.
By using the value of a and d, Write AP.
By using Sn formula, simplify the expression after substituting the value of a and d
>
>
>
>
>
>
Arithmetic Mean
Ifa, b and care in AP, then ‘b’ is known as arithmetic mean between ‘a’ and ‘c’ CLASS X_: CHAPTER - 6
IMPORTANT FORMULAS & CONCEPTS
All those objects which have the same shape but different sizes are called similar objects.
Two triangles are similar if
(@ their corresponding angles are equal (or)
(i) their corresponding sides have lengths in the same ratio (or proportional)
Two triangles AABC and ADEF are similar if
@ZA=ZD,2ZB= ZE,ZC = ZF
AB _BC_CA D
wR
DE EF FD
La LA
B CG £ F
Basic Proportionality theorem or Thales Theorem
Ifa straight line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle intersecting the other two sides, then it
divides the two sides in the same ratio.
Ifina AABC, a straight line DE parallel to BC, intersects AB at D and AC at E, then
eee
oF = wWE-S
AD AE DB EC
Converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem ( Converse of Thales Theorem)
Ifa straight line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, then the line must be parallel to
the third side.
Angle Bisector Theorem
The internal (external) bisector of an angle of a triangle divides the opposite side internally
(externally) in the ratio of the corresponding sides containing the angle.
Converse of Angle Bisector Theorem
If a straight line through one vertex of a triangle divides the opposite side internally (externally) in
the ratio of the other two sides, then the line bisects the angle internally (externally) at the vertex.
Criteria for similarity of triangles
The following three criteria are sufficient to prove that two triangles are similar.
() AAA( Angle-Angle-Angle ) similarity criterion
If in two triangles, corresponding angles are equal, then their corresponding sides are in the same ratio (or
proportion) and hence the two triangles are similar.
Remark: If two angles of one triangle are respectively equal to two angles of another triangle, then
the two triangles are similar. SSS (Side-Side-Side) similarity criterion for Two Triangles
In two triangles, if the sides of one triangle are proportional (in the same ratio) to the s
other triangle, then their corresponding angles are equal and hence the two triangles are s
SAS (Side-Angle-Side) similarity criterion for Two Triangles
If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of the other triangle and if the corresponding sides
including these angles are proportional, then the two triangles are similar.
Areas of Similar Triangles
The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the squares of their
corresponding sides.
Ifa perpendicular is drawn from the vertex of a right angled triangle to its hypotenuse, then the
triangles on each side of the perpendicular are similar to the whole triangle.
Here, (a) ADBA + AABC A
(b) ADAC+ AABC
(©) ADBA + ADAC
B D c
If two triangles are similar, then the ratio of the corresponding sides is equal to the ratio of their
corresponding altitudes.
AB_BC_CA_AD
ie., if AABC + AEFG, then DE Te CE TH E
4
2 Dee |. FH \
Iftwo triangles are similar, then the ratio of the corresponding sides is equal to the ratio of the
corresponding perimeters.
If AABC+ AEFG, then 48. BC _ CA _ ABYBC+CA
DE FG GE DE+FG+GE
Pythagoras theorem (Baudhayan theorem)
Ina right angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other
two sides,
Converse of Pythagoras theorem
Ina triangle, if the square of one side is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides, then
the angle opposite to the first side is a right angle. CLASS X_: CHAPTER - 7
COORDINATE GEOMETRY
IMPORTANT F AS & INCEPT!
Points to remember
‘© The distance of a point from the y-axis is called its x-coordinate, or abscissa.
‘The distance of a point from the x-axis is called its y-coordinate, or ordinate.
© The coordinates of a point on the x-axis are of the form (x, 0).
F The coordinates of a point on the y-axis are of the form (0, y).
Distance Formula
The distance between any two points A(x:, y1) and B(x, y2) is given by
AB= V(x, — 4 +02 -
Distance of a point from origin
‘The distance of a point P(x, y) from origin O is given by OP = x" + y*
Problems based on geometrical figure
To show that a given figure is a
© Parallelogram — prove that the opposite sides are equal
© Rectangle — prove that the opposite sides are equal and the diagonals are equal.
© Parallelogram but not rectangle ~ prove that the opposite sides are equal and the diagonals are
not equal.
Rhombus — prove that the four sides are equal
‘& Square — prove that the four sides are equal and the diagonals are equal.
F Rhombus but not square — prove that the four sides are equal and the diagonals are not equal
© Isosceles triangle - prove any two sides are equal.
Equilateral triangle — prove that all three sides are equal.
© Right triangle — prove that sides of triangle satisfies Pythagoras theorem.
Section formula
‘The coordinates of the point P(x, y) which divides the line segment joining the points A(x, yi) and
B(x2, 2), internally, in the ratio my : mo are
és a
m+," m,+m,
This is known as the section formula.
Mid-point formula
The coordinates of the point P(x, y) which is the midpoint of the line segment joining the points
Aa, 91) and B(x, y2), are (232.244) Area of a Triangle
If A(x1, yi), B(x, y2) and C(x3, ys) are the vertices of a A ABC, then the area of A ABC is given by
Area of AABC=F154(92— 9) + (95-9404 -Y)]
AGH ID
Oy) C3)
‘Trick to remember the formula
The formula of area of a triangle can be learn with the help of following arrow diagram:
x y
>»
% Ya
mat
~
x vt
AABC = +
2 XS ¥3
Find the sum of products of numbers at the ends of the lines pointing downwards and then subtract,
the sum of products of numbers at the ends of the line pointing upwards, multiply the difference by
fie Area of AABC = Hay, 95 HH) Cas Hay A] CLASS X: CHAPTER - 8
INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY
IMPORTANT FORMULAS & INCEPT!
‘The word ‘trigonometry’ is derived from the Greek words ‘tri’ (meaning three), ‘gon’ (meaning sides) and
“metron’ (meaning measure). In fact, trigonometry is the study of relationships between the sides and angles
ofa triangle.
‘Trigonometric Ratios (I - Ratios) of an acute angle of a right triangle
In XOY-plane, let a revolving line OP starting from OX, trace out ZXOP=0.
From P (x, y)draw PM 1 to OX.
In right angled triangle OMP. OM = x (Adjacent side); PM = y (opposite side); OP = r (hypotenuse).
_ Opposite side _y
sin 9 = Opposite side _ y cere = TORCEMse
Hypotenuse Opposite side y
cos = Adjacent Side _ x
Hypotenuse r
tang =O0PPesIteSide _y og g_ Adjacent Side
‘Adjacent Side x Opposite side
Reciprocal Relations
1
sin@ =
cosecd
noo
seed
tan0 =
cotd
Quotient Relations
Se
cos sind
tan =
Remark 1 : sin q is read as the “sine of angle q” and it should never be interpreted as the product,
of ‘sin’ and ‘q”
> Remark 2 : Notation : (sin 0)* is written as sin?0 (read “sin square q’*) Similarly (sin 0)" is
written as sin" (read “sin nth power q’” ), n being a positive integer.
Note : (sin 6)° should not be written as sin 6° or as sin” 6°
Remark 3 : Trigonometric ratios depend only on the value of @ and are independent of the
lengths of the sides of the right angled triangle. Trigonometric ratios of Complementary angles.
cos (90 ~ 6) = sin @
cot (90 — 0) = tan 0
sec (90 — @) = cosec 8 cosec (90 — 8) = sec 8.
‘Trigonometric ratios for angle of measure.
0°, 30°,45°, 60° and 90° in tabular form.
ZA ov 30" 45° 60" 90"
sinA 0 ; ¥ 2 1
cos, 1 8 ¥ ; 0
tanA 0 s il 3 Not defined
cosecA | Not defined 2 v2 % :
secA a % v2 2 Not defined
cotA | Not defined vB ‘ s 0
‘TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
An equation involving trigonometric ratios of an angle is said to be a trigonometric identity if it is
satisfied for all values of 0 for which the given trigonometric ratios are defined.
Identity (1) : sin? + cos*6 = 1
=> sin’0 = 1 ~cos’0 and cos"0 = 1 — sin’0.
Identity (2): sec?6 = 1 + tan’@
=> sec"@ — tan’ = 1 and tan°@ = sec”@ — 1.
Identity (3) : cosec"0 = 1 + cot?O
=>cosec’@ — cot’0 = I and cot” = cosec"0 — 1.
SOME TIPS
‘SOH-CAH-TOA Method |
Right Tangle
Opposite
SOK sine(A) =sin( a) = OPE
Adjacent
ypotenuse
CAH: cosine(A)=08(A)
Hypotenuse
Me “i Opposite ‘TOA: tangent(A) =tan(a) = 2epesite
Side (y) ‘Adjacent
cosecant(A)=ese()= oy Hypoxenase
1__ Hypotenuse
(A) Adjacent
1__ Adjacent
‘cotangent(A) m00t() aye oo at
Adjacent Side (x)
secant(A)=see(A)= Each tigonometie funtion In terms ofthe oer ve.
lintermsot| sind | _—cos@_—'| ~_—itand csc secd | cotd |
oo a Vireo # tand 1 d-1, 1
sin@= Sn AVI e080" Tieton") esc seed VA cotO
if ves®O—1 1 cotd |
= ren Ip——— |, ves @=t fF yy
eae oe T+tan6* cscd seed T+ cotO
nO Teor O 1 |
tan 0 se | — ee. LO | tand fob ep /; ie eee
ang = * Visi") * cos a Vero 1*V8C 8-1 og
1 ed 8ee8
csc = c Jb], tant) og sly corto
snd Vt =cot6 * —tond Veet o—1*
1 1 esc vi + cot6
——— 29 te 1+ cot’
sec0= $7 S7G wep VI tent age?
sin? cos 8 1 1
sees areas eee! — ees
pomfeviseote| tend em vet OaT| oe
cot =
Note: csc@ is same as cosec6. CLASS X_: CHAPTER - 9
SOME APPLICATIONS TO TRIGONOMETRY
IMPORTANT FOR AS EPT!
ANGLE OF ELEVATION
In the below figure, the line AC drawn from the eye of the student to the top of the minar is called
the line of sight. The student is looking at the top of the minar. The angle BAC, so formed by the line
of sight with the horizontal, is called the angle of elevation of the top of the minar from the eye of
the student. Thus, the line of sight is the line drawn from the eye of an observer to the point in the
object viewed by the observer.
The angle of elevation of the point viewed is the angle formed by the line of sight with the
horizontal when the point being viewed is above the horizontal level, i.e., the case when we raise our
head to look at the object
ANGLE OF DEPRESSION
In the below figure, the girl sitting on the balcony is looking down at a flower pot placed on a stair of
the temple. In this case, the line of sight is below the horizontal level. The angle so formed by the
line of sight with the horizontal is called the angle of depression. Thus, the angle of depression of a
point on the object being viewed is the angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal when the
point is below the horizontal level, ie, the case when we lower our head to look at the point being
viewed
@) Object
‘Trigonometric Ratios (I - Ratios) of an acute angle of a right triangle
In XOY-plane, let a revolving line OP starting from OX, trace out ZXOP=0. From P (x, y)draw PM
4. to OX.
In right angled triangle OMP. OM = x (Adjacent side); PM = y (opposite side); OP = r (hypotenuse). sing ~OPpeiteSide_y _,.g_ Adjacent Side _s 4, _ Opposite Side
Hypotenuse Hypotenuse ‘Adjacent Side
coseco = Hypotenuse _ 7... Hypotenuse rg Adjacent Side
Opposite Side y ‘Adjacent Side x ‘Opposite Side
Reciprocal Relations
cosecd=—_, seco=—_ and cot =
sind cos and
Quotient Relations
tang = 59 and cota = 282
cos sind
‘Trigonometric ratios of Complementary angles.
sin (90 — 0) = cos 8 cos (90-6) = sin @
tan (90-6) = cot @ cot (90 — 8) = tan 0
sec (90 ~0) = cosec 0 cosec (90 — 6) = sec 8.
‘Trigonometric ratios for angle of measure.
0°, 30°,45°, 60° and 90° in tabular form.
ZA oe 30" 45" 60" 90"
ir : ale 3
sind 0 : es oe 1
A 1 1 1 0
cos: aS as =
2 v2 2
1
tan, 0 B 1 Not defined
cosecA | Not defined - 2 :
A sl : v2 Not defined
= lot define
see! a7
cotA | Not defined B 1 0 CLASS X_: CHAPTER - 10
CIRCLES
IMPORTANT F JA EPT!
Circle
The collection of all the points in a plane, which are at a fixed distance from a fixed point in the
plane, is called a circle.
> The fixed point is called the centre of the circle and the fixed distance is called the radius of the
Circle. In the below figure, O is the centre and the length OP is the radius of the circle.
‘P
> The line segment joining the centre and any point on the circle is also called a radius of the
circle.
> A circle divides the plane on which it lies into three parts. They are: (i) inside the circle, which is
also called the interior of the circle; (i) the circle and (iii) outside the circle, which is also called
the exterior of the circle. The circle and its interior make up the circular region.
> The chord is the line segment having its two end points lying on the circumference of the circle
> The chord, which passes through the centre of the circle, is called a diameter of the circle.
> A diameter is the longest chord and all diameters have the same length, which is equal to two
times the radius.
> A piece of a circle between two points is called an are.
> The longer one is called the major arc PQ and the shorter one is called the minor are PQ.
> The length of the complete circle is called its circumference.
> The region between a chord and either of its ares is called a segment of the circular region or
simply a segment of the circle. There are two types of segments also, which are the major
segment and the minor segment.
> The region between an are and the two radi, joining the centre to the end points of the arc is
called a sector. The minor arc corresponds to the minor sector and the major arc corresponds to
the major sector.
> In the below figure, the region OPQ is the minor sector and remaining part of the circular region
is the major sector. When two arcs are equal, that is, each is a semicircle, then both segments and.
both sectors become the same and each is known as a semicircular region. Major sector
Major segment
P
finor segment
Points to Remember :
> A circle is a collection of all the points in a plane, which are equidistant from a fixed point in the
plane.
> Equal chords of a circle (or of congruent circles) subtend equal angles at the centre.
v
If the angles subtended by two chords of a circle (or of congruent circles) at the centre
(corresponding centre) are equal, the chords are equal
‘The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord.
The line drawn through the centre of a circle to bisect a chord is perpendicular to the chord.
‘There is one and only one circle passing through three non-collinear points.
vvvyv
Equal chords of a circle (or of congruent circles) are equidistant from the centre (or
corresponding centres).
> Chords equidistant from the centre (or corresponding centres) of a circle (or of congruent circles)
are equal.
v
If two ares of a circle are congruent, then their corresponding chords are equal and conversely, if
two chords of a circle are equal, then their corresponding ares (minor, major) are congruent.
> Congruent arcs of a circle subtend equal angles at the centre.
> The angle subtended by an are at the centre is double the angle subtended by it at any point on
the remaining part of the circle,
> Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.\,
> Angle in a semicircle is a right angle.
> Ifa line segment joining two points subtends equal angles at two other points lying on the same
side of the line containing the line segment, the four points lie on a circle.
> The sum of either pair of opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 180°,
> If the sum of a pair of opposite angles of a quadrilateral is 180°, then the quadrilateral is cyclic.
Secant to a Circle
A secant to a circle is a line that intersects the circle at exactly two points.
Tangent to a Circle
A tangent to a circle is a line that intersects the circle at only one point. Given two circles, there are lines that are tangents to both of them at the same time.
© If the circles are separate (do not intersect), there are four possible common tangent:
a
© If the two circles touch at just one point, there are three po:
both:
© If the two circles touch at just one point, with one inside the other, there is just one line that is a
sible tangent lines that are common to
& If the circles overlap
e. intersect at two points, there are two tangents that are common to both:
D>
‘© If the circles lie one inside the other, there are no tangents that are common to both. A tangent to
the inner circle would be a secant of the outer circle. & The tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.
© The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
F The centre lies on the bisector of the angle between the two tangent
‘& “Ifa line in the plane of a circle is perpendicular to the radius at its endpoint on the circle, then
the line is tangent to the circle”. CLASS X_: CHAPTER - 11
CONSTRUCTONS
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
To construct a triangle
Example 1 - Construct a triangle similar to a given triangle ABC with its sides equal to 3 of the
corresponding sides of the triangle ABC (i.e., of scale factor 3.
Steps of Construction :
= Draw any ray BX making an acute angle with BC on the side opposite to the vertex A.
© Locate 4 (the greater of 3 and 4 in 3) points B,, Bz, B3 and By on BX so that BB, = BjB2 = B,B3
= BsBu.
Join B,C and draw a line through B3 (the 3rd point, 3 being smaller of 3 and 4 in 3) parallel to
BAC to intersect BC at C’.
= Draw a line through C’ parallel to the line CA to intersect BA at A’ (see below figure).
Then, A A'BC' is the required triangle.
Example 2 : Construct a triangle similar to a given triangle ABC with its sides equal to 3 of the
corresponding sides of the triangle ABC (i.., of scale factor 3 ).
Steps of Construction
> Draw any ray BX making an acute angle with BC on the side opposite to the vertex A.
> Locate 5 points (the greater of 5 and 3 in 2 B1, B2, B3, B4 and BS on BX so that BB, = B,B,
ByB3 = B3By= B.Bs. > Join Bs(the 3rd point, 3 being smaller of 3 and 5 in 3) to C and draw a line through Bs parallel
to B3C, intersecting the extended line segment BC at C’.
> Draw a line through C’ parallel to CA intersecting the extended line segment BA at A’ (see the
below figure),
‘Then A’BC’ is the required triangle.
A
To construct the tangents to a circle from a point outside i
Given : We are given a circle with centre ‘O’ and a point P outside it. We have to construct two
tangents from P to the circle.
Steps of construction :
© Join PO and draw a perpendicular bisector of it. Let M be the midpoint of PO.
© Taking M as centre and PM or MO as radius, draw a circle. Let it intersect the given circle at the
points A and B.
= Join PA and PB.
Then PA and PB are the required two tangents.
To Construct a tangent to a circle at a given point when the centre of the circle is known.
We have a circle with centre ‘O’ and a point P anywhere on its circumference. Then we have to
construct a tangent through P. Steps of Construction ;
© Draw a circle with centre ‘O” and mark a point ‘P’ anywhere on it. Join OP.
© Draw a perpendicular line through the point P and name it as XY, as shown in the figure.
F XY is the required tangent to the given circle passing through P. CLASS X_: CHAPTER - 12
AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES
IMPORTANT F AS & INCEPT!
Perimeter and Area of a Circle
Perimeter/circumference of a circle = x diameter
=n x 2r (where ris the radius of the circle)
=2ar
Area of a circle = ar?, where 7 = 2
Areas of Sector and Segment of a Circle
Area of the sector of angle @ == -o>xar*, where ris the radius of the circle and 0 the angle of the
sector in degrees
length of an arc of a sector of angle 0 = sar x2ar, where ris the radius of the circle and 0 the
angle of the sector in degrees
Q
Area of the segment APB = Area of the sector OAPB - Area of A OAB
xa? area of A OAB
360°
© Area of the major sector OAQB = x7? — Area of the minor sector OAPB
®& Area of major segment AQB = 7° — Area of the minor segment APB
© Area of segment of a circle = Area of the corresponding sector ~ Area of the corresponding
triangle CLASS X_: CHAPTER - 13,
IMPORTANT F A INCEPT!
S.| Name of Figure | Lateral/Curved| Total surface | Volume | Nomen-
No.| the solid surface area area clature
1. | Cuboid 2h(l+b) 2(lb+bh+h lbh Hength
brbreadth
cheight
21 Cube 4d 6a? a arside of
the cube
3. | Right Perimeter of base | Lateral surface | area of base| .
prism x height area+2(areaof | xheight
the end surface)
4 Regular Qnrh 2nr(r+h) arh radius of
circular the base
Cylinder hcheight
3 Right F (perimeter of | Lateral surfaces | tareaof, :
pyramid base) slant areatareaof | the base
height the base xheight
6 Right ml ri(lr) 47h | cradius of
circular the base
cone hcheight
::slant height
7.| Sphere S&S ne nr 4 radius
8 | Hemisphere 2 Qn 3n 3nF radius FrustumofaCone - __ Ifa right circular cone is cut off by a plane parallel to
its base, then the portion of the cone between the cutting
fh, = height of cone
A cone.
f
plane and the base of the cone is called a frustum of a
SlantHeight |
of Frustum (1) | VA (in
Lateral
Surface Area | "(71*/2)!
Total
Surface | m{(r,+r,) +7, + 1,}
‘Area
Volume Br? rr r)h
Height of cone of
which the frustum
is part of (h)
hr,
(hn) CLASS X: CHAPTER - 14
STATISTICS
IMPORTANT F AS & INCEPT!
In many real-life situations, it is helpful to describe data by a single number that is most
representative of the entire collection of numbers. Such a number is called a measure of central
tendency. The most commonly used measures are as follows.
1. The mean, or average, of ‘n’ numbers is the sum of the numbers divided by n.
2. The median of ‘n’ numbers is the middle number when the numbers are written in order. If n is
even, the median is the average of the two middle numbers.
3. The mode of ‘n’ numbers is the number that occurs most frequently. If two numbers tie for most
frequent occurrence, the collection has two modes and is called bimodal.
MEAN OF GROUPED DATA
Direct method
Zhe,
Df
Assume mean method or Short-cut method
Lf,
Lh
Step Deviation method
Df,
Mean, x= A+<2@txh where w=
fi
Mean,
Mean, x= A+ where d, =x,-A
MODE OF GROUPED DATA
Mode =1+| (S54; h
2h h-hh
where 1 = lower limit of the modal class,
ize of the class interval (assuming all class sizes to be equal),
frequency of the modal class,
frequency of the class preceding the modal class,
frequency of the class succeeding the modal class.
> Cumulative Frequency: The cumulative frequency of a class is the frequency obtained by
adding the frequencies of all the classes preceeding the given class.
MEDIAN OF GROUPED DATA
ta
Median =1+| xh
i
where 1 = lower limit of median class,
n= number of observations,
cf = cumulative frequency of class preceding the median class,
f= frequency of median class,
= class size (assuming class size to be equal) EMPIRICAL FORMULA
3Median = Mode + 2 Mean
+ Cumulative frequency curve is also known as ‘Ogive’.
There are three methods of drawing ogive:
1. _ LESS THAN METHOD
Steps involved in calculating median using less than Ogive approach-
> Convert the series into a ‘less than ' cumulative frequency distribution,
> Let N be the total number of students who's data is given, N will also be the cumulative
frequency of the last interval. Find the (N/2)"itemand mark it on the y-axis.
> Draw a perpendicular from that point to the right to cut the Ogive curve at point A.
> From point A where the Ogive curve is cut, draw a perpendicular on the x-axis. The point at
which it touches the x-axis will be the median value of the series as shown in the graph.
60
50
40
30
20
10
Median (66.4)
Cumulative frequency->
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Upper limits —>
2. MORE THAN METHOD
Steps involved in calculating median using more than Ogive approach-
> Convert the series into a ‘more than cumulative frequency distribution.
> Let N be the total number of students who's data is given. N will also be the cumulative
frequency of the last interval. Find the (N/2)""item and mark it on the y-axis.
Draw a perpendicular from that point to the right to cut the Ogive curve at point A.
From point A where the Ogive curve is cut, draw a perpendicular on the x-axis. The point at
which it touches the x-axis will be the median value of the series as shown in the graph,
vv
ervweaunga
essSSs
Cumulative frequency >
10 20 30 40 50 6077080 90 100
Median (66.4) 3. LESS THAN AND MORE THAN OGIVE METHOD
Another way of graphical determination of median is through simultaneous graphic presentation of
both the less than and more than Ogives.
> Mark the point A where the Ogive curves cut each other.
median value.
> Draw a perpendicular from A on the x-axis. The corresponding value on the x-axis would be the
ss
y
ss
Cumulative frequency >
ereweana
S Ss
10 20 30 40 50 6077080 90 100
Median (66.4)
+ The median of grouped data can be obtained graphically as the x-coordinate of the point of
intersection of the two ogives for this data. CLASS X_: CHAPTER - 15
PROBABILITY
IMPORTANT F A EPT!
PROBABILITY
Experimental or empirical probability P(E) of an event E is
Number of trials in which the event happened
PE) = a
Total number of trials
The theoretical probability (also called classical probability) of an event A, written as P(A), is
defined as
Number of outcomes favourable to A
P(A) = Number of outcomes Favourable to A __
‘A) = umber ofall possible outcomes of the experiment
‘Two o more events of an experiment, where occurrence of an event prevents occurrences of all
other events, are called Mutually Exclusive Events.
COMPLIMENTARY EVENTS AND PROBABILITY
We denote the event ‘not E' by E . This is called the complement event of event E.
So, P(E) + P(not E) = 1
ie., P(E) + P(E) = 1, which gives us P( E) = 1- P(E).
In general, it is true that for an event E, P(E ) = 1 - P(E)
© The probability of an event which is impossible to occur is 0. Such an event is called an
impossible event.
© The probability of an event which is sure (or certain) to occur is 1. Such an event is called a sure
event or a certain event.
© The probability of an event E is a number P(E) such that 0
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