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Assignment 2 (REASONING)

This document discusses inductive and deductive reasoning and related concepts: - Inductive reasoning involves finding patterns in specific cases and making conjectures about general cases. - Counterexamples can disprove conjectures by providing a specific case where the conjecture is false. - Deductive reasoning uses facts, definitions, and logic to form logical arguments, unlike inductive reasoning which uses examples and patterns. - Laws of logic like detachment and syllogism allow forming new conditional statements from existing true statements.

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Simon Kun
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67 views4 pages

Assignment 2 (REASONING)

This document discusses inductive and deductive reasoning and related concepts: - Inductive reasoning involves finding patterns in specific cases and making conjectures about general cases. - Counterexamples can disprove conjectures by providing a specific case where the conjecture is false. - Deductive reasoning uses facts, definitions, and logic to form logical arguments, unlike inductive reasoning which uses examples and patterns. - Laws of logic like detachment and syllogism allow forming new conditional statements from existing true statements.

Uploaded by

Simon Kun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Name Date

Core Concepts
Inductive Reasoning
Recall that conjecture is an unproven statement about a general mathematical
concept that is based on observations. You use inductive reasoning when you find a
pattern in specific cases and then write a conjecture for the general case.

Counterexample
To show that a conjecture is true, you must show that it is true for all cases. You
can show that a conjecture is false, however, by finding just one counterexample.
A counterexample is a specific case for which the conjecture is false.

Example:

"If an integer is odd and is between 10 and 20, then it must be


prime,"
you must show that there is an integer that is odd and is between
10 and 20, but is not prime.

Answer: 15 → it is odd and is between 10 and 20, but is not prime,


because it is divisible by 5 and 3, in addition to being
divisible by itself and 1.

Deductive Reasoning
Deductive reasoning uses facts, definitions, accepted properties, and the laws of logic to form
a logical argument. This is different from inductive reasoning, which uses specific examples
and patterns to form a conjecture.
Laws of Logic
Law of Detachment
If the hypothesis of a true conditional statement is true, then the conclusion is also true.

Example:

Law of Syllogism
If hypothesis p, then conclusion q.
If these statements are true,
If hypothesis q, then conclusion r.

If hypothesis p, then conclusion r. then this statement is true.

Example:
Name Date

5. 2 Practice

Worked-Out Examples
Example #1
Make and test a conjecture about the given quantity.

The product of any two even integers.


The product of any two even integers is an even integer.

Tests: 2 ⋅ 8 = 16, 22 ⋅ 20 = 440

Example #2
Use inductive reasoning to make a conjecture about the given quantity. Then
use deductive reasoning to show that the conjecture is true.
The sum of two odd integers.

1+3=4, 3+5=8, 7+9=16


Conjecture: The sum of two odd integers is an even
integer. Let m and n be integers, then (2m + 1) and (2n + 1)
are odd integers.
( 2m + 1 ) + ( 2n + 1 ) = 2m + 2n + 2
= 2(m + n + 1)
Any number multiplied by 2 is an even number.
Therefore, the sum of two odd integers is an even integer.

Practice A
In Exercises 1–4, describe the pattern. Then write or draw the next two numbers,
letters, or figures.
1. 20, 19, 17, 14, 10, 2. 2, −3, 5, −7, 11,

3. C, E, G, I, K, 4.
Name Date

Practice B

In Exercises 1 and 2, make and test a conjecture about the given quantity.
1. the sum of two absolute values 2. the product of a number and its square

3. Vertical angles are always complementary. Find a counterexample to show


that the conjecture is false.

In Exercises 4, use the Law of Detachment to determine what you can


conclude from the given information, if possible.
4. Adjacent angles share one common ray. ∠AOB and ∠DOB are adjacent angles.

In Exercises 5, use the Law of Syllogism to write a new conditional


statement that follows from the pair of true statements, if possible.
5. If a polygon has three sides, then it is a triangle. If triangle has two congruent
sides, then it is an isosceles triangle.

In Exercises 6 and 9, decide whether inductive reasoning or deductive


reasoning is used to reach the conclusion.
6. All mammals have hair. Cats are mammals. So, all cats have hair.

7. Each time you go to school you walk. You went to school today, so you walked.

8. The table shows the cost per pound of several


varieties of organic and nonorganic produce Organic Nonorganic
at your local grocery store. What conjecture Bananas $0.49 $0.29
can you make about the relation between the Carrots $1.19 $0.89
cost of organic produce and the cost of
Strawberries $3.99 $2.99
nonorganic produce?

Taken from Big Ideas Learning, LLC

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