Unit 3 (Part 2)
Unit 3 (Part 2)
Unit 3 (Part 2)
Suffixation
THE WAYS TO FORM
NOUNS IN ENGLISH
1.Affixation
1.Definition
- The process of coining in a new word by adding an affix or
serveral affixes.
Eg: (-dom)freedom,wisdom, prehistory
2. Characteristics
- Sometimes, the new words take on the whole new meaning
Base word: ship(a means of transportation)
Eg: She has a long friendship with Jane.
Sometimes , it simply gives us grammatical information.
Eg: apples( indicate more than 1 apple)
-Affixes are often bound morphemes.
Eg: (-tion) revolution : an important change in the way we live and do things.
There are 3 main types
a,.Prefixes
-PREFIXES: affixes going at the begining of the base word.
- Prefixes are commonly used to
Make words negative/positive : (-dys)dysfunction,
-(auto)autobiography
Express time and order : (-pre) prehistory,
(-post)postgraduate
b,Suffixes
-Suffixes: affixes going at the end of the base word.
- When we add suffixes to base words, the process is
either derivational or inflectional
*Base word: teach (derivational)
teach is a verb and teacher(-er) is a noun
*Base word: talk (inflectional)
talk(noun): a conversation
talked(verb): past tense of “talk”
c,Circumfixes:involve adding affixes to both the
beginning and the end of a base word.
Inhumanity
Unhealthiness
Imprisonment
2. COMPOUNDING
a,.Definition
- The process of combining 2 or more stems to create a new word.
Eg: sunglasses, bedroom, raincoat,……..
b,Types: usually 3 main types
*Closed compounds: 2 word combined together without a space in between
Eg:blackboard, desktop, smartphone,….
*Open compounds: 2 words with a space between
Eg: French toast, cream cheese,….
*Hyphenated compunds: 2 or more words with a hyphen between
Eg:city-state,owner-driver ,…..
Characteristics
of compounding
-In most compounds, the rightmost morpheme
determines the category of entire word.
Eg: greenhouse is a noun(house is a noun)
-In compounding, the new substance may be
different from the ingredients.
Eg: toothpaste: a substance used to clean teeth
#tooth # paste
3. SHORTENING
_ Shortening is called procedure of creating new
words by eliminating parts of root words at the
end or at the beginning.
There are 3 main ways to shorten a word:
1 2 3
• Clipping: is to make a new • Abbreviation: is to make a Blending: is a type of shortening
word from a syllable of the new word from the initial in which parts of words merge
original word letters of a group into one to form a new word.
Initial clipping: Eg WHO from World Health Eg binary + digit = bít
telephone => phone Organization
Final clipping:
Camera + recorder = camcorder
ASEAN from Association
laboratory => lab of South East Asian Nations
Initial-final-clipping:
refridgerator =>fridge
Medial clipping :
Mathematics => maths
4. CONVERSION
A suffix is a letter
2. Classification of Sufixes