Everyday Engineering 1917 06

o o
E
veryday E n
o
u
n
e
rmc
"
I
t T
e
lls Y
ou H
ow t
oMak
e a
n
d H
ow t
oDo T
h
in gs
"
VO
L
. 3 JUNE
, 1
917 N
o. 3
CULT
IVATING VEGETABLES BY ELECTRICITY
BY TH
OMAS ST
ANLEY CU
RTIS
"Let me sugges
t a l
so t
hat every one who c
reates o
r c
ult
ivates a
g
arden h
elps, and he
lps g
reatly
, t oso
lve the p
rob
lem of t
he feed
ing
o
f t
he Nations
." — Wommow W I LSON
. •
E VERY r adio t e
legraph ic t ransm itter, large o r s mal
l, amateur
o
r professional, is ap otential cu
ltiva tor of plant li
fe. T hrough
as imple convers ion of t he oscillat
ion t ransformer , the apparatus
t
o b e found in t he possession o f every l i
censed r ad io amateur can
b
e made t o p erform t his p ractical service i n connection with the
s
o-called "kitchen g ardens" s pringing u p al
l o ver the country
.
Fo
llow ing t his l ine of reasoning , Mr . F. F. Pickslay, a n arden t
e
xper imenta l
ist o f Mamaroneck , N . Y .
, c a
lled at the of i
ces o f th
is
magaz ine a f ew w eeks a go and made k nown h is p
lans, wh ich w ere
f
ormu lated l arge ly a s an atural resu lt of the order to disman tle al
l
r
adio s tations . T he n et result of t he c onference is that Mr . Pick-
s
lay wi ll col
laborate w ith the L aboratory S taf
f of EV ERYDAY EN G
I-
NEERING i n t he conduct o f al ine o
f s erious e xperiments made o n t
he
p
lot a djoining h is r esidence a t 24 T enney Avenue i n Mamaroneck ,
which i s si
tuated a s hort train ri
de f rom New Y ork C i
ty .
T
he e ntire s tret ch o f ground be ing p lanted measures 3 8 ft
. front
by 10 f t
. d eep . Th is p lot isdivided i nto t wo parts
, o ne of wh ich
w
ill be e lectrified, a nd t he other w ithout c urrent
, for p urposes of
c
hecking r esults o bta ined.
TH
E DI
STR
IBUT
ING SY
STEM
The system f
or di
str
ibut
ion o f t
he h
igh -tens
ion, h
igh-frequency
c
urrent is simp
le. It comprises
' e
ssent
ially a n e
t-work of copper
w
ire suspended above t
he garden at adistance of s
ome 8 ft. f
rom
1
30 EV E R Y D A Y E N GI N E E RI N G
t
he ground, and a series of copper w ires placed i n shal
low t renches
b
eneath the ground .
I
n the case of our garden , the placing of t he g round wires was
asimple matter. T he p
lot was f i
rst plowed , then r aked, and fina
lly
t
he ground w ires w ere placed in furrows p roduced b y means o f a
h
and p low or c u
ltivator o f the kind s o
ld i n n early every c ountry
h
ardware s tore
. T he ground w ires, nine in n umber , w ere bridged
a
t ei
ther e nd w ith a p iece o f heavy s tranded c opper w ire. A l
l
i
- C
j'e
llr ,d
ol
.
55.
How t
he a
eria
l n
etwork i
s s
t
retched o
ver t
he c
ult
iva
ted p
lot
.
j
oints w ere soldered before t he wires were b uried. T he g round
l
ead i s ap
iece of No. 4stranded c opper wire leading d own a s ide of
t
he h ouse from t he t
ransformer a pparatus a nd mak ing c onne ct
ion
w
ith t he nearer bridging wire b eneath the ground .
The aeria
l n et-work was f ormed b y stretching f our s t
randed
c
opper w ires between insulators secured to the suppor ting p osts in
t
he f our c
orners o f t
he el
ectrif
ied plot. Guy w ires a nd turnbuck les
s
t
iffen t he structure a nd e nable us to make t he n e
t-work t aut.
Smaller copper w ires are stretched between t he s tranded c onduc -
t
ors, form ing t he cl
osed loop as shown i n t he draw ing. A ll j
oints
i
n t h
is n et-work w ere carefully so
ldered w ith t he aid of ab low
t
orch. Ar at-tail
, composed ofw ires lead
ing f rom e ach oft he l
ongi-
t
udina l strands , leads directly to t he s witch o utside the h ouse
which former ly served t
he p urpose of al ightn ing s w
itch when t he
w
ireless o utf
i t was i n c
omm ission. I ndeed, t he scheme of c onnec-
t
ion is exac t
ly t he same a s t
hat emp loyed f or w ire
less, t
he s witch
b
eing s o arranged t hat when c urrent isn o
t b eing sent through t he
EV E R Y D A Y E N GI N E E RI N G 1
31
Above: A t en
-inch composition i
nsulator used to s
upport t
he n etwork. B elow:
How t he poles are guyed. The in
sulation i s a
n importan
t c onsideration
. I
n
s
pi
te o f the spec
ial pa
ins t aken i
n t h
is case, we expect t
o find it necessary to
a
dd a ddi
tional insu
lators
. These w il
l p robably be p
laced above t he turnbuckle
i
n t he guys
.
1
n
et-work t
he s
witch c
onnec
ts t
he a
eria
l n
et-work w
ith t
he g
round
w
ires
.
CONSTRUCT ION DIFFICULT IES
A she
lf of rock runs beneath the entire plot under cult
ivat
ion.
The d
epth of the s
oi
l v ar
ies from less than a foot t
o o ver f
our f
eet
a
t diferent po
ints. Wh i
le this forms a n ideal c
ondition from the
To r
ight: Method of overcom
ing t
he
weight o
f o ur a
eria
l n e
twork
.
P
ion a
lgr
ound w
urs
Above
: The g
round wires a
re bur
ied
i
n t
he p
lot t
o b
e cult
iva
ted
s
tandpoint of v egetable r a
ising, in view o f the fact that it main
-
t
ains pract
ically a constant s ta
te o f moisture in t
he earth, the r
ock
c
aused n o l
i
ttle difi
culty when we u ndertook to e
rect t
he s upport
ing
po
les f
or the a eria
l net-work . A s the stra
in o n t
he poles isconsid
-
e
rable
, we f ound i tn ecessary t horoughly t o guy the p o
les, and i
n
t
his c
onnection were f orced to resort to various exped
ien ts such a
s
t
he u se of convenient t rees upon wh ich t o f asten t he g uy w ires.
Where t h
is was f ound n ecessary, w e protected t he b ark b y plac ing
s
trips of wood e ider the l oop of w ire where i tp assed a round t he
t
ree. I n other cases, we w ere f orced t o rely u pon s takes d riven
i
nto the ground. We a re not certa in that t he latter w ill stand t he
s
train, and we may f ind i tnecessary t o use " dead -men" a t the e nds
o
f the guy wires. B e i
tu nderstood a " dead -man" i n t h
is c ase isa n
anchor-
like contrivance b ur
ied i n t he earth.
We used one 1 0
-in, strain insu lator o f the high- tens ion v ariety
a
t e ach pole
. We e xpect to find i tn ecessary t o i nstall a dditional
i
nsu
lators i
n t
he g
uy w
ires
.
33
•-
1
41 M MI
Ls .b
ila
g11
111
1.106 u.
Above: S
older
ing p
aste m
akes t
he bes
t f
lux
. B elow: S
older
ing t
he n
etwork t
o
t
o be b
uried i
n the p
lot
.
1
I
n e recting the net-work , the posts were p laced a bout t wo f
ee t
i
n the g round . I n t h
is c omparat ively s ma l
l plot o n
ly f our p o
sts
were used. The g uy w ires w ere placed n ext without a ny attemp t
b
eing made t o tighten t hem . F ina l
ly the s tranded w ires forming
t
he closed l oop w ere s tretched tightly b etween t he i nsu
lators o n
t
he posts a nd the joints s oldered to insure n on-loosening a nd good
c
onduc t
iv i
ty . The t urnbuck les were next b rought u p to stretch the
l
oop tightly. T he l ongitud inal wires, five i n n umber , were nex t
T
he g
round v
l
re r
uns f
rom t
he ins
truments t
o the p
lot
, a
nd i
s s
o
ldered t
o t
he
n
etwork i
nt h
e ground.
s
tretched tight
ly b etween t he t wo end wire s of the lo
op. T hese
j
oints w ere soldered. T
hen t he three t ransverse w ires w ere
s
tretched between the side wires of t
he l
oop a nd the jo
ints so
ldered.
This gave us ap erfect
ly t aut net-work of amp le height to permit
f
reedom o f movement u nderneath i tin cu
ltivating the garden.
VEGETABLES PL ANTED
At t
his w riting t
he following v ege
tables are being p
lanted in
b
oth the elec
trified a
nd c heck plots: R adishes
, l
ettuce
, peas, c
ar-
r
ots
, beets, onions, p
otatoes and c e
lery. C orn w
ill be p
lanted as
s
oon as the w eather g
ets suff
ic
ient ly warm .
35
A h
and e
id
tt,
ttt, O
at
, u
sed t
o t
c
ake t he iu
rrows i
n w
hien t
he w
ires w
ere
s
t
retched.
Two h
eavy w
ires w
ere stre
tched from opposi
te po
les and sma
ller o
nes s
t
retched
b
etween t
hem. A
ll j
oints w
ere so
ldered
.
1
I
t i
s p
roposed to keep accurate r
ecord sheets with p
hotographs
s
howing t
he progress of the vegetab
les in both plots
. The resu
lts
o
bta
ined wi
ll be publ
ished i n t
his magazine from month to month.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
The me thod o f cu
ltivation w il
l b e t he high -frequency o r T esla
c
urrent me thod d escribed a t l eng th i n Mr . C urt
is' b ook, "H igh.
Frequency Appara tus." Mr . P icks lay i s the owner o f a Clapp -
Eastham Hy tone transm itter o f % k .w . capac ity, and t his trans-
mit
ter w ill be used to produce t he n ecessary c urrent.
The secondary o f the o scil
lat ion t ransformer i s co mposed o f
1
00 t urns of No . 18 annunc iator w ire wound i n as ingle layer u pon
a cardboard c y
linder 51 / i
2 n. in d iameter wh ich s l
ips w ithin t he
e
dgew ise
-wound c opper s t
rip f orm ing t he secondary o f the oscil
la-
t
ion t ransformer u sed f or w ireless p urposes . Th is c o
il gives l e
ss
t
han a h a
lf-inch s park when o pera ted w ithout a ny c apacity
V ,
P net
.ch,e
. Rdg
ap A
knel
Co, aenee, r
ehevrk
.
Z
ine
N ato/deci
7
7ensi
jemer Con de nf e^
Cvund
how t
he a
ppara
tus w
as h
ooked u
p.
a
ttached t o its t ermina l; however , when t he a er
ial n et-work i s
a
ttached, the p otential is so increased t
hat a s park severa l inches
l
ong may b e d rawn f rom t he c o
il. The diagram o f connect ions is
g
iven in the accompany ing draw ing. A later instalment w ill cover
more spec
ifica
lly t he a pparatus emp loyed and will g
ive p hotographs
o
f the ins
tallation , with s uggestions as t
o certa
in p rotective meas -
u
res that have b een deemed n ecessary
.
M US HROO M GRO WING
We h ave plans under way for the e

rect
ion o f mushroom b eds in
Mr
. P ickslay's basement, where condit
ions a re quite ideal
, t hough
n
ot so diferent f rom those f
ound i n the basement o f the a verage'
s
uburban r es
idence.
With t he mushrooms i t i
s planned to emp loy a stra ight h igh-
t
ens
ion d ischarge for the cult
ivation rather t han a n o sci
llatory
c
urrent. Th
is me thod is s
imp ler and it requires less e xpens ive
37
a
pparatus. Two s
eparate b
eds w
ill b
e ma
inta
ined f
or c
heck
ing
p
urposes
.
Every reader who has access to t
he necessary g
round
, and who
i
s t
he possessor of s
uitab
le a pparatus, is urged t
o take up t
his
w
ork and to repor
t r
esults to the Ed
itor
.
THE SQUARE OF THE HYPOTHENUSE

W .H.SA
RGENT
T HE p
r
inc
iple o
f t
he "
Square of the Hypot he
nuse "i
s a
lmost
equal to t
he "Rule o
f T hree" in it
s universa
l a ppl
ication
, and
i
s ausefu
l short c
ut in many mat ters of e
veryday w ork.
Suppose a ti
nsmith wishes to make a tin pai
l t o c
ontain tw
ice
a
s much a s o
ne 6 i n
. i
n d iameter, but of the sa me he
ight. He
F
ig. I
. A l
l t
hat is necessary i
s ar
ule F
ig. 2
. f
luty the b
lacksm
ith a
ppl
ied
and a c
arpenter's square
. t
he ru
le.
k
nows i n a way t hat itd oes not need to be twice as la
rge across,
b
ut h e does n ot know h ow t o fi
nd the direct diameter eas
ily. A ll
h
e n eeds for t he so
lution i s acarpenter's square a nd a f
oot rule
.
L
e t him l ay o f on his square 6 i n
. each way , then with his ru
le
measure a cross the diagona i
, as shown i n Fig. 1. T h
is dimension
w
ill be 81/ i
2 n
., which ist he si
ze required, si
nce "the square of t
he
h
ypethenuse i s equal to the sum o f the squares o f t
he other two
s
ides
."
I
f a blacksmith wishes t
o know the si
ze of a rod equal in
s
trength t
o two %-in. r
ods, i
tisof l
i
tt
le use t
o te
ll h
im that they
w
ill b
e "proport
ional to t
he s
quares o
f t
heir d
iameters
." H ow is
1
3
k"
2-
2"
-
F
ig. 3
. I
n s
o me i
nstances more than o
ne o
per
-
a
t
ion is necessary
.
h
e t o f ind t he answer? L et him p ick u p ap iece o f b oard w ith o ne
s
quare c orner a nd l ay o f his d imens ions o n t his. I nstead o f m eas -
u
ring % o f a n inch i t w il
l b e e asier a nd more a ccura te t o mark
of 5i nches f rom e ach c orner , as s hown i n F ig . 2 , each i nch r ep -
r
esent ing % i n. T hen w ith a p ocket r ule l et h im measure f rom
A t o B , wh ich w i
ll b e n early 7 i n.
, o r % i n
., a c tua l s i
ze . T here -
f
ore , one %- in
. rod w ill b e e qual t o t wo %- in . r ods w elded t oge ther .
He d oesn 't n eed to consu lt a ny h and b ook , n or c arry a s et o f tab les,
n
or d oes h e n eed a n e xpens ive s l
ide r ule f or h i s c omputa t
ion .
T
o s o
lve f or t hree o r more f actors may r equ ire more t han o ne
o
pera tion . F or i nstance , ap lumber w ishes t o k now h ow l arge a
p
ipe w i ll be required t o s upply wa ter t o t hree 2 -
in . pipes . L e t h im
f
irst f ind t he contents o f t wo o f t hese p ipes , a s d escribed , a nd t hen
add t he t hird: b y lay ing o f 2i n. o n e ach s i
de o f ar ight a ng le,
a
s s hown i n Fig. 3, h e f inds i tr equires a p ipe n early 3 i n. i n d ia-
me ter t o equa l t wo 2 -in. p ipes. T hen measur ing 3 i n. a long o ne
e
dge o f as quare a nd 2 i n. along t he o ther e dge f or t he t hird p ipe ,
t
he h ypothenuse i s f ound t o be a bout 3% i n
. Now t he f l
ow o f
wa ter i n pipes i s a fected b y v arious c ond it ions , s uch a s f ric t
ion ,
r
oughness o f fi
ttings, e tc.
, s o that s ome a l
lowance must b e made ,
hence a 4 -
in , pipe w ould p robab ly b e r equ ired .
I
t w i
ll b e n o
ted t hat i n solving t hese p rob lems w e u sed f or a
s
tar ting p oint someth ing wh ich we k new was s quare , l i
ke a c ar-
pen ter's s quare o r the c orner o f ab oard .
Now " it's a p oor r ule t hat w on't w ork b oth ways ." We h ave
used a s quare c orner t o find t he o ther e lements a nd b y t he s ame
m ethod o ne c an q uick ly a nd a ccurate ly l ay o ut a s quare c orner .
If ag ardener w ishes t o c ut a p ath a t r i ght a ng les t o ad riveway
h
e c
an do i
tby t
he r
ule o
f "
six, e
ight a
nd t
en." Dr
ive a p
eg in
to
t
he g
round a
t t
he p
roposed c
orner of t
he p
ath a
nd to t
h
is at
tach
39
• 1
4 :
1111
11
141
1
1,
10.
•
...
•••
•
•.e
..
,
-
•
•
•
i
i
F
ig
. 4
. T
he r
u
le o
f s
i
x, e
igh
t, t
en, m
ay h
e u
sed t
o l
a
o
fi r
ight a
ngles
.
two c
ords
, o
ne 6 f
eet a
nd o
ne 8 f
eet l
ong
. S
tre
tch o
ne c
ord a
long
t
he driveway a nd s wing the other along the li
ne of the proposed
p
ath. When t he t wo cords are so laid that a 10-foot po
le w i
ll
c
onnect the free ends, the cord represent
ing t he path will be at
r
ight angles with the one in the d
riveway, F ig
. 4. The s quare of
t
he hypothenuse (10 X 1 0 = 100) wi
ll equa
l t he sum of t
he squares
o
f the o
ther two si
des ( 8 X 8= 6 4 and 6 X 6= 3 6, 64± 36 = 100).
A SI
MPLE GR
EASE GUN
I
t i
s at best a dir
ty j ob t
o put g
rease i
nto t
he diferent
ial a
nd
g
ear cases
, b ut t
he wr iter d
evised a s
imple d
evice t
hat made th
is
p
rocedure easier and c l
eaner
.
A brass t
ube 12 i
n
. l
ong a nd o
f s
uch a diameter as t
o f
it e
asi
ly
i
nto t
he p lug h
oles i
n t
he cases t
o b
e fi
lled i
s obta
ined. A r ound
s
t
ick of w ood 1
6 in
. l
ong a
nd a good s
lid
ing fi
t for the t
ube i
s al
so
p
rocured.
To use this dev
ice, p lunge t he t ube i nto t
he g rease
, t hereby
p
artly f
i
lling itwith grease. I nsert t he end of t
he tube in the plug
h
ole
, and by means of the stick force the grease in
to t he c
ase. T h
is
c
an be repeated unti
l the h ous
ing i s fi
lled. S uch a g un never r e
-
q
uires c
l
ean ing, a
nd isc heaply c onstructed.
C
ontributed by T. W. BE NSON .
To t
ake rust o
ut of stee
l cover t
he stee
l w ith sweet oi
l we
ll
r
ubbed in and i
n 48 hours rub with uns
laked l ime (f
ine
ly pow-
d
ered) unt
il t
he r
ust d
isappears
. —A. E
. BR UCE
.
1
CONSTRUCTION OF AN EXPER
IMENTAL
S
TEP-DO WN TRANSFORMER
BY J.H.M I
LLER
IN t he c ourse o f the w riter 's e xper imenta l work d uring t he p ast

f
ew y ears , i t b ecame i ncreas ing ly e vident t hat a s mall t rans -
f
ormer , of a bout 5 00 wat ts c apacity , with t aps f or s evera l v o
l tages ,
wou ld b e e xceed ing ly c onven ient, i f n ot n ecessary . A lterna ting
c
urren t at 10 v olts, 6 0 c ycles i s availab le t o almost e veryone , a nd
with a s mal l t ransformer a t h and, c urrent c an b e obta ined t o l ight
sma ll b attery l amps , r un s park c oi
ls a nd s mal
l i nduct ion mo tors,
and g enera lly t ake t he p lace o f ag roup o f d ry c el
ls f or a ll work
where t he c urrent d oes n ot n eed t o be d irect. U sing i tt o opera te
Chr istmas t ree l i
ghts i n mu lt
iple i nstead o f g roup ing l amps i n
s
er ies a nd p ut ting t hem a cross t he l i
ne, i sv ery much b etter f or if
one l ight g oes o ut i td oes n ot a fect t he who le g roup i n t he s eries
s
y stem .
S
tar ting f rom t he b eginn ing , w e h ave t he f undamen tal t rans -
f
ormer e quat ion ,
4.44 n Ø f
E =
1
00 ,000,000
where E = t he v oltage a cross t he c oil
,
n= t he t urns i n the c oi
l,
= the f lux t hrough t he c oil
,
f= t he f requency o f the c i
rcuit.
In the p resent c ase, t he v oltage i s 10 , a nd t he f requency i s6 0
.
s
o w e can r educe t o t wo u nknowns , a nd w e h ave ,
4
.44 n 0 .60
10 =
1
00 ,000,000
o
r n Ø= 4 1,200,000
Now s ince we want a 5 00 watt c apac ity, w e must h ave w ire t hat
will c arry a bout 4 .5 amperes c ont inuous ly w ithout u ndue h ea ting.
A c onservat ive d esign w ill b e made o n t he b asis o f 1 000 c ircu lar
mils p er ampere . Th is means w e s hould u se a w ire h av ing a c ross
s
e ctiona l a rea o f 4,500 c ircu lar m ils, wh ich i s between n umb er 1 3
and 1 4 i n t he w ire g auge . We c an u se n umber 1 4 a nd s t
ill b e o n
the s afe s ide, s ince t he t ransformer i s s mall a nd t he h eat w i
ll b e
d
i ssipa ted q uick ly. The d iameter o f n umber 1 4 d oub le c o tton
covered w ire i s . 075 i n.
41
To s
olve the above equation, and get our values, we will a
ssume
t
hat t he cross s
ection of the iron is the same a s the cross section
o
f o ne co
il of copper wire. I f we use a verage iron sheets, w e can
u
se a v alue of 60,000 lines per square i n
ch f or the value of f lux.
Let A equa l t
he cross s
ectional area of the iron, and al
so t he cross
s
ectional area of the p
rimary w inding
. T hen 0 = 6 0
,000 A , or t he
T
he c
omp
leted t
ransformer
t
ota l fl
ux. A lso, n(.075). = A . S ubstituting in t he equation above
we g et the v alue o f A t o equal
, 1 .
965, t he area o f the i r
on. S ub-
s
titu t
ing b ack , w e get n = 3 49, t he number o f t urns
. We w il
l u se
3
52 t urns h ere s o t hat w e can s ubdivide i t into sections to g ive
v
ar ious v oltages .
Mos t s mall lamps a re made t o opera te on 6o r 7v o
lts. C hris t
-
mas t ree l ights u se 1 4 v o
lts, or t hey c an b e obtained i n the 7 volt
s
ize a lso. H ence we w i
ll make o ur t aps i n mu ltip
les o f 7v o
lt s
.
Assum ing 12 v olts o n the line instead o f 10 , w e wil
l n eed 16 co
ils,
e
ach g iving s even v olts. I n this t ransformer b oth p rimary a nd
s
econdary a re o f the s a me size wire , and t hey can b e used together
a
s a n a utotransformer i fs o des
ired .
1
Gr
o
ovefir
b
lnd
lny w
ire-
A
t
nn A-e f
e
r
.ei
lic
an "
'
eel
.A- 2
g
'
5e
«r t f
i
r
i
na
rnq
'wire
s
6pac
er- 3
2te9
r
ndpl
a
te f
i
rwindi
ly - ny
. C
lamp '
b e
er;
W
iz l
ascrew
a
nd n
ut
F
ig. 1
. T
he w
ind
ing mandre
l
The coils a re w ound i n pancakes, e ach o ne g iving 7 v o

lts, a nd
c
onnected i n series t o give coi
ls o f various s izes to b e brough t out
t
o the term ina l b oards. Each c o
il h as 2 2 t urns, i n t wo l ayers.
The winding mandre l is shown i n Fig. 1 . T he i r
on u sed i s 34i n
.
w
ide, hence o ur c o
il must b e al i
ttle w ider i nside to a l
low f or in-
s
ulat
ion. T he iron must b e built up to 2% i n
. t o allow t he required
a
rea. I f s i
licon s t
ee l c
an b e o bta
ined, l e
ss w ill b e needed , and t he
d
imension A o f the mandre l can b e r
educed t o 2% i n.
Between 8 a nd 9 p ounds o f No . 14 d ouble c otton c overed w ire
w
ill be n eeded . T he w ire w ill have t o be c ut i n
to p ieces long
e
nough f or o ne p ancake c oil each. About 2 0 f t. will be t he length,
• ••
43
F
ig. 2
. A
ssemb
ly o
f u
nits
.
F
ag. 3
. A
ssemb
ly o
f g
roups
, l
amina
tions o
f c
ore a
nd c
lamps
.
but the fi
rst p
iece s hould be c
ut extra long, a
nd t hen t he rest o
f
t
he pieces can b e cut to the r
ight length as determ ined b y what
was l e
ft from t h
is f i
rst p
iece. T he mandre l should b e made o f
wood
, a nd t
he separating piece o
f cardboard of med ium t hickness
,
o
r, preferably of fi
shpaper. F ind the middle o
f t he piece of wire
.
1
Me
ill
e 2
8vc
e-c
ods
F
i
lse„ r
u
se
Ca/
7/7e d (
75 z
n‘ 7ed lees f
707 Or/
/av
_
Be y /ease
s obe am screws.u
s
ing
'
fuses Porp r
otechon.
F
ig. 4
. C
onnec
tions f
or v
arious v
oltages
.
t
hread i t t hrough t he s pacer, a nd t hen mount o n t he mandre l
,
c
lamp ing o n t he side p ieces. Wind t he t wo w ires i n o ppos ite direc-
t
ions o n o pposite s ides o f the s pacer a nd w ind t hem s imu ltaneous ly,
o
r t he s pacer w il
l b e p ushed t o o ne s i
de. When t here a re eleven
f
ull t urns o n each s ide, t wist t he t wo w ires t ogether t emporar ily
and s l
igh tly l oosen t he s ide p lates . R otate t hem a q uar ter turn
and p ass b inding w ires a round t he e nd o f t he coil, a fter wh ich t he
s
ide p la tes c an b e r emoved , a nd t he c oil w il
l h old i tse
lf t ogether.
Abou t e ight i n
ches o f w ire s hou ld b e l eft o n t he c o
il a s leads.
Thirty -one s uch c oils a re to b e wound t his way . T he t hirty -second
o
r la st c oil should b e w ound s im ilarly, b ut t he i nside t urn s hou ld
have a t ap s oldered t o it
, a nd a lso a t ap t hree t urns f rom o ne end.
These g ive t he 1 , 2A, a
, nd 31 /2 vo
lt t aps.
The c oils s hould n ext b e a ssemb led i n to groups . S ix g roups
w
ill c on ta in f our c oils e ach, t wo g roups t wo coils e ach, a nd four
have s ing le coils, includ ing t he o ne w ith t he l ow v oltage t aps. T ape
t
he co
ils t
ogether temporar
ily i
nto g
roups, a
nd s
older the
ir c
on-
n
ect
ions so t
hat each group h
as one c
ont
inuous p
ath for t
he c
ur-
r
ent. T hen p ermanent ly wrap e ach g roup w ith G ibraltar t ape.
O
ther t ape will d
o,b ut t
he varn ished ca mbric i sb y f
ar t he st
ronges t
i
nsula tor. The l eads may b e covered w ith cotton s leeving, but this
i
sn o t absolutely necessary. The c o
ils are next a ssemb led into t wo
s
ections . S tart with a t wo
-coil g roup, then t hree four -co
il g roups,
t
hen t wo s
i ngle c
oils
. T ape these t oge
ther o n t he sides with s t
rong
l
inen t ape a s ap rotect
ion a gainst t he iron, and t o bind t hem i n
to
au nit. K eep a l
l the leads on o ne side
, w ith the f ractional tap coil
o
n t op o f one sec
tion.
45
F
ig. 5
. How t
o l
ay o
ut c
onnec
tion p
lates
.
We a re n ow r eady t o assemb le w ith the iron. T he lam inations

a
re t o be c ut a s s hown . U se the b est iron p oss
ible a bout . 0
14 i n
.
t
hick, wh ich i s standard s i
ze for t ransformer i ron. S ilicon s teel
i
sb etter y et i fitc an b e obtained. Enough must b e cut to fi
ll t he
c
oils
. I n a ssemb ling , alterna te the p osition o f the j oint in t he
i
ron c i
rcu it t o make t he reluctance a s low a s possible. When a ll
t
he i r
on t hat w il
l e nter with a l i
ttle urging h as been p ut in
, l ine
u
p t he pieces b y t app ing with a s mall hammer . A f ishpaper l ining
i
n the c oi
l s ections w ill a
id t he insertion o f the iron a s there w ill
b
e n o cl
oth f or the s harp edges to c atch on, but iti sh ardly needed
a
s regards i nsulation .
The t
erm ina
l boards co me next. Make t hem up as in the fi
gure
,
o
f fi
bre board, hardwood, h ard rubber or asimilar substance. I n
-
s
ert No
. 10 screws in a
ll t
he 1 i n
. holes
, and put nuts o
n, jamm ing
t
hem u p ti
ght. T he s
crews s hou
ld be brass
, about 154 i
ns. long.
1
/
. .
1
.
1
.
1.
1.
1.
1 1
.
1
.
1
.1.
1.
1.
11
,
?
two
°
' 8
-32
Peach r
ee
.
C
l
ampey r
ods
.
5
É
"
F
ig. 6
. C
lamp
ing r
ods
.
B
ring a
l
l t
erm
ina
ls f
rom t
he 4
-co
il g
roups
, o
r 2
8-vo
lt c
o
ils t
o
o
ne s
ide
, and a
l
l t
he o
ther l
eads t
o the o
ppos
ite s
ide
. Then i nser
t
t
he c
lamping r
ods
, which a
re merely h in. b
rass rods t
hreaded
8
-32, a nd p ut o n the fi
bre clamps , holding t hem w ith n uts. The
c
ross sec t
ion v iew s hows t h
is me thod o f c lamping i n detail. P ut
o
n t he b ottom c lamp similarly, using n uts instead of t he h eavy
k
nobs s hown i n t he t
op clamp . These k nobs a re for the p urpose
o
f lift
ing t he transformer , a nd are e asy t o grasp w ith t he f i
rst
a
nd f ourth f ingers.
Call all the leads coming f rom o ne side of the co
ils t he - 1
- lead.
s
o that we c an c ross c
onnect correctly on the term ina
l b oards. Then
i
nsert t he w ires i n t
he s mall holes as i ndicated on t he d iagram ,
push d own t he boards t i
ll t hey t ouch t he coi
ls, a nd s crew n uts o n
t
he c l
amp ing r ods to h o
ld t hem i n p lace. They s hou ld set s quare ly
s
o t hat the t ransformer w ill set s traight o n af lat s urface
. Wrap
e
ach w ire a round t he s crew n ext t o ita nd c ut the e xcess w ire o f
.
A washer s hould b e o n e ach s ide o f the wire l oop . S crew d own
a
no ther n ut tightly t o make g ood c ontact
. A k nur led h ead n ut
w
i l
l c omp lete t he term inal, a nd t he transformer i s ready f or u se.
I
n t he term ina l diagram , the o ne -coil groups a re c alled 7 v olt, the
two-coil groups 1 4 volt, the f our -coil groups 2 8 v o
lt , as this i s the
v
oltage t hey w i
ll give.
The o pen c ircuit loss a s measured o n the transformer i n t he
photograph was 8 wa tts, or 1 .6 p er cent, on a5 00 watt b asis. The
f
ull load ef i
ciency i sa bou t 9 7 per c ent. A s to it
s r ating, th
is t rans-
f
ormer w i
ll c arry 5 00 wat ts i ndef initely without o verheating , a nd
w
i l
l stand o verloads a s w ell a s ac ommerc ially b ui
lt mach ine . I m-
mersing t he who le t hing i n oil w i
ll increase i t
s c apacity c onsid-
e
rab ly, though a g ood d raft o f a ir o n i
tw il
l h e
lp a bout as much .
47
F
ig. 7
. C
lamp
ing d
evice
.
I
n c onnect ing , p ut 10 v olts a cross t he f our 2 8 v olt c o
ils t ha t
a
lternate , t hus g iv ing a l ow r eactance v alue . Any v o
l tage may
t
hen b e t apped o f the o ther c oils. I n connec t
ing i n s eries , connect
a tt erm ina l t o ap lain t erm ina l, wh ich w i
ll g ive t he c orrect o rder
a
nd w il l make t he v oltages a dd. When p ara lleling c o
ils, c onnec t
$term ina ls o f c o
ils o f t he same v a
lue t ogether , a nd a lso t heir o ther
t
erm ina ls t ogether . C o
ils may b e connected i n series a nd t hen i n
parallel i fd esired , j ust s o all t he c omb ina tions p aralleled h ave t he
s
ame t otal v oltage . Then t oo, more o r less c oils may b e c onnec ted
t
o t he e xcit ing c ircu it, wh ich w ill a lso v ary t he v oltage i n e ach
c
oil. However , n ot l e ss than 3 o f t he 2 8 v o lt coils o r t heir e qu iv -
a
len t s hou ld b e c onnec ted t o t he s upp ly c ircu it, else t he transformer
may h eat u p t oo much . Var ious c o mb inat ions may b e t hough t o f
and u sed t o f i
t t he e xper iment a t h and, a nd a 5 o r 1 0 ampere f use
i
n t he p rimary w i
l l p rotect a gainst wrong c onnect ions . There a re
two e xtra s crews i n t he l ower p art o fo ne t erm inal b oard , a nd o pen
fuses may b e c onnected t o t hese , t he l eads b eing b rough t d irect t o
t
hem f rom t he l ine, t he c urrent g oing t hrough b oth f use s
, t hus
doubly p ro tec ting t he mach ine .
S
evera l c oats o f s hellac o ver t he c oils w ill s erve a s a mechan ica l
protect ion t o t hem a nd w il
l i mprove t heir a ppearance . S hellac o n
the l am inat ions w ill a lso r educe t he ir t endency t o h um , a nd w ill
make a q uiet a nd g ood l ooking p iece o f a pparatus .
This t ransformer h as s evera l t hings t o c o mmend i tself t o e x-
perimenta l work , among t hem b eing t he p ancake c oil a ssemb ly,
the l ow r eac tance d ue t o the d istr ibu ted p rimary a nd s o f orth, b ut
the c hief f eature i s t he f act t ha t t he t ransformer i s en tirely s elf
1
c
onta
ined
, a
nd wh
ile h
aving many t
aps
, h
as n
o w
ires v
is
ible t
o
b
reak o f or catch in clothing
. I t may be carr
ied a round a nd u
sed
where convenient, carrying with itin f
act it
s own s witchboard with
b
ig screws wh ich w ill stand comparative
ly h ard u se. B e
ing dry,
a
nd h aving no oil to sp
ill or compound to ooze out
, i t may b e u
sed
a
nywhere w ithout f ear o f something h appening t o desti
roy the
s
urround ings
. I
t is in fact the most ut
ilitar
ian a rt
icle a nd a
lso
t
he safest t
he wr iter has construc
ted in many y ears
.
HO W TO MAKE A
DESK LA MP
BY
F
. E
. TU
CK
T HE d esk lamp s hown i n t

he ilustration is su
ited for use o
n a
r
o
l l top d esk, p
iano o r similar s upport
. I
t i
s made i n the
s
tra
ight l i
ne M ission sty
le, and is avery attract
ive and useful p
iece
o
f furniture for the s
tudy , of
ice or music room. I t i
s made of hard
w
ood, of wh ich the fo
llow ing fi
nished pieces are r
equired:
One b
ase
, % in
. x 3% in. x 6i
n.
One b
ase
, 1in
. x 4% in
. x 7in.
One b
ase
, 1% in
. x 5% in
. x 8in
.
One u
pright
, 2% in
. x 2% in
. x 9in.
One a
rm, 11,
4i n
. x 1% in
. x1 7 i
n
.
One o
rnament, % in
. x 1% in. x 1% in
.
A
lso two p
ieces 1% x 14 x 2% in.
, and o
ne p
iece % x 1 x 21
/
2
i
n
., f
rom wh
ich t
he two sma
ll c
orner b
races a
nd k
ey a
re t
o b
e c
ut
o
ut a
s s
hown i
n t
he work
ing plans
.
Cut the P4 x 1% i n. mor t
ise t hrough t he upr
ight v ery care-
f
ul
ly, mak ing it at r
ifle t oo smal
l f or the arm. P lane d own t he
a
rm u nt
il i t f
i
ts the mor tise accurately, yet can be free
ly moved
b
ack and forth in a d
jus t
ing t he position of t
he lamp over the desk.
I
f the s
lightest shade t oo much i s removed f rom the arm , i
t will
n
ot be he
ld a t right ang les to the upright, and the appearance o f
t
he lamp w i
ll be ruined.
49
A passage must b e p
rov
ided through t
he arm f rom the r
ear
f
or the el
ectric wires. This can be d
one by b
oring with a %-in
.
b
it f
rom b oth ends unti
l t
he ho
les meet i
n t
he m
iddle. T he h
ole i
n
t
he f
ront e nd o
f the arm can be c
oncea
led w
ith a wooden p
lug c
ov-
e
red b
y ap
yram
id t
ack o
r as
mal
l wooden o
rnament s
ecured w
ith
g
lue
.
T
he w
ire r
uns f
rom a wa
ll s
ocke
t t
hrough t
he a
rm t
o as
ocke
t
D
i menb
lons a
nd d
eta
il:
, o
f l
amp
f
i
tted w ith a t hreaded b ush ing wh ich h olds i t in t he h ard wood .
On account o f t he many c orners a nd i naccess ible a ngles in t he com-
p
leted l amp , a l
l t he pieces s hou ld be s craped a nd s andpapered t o a
smooth f inish b efore b e
ing p ut t oge ther .
I
n assemb ling t he p ar ts f irst f asten t he u pright t o t
he s mal
lest
b
ase b lock w ith f our 11 / i
2 n. s crews , s tarting a l
l s crew h o
les w ith
t
he p roper -sized d ri
ll. Next s ecure t he t wo sma l
l c orner p ieces at
t
he f oot o f t he u pright w ith a t ouch o f g lue a nd f our b rads , and
s
crew o n t he s econd b ase b lock . I n o rder t o make t he lamp v ery
s
table, cut o ut a mort ise 1 x 3 1, x 5i n. i n the u pper s urface o f the
l
owest b ase b lock , and f i
ll i t w ith l ead b efore s crew ing i t o n
. B e
s
ure t hat t he p ieces o f the p edesta l a re we ll centered a nd a djusted
w
ith marg ins u n
iform a nd e dges p ara llel b efore t hey a re p erma -
n
ently f astened t ogether.
S
tain a nd f in
ish t he l amp t o match t he d esk o r f urniture o f
t
he r oom . T he l amp s hown i n the i lustrat ion was made o f oak,
a
nd f in
ished a s follows : Equa l p arts o f d ry b urnt umber a nd raw
s
ienna were m ixed w ith b oi
led o il u ntil a d ough - l
ike mass was
f
ormed . Turpent ine was a dded u ntil t he m ixture was t he c on-
1
s
istency o f cream when w e
ll st
irred. Th is was a ppl
ied w ith a brush
and r ubbed o f at o nce w ith a soft r ag or c otton waste . L ater it
was waxed a nd p o
lished t o match t he oak d esk o n wh ich i ts tands.
The a dvantage o f t
h is s tain over those s upplied b y the t rade ist hat
i
tc an e asily b e made d arker or lighter a s requ ired b y v arying t he
p
ropor tions o f the t wo p igments.
A v ery s atisfactory s hade f or t his l amp i s a h ammered o r
oxid
ized c ut brass shade s et with a rt glass
. S uch can b e p urchased
a
t av ery modera te c ost. T o mount i t run t he electric d rop cord
t
hrough t he w ire passage o f t
he arm f rom t he rear, p ass itt hrough
t
he b ush ing, a nd fas ten t o it acha in-pull lamp s ocket. T he t op of
t
he s ocke t isto be screwed o n t
o the b ushing b efore the l amp c ord is
passed t hrough . Av ery s erv
iceab le and o rnamenta l d esk lamp w i
ll
be the r esult
.
A PO WERFUL STORAGE BATTERY RECON
-
STRUCTED FRO M OLD GRIDS
BY FR
ANC
IS J.BR
ENNAN
TN r ead ing o ver d escriptions o f s torage b atteries c onstruc ted b y
ama teur e lectricians , If ind t hat t here a re t wo ma in faul ts : .lack
o
f c apac ity a nd d ischarge , a nd u nnecessary d ead w e
ight.
The b attery wh ich I am a bout t o d escr ibe i s construc ted o n
d
iferent l ines f rom t he r egu lar h ome made a fa ir a nd i s av ery
p
owerfu l b attery b uilt for s ervice.
The f irst t hing r equired i s ac onta iner . It ried c ons truc ting
t
hem o f w ood b ut i t was n o t as uccess . T hen I went t o a n a u to-
mobile b attery s ervice s tation a nd f ound t hat t hey h ad h ard r ubber
c
onta iners i n a l
l s izes a nd makes . T here w ere a n umber o f jars
which w ere t aken f rom s torage b atter ies a nd w ere in e xcellen t
c
ond ition , f our o f t hese w ere p urchased f or 1 5 c ents. T he j ars
were U . S. L. make 8 x 4 34
. x 1Y4 i ns. The n ext i mpor tan t t h ing t o
c
ons ider i st he g rid. These I s ecured a t t he b att ery sta t
ion f rom
Willard s torage b atter ies. The a ctive ma terial was p layed o ut a nd
t
he p late s were t o b e s o
ld a s j unk a t f our c ents a p ound. It ook
44 pla tes ( Fig. 1). I t didn 't ma tter whether p ositive or n ega t
ive .
Ib roke t hem o f t he p il
lar t o wh ich t hey w ere c onnec ted, l eaving
al ug a bout a n inch l ong o n each p late t o make c onnect ions l ater.
The p lat es w eigh o ne q uar ter p ound w ithout t he o ld mater ia l a nd
t
hey c ost o ne c ent e ach . Th is t ype o f g rid i si nfinitely b ett er t han
ap late o f l ead b ored f ul
l o f h o
les . T he a ct
ive mater ial wh ich was
on t he p lates i s k nocked o ut b y g ently t app ing f lat on t he p la te
EVE R Y D A Y E N GI N E E RI N G 1
51
with a s t
ick a nd t he p as te f alls o ut i n c hunks . The o bstina te
c
rumbs wh ich r ema in a re s craped o f w ith a k nife.
The p la tes a re n ow r eady t o r ece ive t he p aste . Iw ill d escr ibe
t
he p os it
ive p lates f irst.
The mater ials u sed a re : r ed l ead , s ulphate o f ammon ia, a nd a
s
trong s olut ion o f ammon ia. Do n ot a t tempt t o u se d ilu te s ul-
phur ic a cid t o m ix t he p as te b ecause i ti s af ailure a s t he ma teria l
f
alls o ut when t he p lates a re b eing f ormed . I t i s i mpor tant t ha t
only e nough p aste i sm ixed a t o ne t ime f or t wo p la tes a s t he p aste
hardens t o c ement i n 4 5 m inutes .
Mix r ed l ead 1 00 p arts b y we ight w ith s ulpha te o f ammon ia,
wh ich i s like a wh ite s alt , t o t hese t wo a dd a l i
ttle ammon ia a t a
t
ime a nd s tir we ll. T he p urpose o f t he s ulphate o f ammon ia i s t o
make t he p la te p orous i n o rder t o a llow t he e lectro ly te t o p ene tra te
quicker a nd d raw a h eav ier c urrent t han c ou ld b e a ccomp lished
o
therw ise. I t isv ery i mpor tant t hat t he m ix ture i sk ept a bou t t he
c
ons ist ency o f p utty .
T ake s ome b lot ting p aper a nd p lace o ne g rid o n i t
. T hen t ake
ap utty k nife o r sma l
l t rowe l a nd work t he p aste i n to t he g rid
w
i th c onsiderab le p ressure s o t hat t here w ill b e n o b ubb les . When
t
he g rid h as b een c omp lete ly f i
lled t ake a s mooth s tick a nd smoo th
of t he s urface . Then t urn t he p late o ver , b eing c arefu l t o p lace
ab lo t ter u nder t he s ide t hat h as j ust b een s moothed , a nd smoo th
t
he o ther s ide. Af ter t he p la tes h ave b een f i
lled t hey a re t aken ,
w
i th t he b lot ting p aper s till a dher ing t o t hem , a nd p laced b etween
two s mooth b oards a nd p laced u nder c ons iderab le p ressure f or 1 5
m
inu tes . Ij acked u p t he f ront whee l o f a n a uto a nd p u t t hem
u
nder i t; if al e
tter p ress c an b e s ecured i ti sj ust t he t hing . A fter
t
he p ress ing o perat ion t he p lates a re r emoved . The p aper i s c are -
f
ully p eeled o f t ak ing g reat c are n ot t o d raw a ny o f t he mo is t
p
as te a long , b ecause i t c annot b e r ep laced . The p lates a re n ow
r
eady f or d ry ing. T hey a re l a
id f l
at o n ab oard a nd p u t u p o n t he
r
oof o f t he h ouse o r s ome o ther e xposed p lace where t hey c an g et
t
he f ull b enef it o f " Old S ol." I t r equ ires 2 4 h ours f or t he s un t o
d
ry t hem t horough ly. Every f ew h ours t hey a re t urned s o t ha t
t
hey a re b aked e ven ly . When d ry t hey w ill b e f ound t o b e v ery
h
ard a nd o f ab right r ed l ustre . T he s urp lus mater ial wh ich may
have b een p ressed a round t he e dges i sn ow s craped o f.
T he n ex t o perat ion wh ich t he p osit ive p lat es u ndergo i s c alled
s
ulpha ting . A s o lu tion o f d istilled water a nd s ulphur ic a cid i s
made w ith a s pec ific g rav ity o f 1 ,100 d egrees . Each p os it
ive p la te
1
i
sd ipped f or a n instant i n the s o
lu t
ion a nd q uick ly w ithdrawn . I t
wi
ll b e n oticed a g reat q uantity of b ubbles a re g iven u p; the p lates
a
re d ipped a gain f or 5 s econds a nd w ithdrawn . T hen t hey a re
immer sed f or a t h
ird t ime a nd l eft in solution f or 2 0 h our s
.
After t he t wenty h ours a re u p
, r emove t he p la tes a nd p lace i n
r
unn ing water f or t wo h ours a nd wash w ith a t ooth b rush . T he
p
ositive p lates a re n ow r eady for f orm ing.
The n egat ive p lates a re c onstructed a s f ollows: l i
tharge o r
y
ellow l ead 1 00 p arts b y we ight, s ulphate o f ammon ia 8 p arts b y
we
igh t
. T he m ix ing ma tter i s made b y t aking o ne p art p ure
g
lycer ine a nd f i
ve p arts strong ammon ia a nd m ix ing t horough ly.
These a re a l
l m ixed t ogether t he s ame a s t he p ositive. T he p ur-
p
ose o f t he g lycer ine i s t
o make t he mater ia l s of t s o tha t i t can
s
tand h ard e l
ectrical a buse. I
t i s important t hat o nly e nough
materia l i s m ixed t o supp ly about t wo p lates , b ecause i t h ardens
v
ery r ap idly . T he c orrect amount c an b e made b y t aking t he
l
i
tharge a nd s ulphate o f ammon ia when d ry a nd s pread ing i tover
aplate .
The,n egat ive p lates a re b aked i n t he s un f or t he s ame l eng th
o
f time a s t he p osit
ives, b ut t hey d o not r eceive t he s u
lpha ting b a th.
The n egat ive b ecomes a d ark b rown a f ter e xposure t o the s un. A l
l
t
he p la tes a re n ow r eady f or a ssemb ling. T he u sual me thod o f
a
rrang ing p lates i st o place a p ositive b e
tween t wo n ega t
ives b ut i t
i
s t he p ositive p late t hat d oes t he work a nd g ives t he c apac i ty,
t
herefore we w i ll use more p ositives t han n egat ives . E leven p lates
a
re c on tained i n e ach j ar o f wh ich s ix a re p ositive.
I
t i s b etter t o g et t he s eparators ( 40) a t t he b at
tery s ta tion
b
ecause t he wood u sed i n t hem i s c hem ically t reated a nd t hey a re
c
orrugated o n o ne side. U sed s epara tors a re a l
l r ight ifn ot b roken .
You c an g et t hem f or n othing . The n ext t h
ing n eeded i s called a
p
illar c onne cting s trap a s i lustrated i n F ig. 2 . S ome h ave f ive
and some s ix slots; o ne o f each w ill be n eeded f or e ach ce l
l, 6s lo ts
f
or p ositives a nd 5 s lots f or n ega t
ives . On e ach p late t here i s a
l
ug a bout a n inch l ong ; t he p il
lar s trap f i
ts o n t hese l ugs wh ich
a
re s oldered f ast. The p il
lar s traps c an b e p urchased f or 3 c en ts
e
ach. ( Those wh ich w ere u sed b efore.) I
t is b etter t o p urchase
t
hese st
raps instead o
f trying to so
lder o
r burn st
rips o
f l
ead to
t
he short l
ugs on t
he p
lates because i
fitisdes
ired t
o draw a h
eavy
amperage
, l
arge carry
ing capac
ity is r
equ
ired a
nd these are j
ust
t
he th
ing. If
, i
nstead, as
trap isso
ldered t
o e
ach l
ug o n t
he p
late
i
t wou
ld make a
n u
nnecessar
ily b
ig b
und
le t
o h
ave s
ix s
traps c
orn
-
53
i
ng through t he top of the case a nd i
t w ou
ld b e dificult to k eep
g
ood c ontacts. I would a l
so a dv
ise purchas ing f rom t he same
s
ource for s a me reasons a p i
llar strap connector. B o th o f these
d
iferent connec tors can b e purchased for a few c ents e ach. T he
p
urpose o f the pil
lar s t
rap c onnector is t
o join t he diferen t cel
ls
i
n ser
ies. ( Fig. 3.) I
f you d esire to make t his connec tor i t can
b
e made b y t aking a short piece of 000 B
. & S . copper w ire three
i
nches lo
ng a nd so
ldering o n each e nd a c
opper l ug o f 150 -ampere
Var
ious p
arts o
f t
he b
attery
, a
nd me
thod o
f h
ook
ing
-up f
or c
harge
.
c
arrying c apacity, the lugs i n turn b e
ing s oldered t o the p ositive
a
nd n egative posts
. I tw ill be necessary t o ti
n the c opper w ire a nd
a
lso the lugs to prevent corrosion .
The n ext t
hing t o be considered i s ac over f or the p la tes t o f i
t
i
n the jar. C ut four pieces o f oak w ood % i n. thick, 41 /
2 i
n. l ong,
11
/ i
2 n. wide, s
o they wil
l make a v ery tight fi
t when p ressed i nto t he
h
ard r ubber container. A h ole 5/12 in. in diame ter i sb ored i n t he
c
enter for a vent c ap, and t hreaded t o receive t he c ap. T he v ent
c
aps c an b e had for the a sking a t ab at
tery s tation a s t here a re
hundreds o f t
hem l y
ing a round . T hey a l
low t he g ases t o e scape
b
u t not the wa ter. T he o ak w ood is b o
iled i n p araf f
ine f or t wo
h
our s to make i ta c
id p roof. Two more h oles a re b ored t o a dm it
1
t
he p ositive a nd n egat ive p os ts. ( Pos ition o f h oles s hown i n F ig. 4.)
Hav ing s oldered t he p i
l lar c onnect ing s traps t o t he p ositive a nd
n
ega t
ive g roups r espect ive ly, t he c ells a re r eady f or a ssemb ling.
The p osi tive g roup o f o ne u nit i sp laced o n at ab le w ith c onnec ting
p
o st u p. The s ame i s d one w ith t he n egat ive p la tes. T hey a re
n
ow i nter locked s o t hat t here i s ap ositive o n e ach e nd o f ac om-
p
le te g roup . The p osit ives a nd n egat ives a re n ow g en tly f orced
apar t a nd t he s epara tors p laced b etween t hem w ith t he s mooth
s
ide f ac ing t he p ositive a nd t he c orruga ted a gainst t he n egat ive.
Ar ubber b and i ss l
ipped o ver t he a ssemb ly t o h old t hem i n p osition.
The c omp lete e lement i s n ow l i
f ted u p b y the p osts a nd p laced i n
t
he c onta iner . Then t he o ak t op i s forced d own o ver t he p ositive
and n egat ive p osts u nt il i ti s 1 /4 in. b elow t he t op o f t he j ar.
Now m ix a s o
lut ion o f s ulphur ic a cid a nd water o f 1 ,180 d eg rees
d
ens ity. Enough e lectro lyte i s p oured i nto e ach c onta iner s o t hat
i
tw il
l e xtend 1 4 in. a bove t he p lates . Now s crew t he v en t c aps i n
t
he h o
les a nd p our a sma ll amount o f me lted t ar o r r ubber o n top
o
f t he o ak w ood . Keep t wist ing t he v ent c ap b ack a nd f orth u nti
l
t
he t ar s e ts o r i tw ill s t
ick f ast .
The p illar s t
rap c onnectors a re p laced o ver t he p os ts s o t hat
t
he p ositive o f o ne c ell i s c onnec ted t o t he n egat ive o f t he n ext
,
l
eav ing o ne p ositive a nd o ne n egat ive f ree. When t he s trap h as
b
een p laced o ver t he p ost , i tw i
l l b e n oticed i td oes n ot g o d own a l
l
t
he way ; t he r est o f t he s pace i s t o b e f i
lled i n w ith s older . A b ox
c
on tainer f or t he j ars i s made o f h alf i nch o ak w ood i mpregna ted
w
ith a spha ltum v arn ish . The d imens ions a re g iven i n F ig. 5 .
Three c ells a re p laced i n t he b ox w ith t heir g rea test w idths a gainst
o
ne a nother; t his l eaves o ne c ell wh ich i sp laced a s s hown i n F ig . 6.
This l e aves a l itt
le s pace wh ich i s f i
lled w ith a s ma ll b lock o f
wood . T hen s ome more r ubber i s me l ted a nd p oured o ver t he f our
c
ells s o t hat t he d iv is ion marks w ill b e c oncea led , p resen ting a
smoo th s urface .
T
he b attery i s n ow r eady f or c harg ing . T he c urrent mu st be
d
irec t. A l amp b ank o f s i x 3 2 C .P . l amps i s n ecessary . T he p os
i-
t
ive t erm ina l o f t he l ine i s c onnected t o t he p ositive b a ttery t e
r-
mina l a nd n egat ive o f t he l ine t o t he n ega tive b a ttery t erm ina l
.
T he b attery i s c harged f or t h
irty h ours a t 6 amperes , t hen d i
s-
charg ed t hrough a r esistance . C harge a gain, t hen d ischarge a nd
c
harge a nd d
ischarge a t
hird t
ime. T he p
lates a
re formed now.
The posit
ive has c
hanged to c
hoco
late brown and t
he n egat
ive t
o
s
late gray. The v ent c
aps are removed and the e
lectroly
te r
e-
55
moved b y turning t he battery u ps

ide d own . R inse t horoughly w i th
d
isti
lled c old water . T he o ld e lectro lyte i s thrown away a nd a
n
ew o ne made w ith d ens ity o f 1 .250 d egrees a nd p oured in e ach
c
ell as b efore. T he b attery i s n ow c harged w ith 1 2 amperes f or
1
2 h ours , r equiring t welve 3 2 C .P . l amps . T he b at
tery i s n ow
r
eady f or r eal serv ice
. F our b atteries o f this t ype w ould make
an id
ea l priva te li
ght ing p lant in c onnect ion w ith a s ma
ll genera tor.
I
t could a lso b e u sed f or d riving s mall electric l aunches o r c ar-
r
iages. I t c an't b e beat f or w ire less t elegraphy — It p uts " Pep"
i
nto the s park . Here i s s ometh ing t hat f ew h ome made b at
ter ies
wi
ll d o w ithout i njury : C rank a R eo o r a n O verland c ar f or 6
minutes a nd a F ord f or 8 m inu tes w ithout a ny a pparent e fort o r
i
njury.
A LI TTLE AD VICE
Don 't let the e lectrolyte g et b elow t he t op o f the p lates. D on 't
u
se a n aked f l
ame where t he b attery i sb e
ing c harged . C harge t he
b
a ttery a t l
east e very t hree w eeks o r when t he v o
ltage o f e ach c e
ll
while work ing i s 1.8. S pec. G ray . 1,100. D on 't lay s crew d r
ivers
o
r k n
ives a cross t he terniina ls t o see i f t
here i s juice t here — it i s
ad ead s hort circu it. I f y ou w ish t o take t he b attery d own f or t he
w
in ter o r other r eason: r emove t he t ar w ith h ot p utty k nife, l i
ft
out oak t op and r emove e l ements , separa te p osit ives f rom n ega tives
and t ake t he separators a nd k eep t hem i n wa ter . Wash t he p la tes
and p ut t hem away . The e lectro ly te may b e s tored i n glass b ottles.
/
ti su nders tood t hat t he b a
t tery i s to be fu l
ly c harged b efore t hese
operat ions t ake p lace . When t he b attery i s a gain s et u p, c harge
i
ta gain a nd iti sr eady f or work .
Twe lve amperes f or t welve h ours i s the r egu lar c harg ing r ate
a
f ter t he b attery h as b een f ormed . T he l eng th o f time r equ ired
t
o c harge t he b attery d epends o n h ow much i ti sr un d own . When
1
,100 d egrees o n ah ydrome ter i s r eached, t he b attery s hould b e
c
harged u nti
l 1 ,180 d egrees i s r eached .
FOR MA KING SH OES W ATERPROOF ST

EAM - HEATED SO IL
To t hree p arts of lard, a dd I
t h as b een found b y E nglish
o
ne p art o f p arraf
in wax . B o
il i
nvestigators t hat h eating s o
il
t
hese t wo t ogether a nd then set w
ith s team p ipes b efore p lant-
o
ut to cool. When c oo
led o f
, dip i
ng s eeds i ncreases i ts f ood
apiece o f cloth into the mixture v
alue, a nd t hat p lan ts r aised
a
nd r ub w ell i nto the shoes.— t
herein b lossom e arl
ier a nd pro-
CHARLES JA NK . d
uce more a nd better c rops.
1
A DRILL
-PRESS FOR THE HO ME SHOP
BY H.H.PA
RKER
THE
f
i
amateur who p
nds that adril
l
ossesses a s
-press
, wh i
ma
le n
l
l s
ot a
crew
bso
-cut
lute
t
ly e
ing l
ssent
a
ia
the s
l, w
oon
ould
b
e most c onven ient a nd w ou ld g reatly f acilitate t he d ril
ling o f such
p
ieces a s a re t oo h eavy o r h ard t o h o ld i n t he l athe . A r egu lar
d
rill
-press i s e xpens ive a nd o ne s uitab le f or d rilling l arge h oles,
c
ompara tive ly s peak ing , w ou ld i n a ll p robab ility c ome b eyond h is
means . T he sma l l h and p ower d r
ills a re o nly s uitable f or l i ght
a
nd s ma ll w ork. One o ther t ype o f d rill p ress may b e cons idered ,
t
he kind made f or b lacksm ith u se a nd u sua l
ly s old u nder t he n ame
o
f " Blacksm ith's D rill P ress ." These mach ines a re b u
ilt f or h ard
s
ervice b ut a re s o
ld v ery c heap ly, as ize s uitab le f or d rilling h oles
up to 1i n. i n d iameter a nd p rov ided w ith a utomat ic r atche t f eed
s
ell
ing f or s o low a s s ix o r seven d ollars . S econd h and d rill p resses
o
f t h
is k ind a re f ound a lmost e verywhere a nd c an b e p urchased
a
t a n e xtreme ly l ow f igure . .
The o bject o f t his a rtic le i s to s how h ow o ne o f t hese d ril
l
p
resses , w ith s ome a l tera tions w ith in t he r ange o f t he ama teur
who o wns a s ma l
l l athe a nd t he u sua l h and t oo ls, t aps a nd d ies,
may b e made i nto a v ery p resentab le a nd u sefu l mach ine f or t he
h
ome w orkshop . S uppose w e h ave o bta ined a n ew o r second h and
b
lack sm ith 's d rill p rov ided w ith t he u sua l h and c rank a nd r atche t
f
eed; l et u s e xam ine i ta nd s ee what n eeds t o b e d one t o a dapt i t
t
o the ama teur 's p urpose . A t oo l o f t his t ype, wh ile i ntended f or
hard s erv ice , is u sed ma inly f or r ough w ork s uch a s d rilling f l
at
i
ron s tock. T he s tock u sed a round a b lacksm ith s hop i s g enera l ly
f
lat
, so t ha t n o long h oles h ave t ob e d rilled. Therefore t he mach ine
i
s not b uilt w ith a ny g reat d egree o f a ccuracy a nd t he r ange o f
t
able a d jus tment i s l im ited . U sua lly n o p rov ision f or d riv ing b y
p
ower i s f ound o n the s maller si
zes. T he h ome mechan ic as a
r
ule does not w ork to any e xtremely close limits, a nd as t
hese dri
lls
a
re provided w ith fair
ly long b earings o f l
iberal diameter h e s
hou ld
b
e able to so reconstruct o ne a nd i
ncrease t he r ange of adjustment
a
s to make i t a most u seful p art o
f his shop e quipment. Fur ther-
more w e will arrange t o h ave the dr
ill p ress w ork in p ar
tnership
wi
th the lathe, so t
o speak , and make u se of the latter
's chucks and
f
ace p lates
, thus mak ing u nnecessary t he b uying o r mak ing o f
n
ew o nes.
T
he f
i
rst t
h
ing t
o d
o i
stod
ecide where t
he p
ress i
sto b
e l
o
cated
57
T
able a
nd a
rm 2 .
re arranged s
l
ight
ly diferent than t
he method
d
escribed, the l
a
tter be
ing a n improvement
.
1
58 EV E R Y D A Y EN GI N E E RI N G
a
nd then to put u p as ubstantial post t o b
olt itto
. A ssuming t hat
t
he machine i sto be power d riven, the crank h andle being removed
b
ut kept nearby for occasional u se
, ac ountershaft should be rigged
u
p n ear the post a nd d r
iven f rom t he ma in shaft by af l
at b e
lt
a
bout 1% i n
. w ide. T ight a nd l oose p u
lleys on t he countershaft
a
nd a b e
lt shifter with wooden o r i r
on h andle a ford a quick a nd
e
asy means f or s tart
ing a nd s topping t he dri
ll. T
he p ost i s
p
referably secured a gainst the wa ll a nd should extend to and rest
D R
ILL R CSS
111 11
1
)
;
1
HA RD WOOD M ktg Y- D
ST E E L RO D
S TZ EI. SLE E V E,
i
zz wz ,
F
ig. I
. One m
ethod o
f c
ons
truc
ting a s
t
ep p
ulley
.
u
pon t he f l
oor; since the d r
ill tab le s
lides u p a nd down o n as teel
c
olumn wh ich i sbolted to the post , t
his shou ld b e h
eavy e nough t o
s
tand t he strain p roduced b y al arge drill w ithout bend ing , which
would d estroy the a ccuracy o f t he work . B lacksm ith's d ril
ls a re
u
sua l
ly s ent o ut secured t o as hort length o f plank; t h
is s hould
b
e removed a nd the f rame o f d
rill b o
lted d irectly to the p ost. T he
machine s hown i n t he p hotograph i s fastened t o ap ost a bout 8
by 8i nches e xtend ing down t o t he fl
oor a nd secured t o t he w all
b
y through c arriage b olts.
Hav ing set u p t he p ost, r
e turn to the d ri
ll p ress and remove t he
s
hort p iece of s haft u pon wh ich the t able a rm s l
ides a nd b olt t he
f
ramework w ith g ear ing a nd s pindle a t ah eight s uch tha t t he
h
and le o n t
op , wh ich i st urned t o move t he s pindle u p and d own ,
i
s with in conven ient r each. I n bolting t o t he p ost it is b est t o
u
se " hanger b o
lts" i ns tead o f ordinary l ag screws . A h ang er b olt
i
s made l ike a lag s crew e xcept that ith as a n ut on the end i nstead
o
f as o
lid head , s o t hat i n case of r emova l o nly the n ut has t o b e
t
aken o f. L ag s crews may b e adapted t o the p urpose b y s aw ing
of their heads a nd c utt ing threads o n t he bod ies for standard s ize
nuts
. I n fasten ing t he f rame i n p lace u se g reat care t o g et t he
s
pind le a s nearly v ert ical a s possible b y means o f a n a ccura te
s
quare a nd level
. P lace meta l sh
ims u nder t he h o
lding d own b olts
59
where n ecessary a nd a djust until t

he s pindle is perfectly p lumb
when a l
l b olts a re se
t u p tight
.
The n ext t hing w i
ll be to prepare the drive shaft for o perat
ion
by power. I n order t o a
dapt the mach ine to the dr
illing o f difer-
e
nt sized h oles more t han one s p
indle speed should be p rovided for,
b
ecause t he p roper s peed for large dr
ills w ould be altog ether too
s
low f or t he s mal
l o nes and vice versa, if the dri
ll c ould r un at
but one s peed. T his cal
ls for a cone o r stepped p ulley, both o n
F
ig. 2
. Wooden p
attern f
or b
racke
t s
hown i
n F
ig. 3
.
machine a nd o n t he c ountershaft , s uch a s the o ne s hown i n t he

photograph . T his p ul
ley was t urned u p from a n old cas ting wh ich
happened t o be o n h and , b ut o rdinar ily t he e asiest way t o make
o
ne w ould b e to turn i tu p f rom h ardwood . T he iron p ulley m igh t
,
p
erhaps , lo ok bet ter a l though a s a mat ter o f fact a w ooden o ne
would prov ide a b etter f riction s urface f or t he belt
. A l onger s haf t
w
ill in al
l p robab i
lity h ave t ob e made t o hold this p ulley, s ince u su-
a
lly there i s only r oom f or a f lywhee l. A f lywhee l i s u nnecessary
w
ith a p ower d rive a nd i ts hould b e removed s o as t o locate t he s tep
pul
ley n earer t he b ear ing . F ig. 1s hows o ne method o f c ons truc t
-
i
ng a s tep p ul
ley: t he p arts a re h eld t ogether o n as tee l
, b rass o r
c
as t i
ron sleeve wh ich i s made a c l
ose work ing f i
t o n the s haf t. T he
pul
leys a re b ui
lt u p o f b locks o f o ak o r other h ardwood a ssemb led
on the bush ing, b olted o r ri veted t ogether , t hen h eld b etween l athe
c
enters a nd t urned t o s hape . T he who le c an b e h e
ld t o t he s haf t
by means o f as hort k ey a nd a s et s crew t apped t hrough b ushing
o
r b y as et screw a l one. I t i sb est t o counterbore t he l arge e nd o f
t
he p u
lley a s s hown i n o rder t o allow t his e nd t o o verhang t he
bearing b racket a nd t hus c ause l e
ss s t
ra in o n t he o uter e nd o f
shaft. An o utboard b ear ing o n a n i ndependent b racke t c ould b e
1
i
nstal
led i f t
hought n ecessary b ut this was f ound u nnecessary i n
t
he mach ine in the p
icture. The d iameters a nd w idth o
f the pu l
leys
must be worked o ut for each individua l installation, f
or t he proper
s
izes depend u pon the d egree to wh ich t he s pindle is geared u p
a
nd u pon the s peeds at wh ich iti s t
o r un. S pace wi
ll n ot permit
g
oing i n
to a n e xplanation o f the me thod o f mak ing c a
lculations
f
or step pulleys; for this the reader s hould r efer to such pub l
ica-
t
ions as "Ken t
's Mechan ical Engineer's P ocket B ook." I n our own
c
ase t
he spindle was found to run a
bout three-quarters of the speed
o
f the dr
ive s haft. The s t
ep diameters of the p u
lley were 6 , 41/
2
a
nd 3 i
n.; width o f f
ace, 1% in
. The t hree spindle speeds obtained
were a
s f o
llows : 3 70
, 198 a nd 85 revolut
ions p er m inute. The
w
idth of be
lt, 11/ i
2 n
., was found a t
rif
le too n arrow at the slowest
speed; 1% o r 2i ns
, wou ld h ave b een b etter. I t wou ld b e we l
l t o
make o ut a table o f t he proper s peeds f or the diferent s ized d ril
ls
t
o b e u sed and f or d ril
ling mater ials such a s s
t eel, c ast i ron a nd
brass. Each d ri
ll h as a c ertain speed a t which i t will work most
efic
iently i n e ach k ind o f mater ial, s o that a s w e h ave b ut three
speeds a c omprom ise must b e made . No d ri
ll s hou ld b e a l
lowed
t
o r un f aster t han t he a l
lowab le s peed a s there wou ld b e d anger
o
f o verheat ing i t and d raw ing t he t emper . A t able l i
s t
ing t hese
efic
ient s peeds may b e f ound i n a lmost a ny t ool c ata log o r en-
g
ineer 's reference b ook a nd f rom i t t
he o perator may g e t u p a
l
ist for u se w i th his mach ine
. Following i s the t able f or d ri
lls
f
rom o ne-quar ter o f a n inch t o one i nch for use w ith t he d rill-press
i
lus trated:
D
ril
l S
ize D
ril
l S
ize D
ril
l S
ize
Material 3
70 R.P.M . 198 R.P.M . 85 R
.P .M.
S
teel or wrought i
r
on (14) N3e ( h ) it (
% , / 7 / 1) 4
3 7
C
ast i r
on 1, (N )
,
i %
, % %
, % , 1
B
rass %
, % , (% ) %, 74
3
, (1)
Parentheses "
( )" e
nclose those s
i
zes d riven nearest c orrect
s
peed.
I
n t
he i
nterests o
f "
Safe
ty F
irst" i
t wou
ld b
e ag
ood i
dea t
o
h
ouse over the gears with s heet i
ron t
o such a
n extent that the
o
perator c
ould not get h
is fi
ngers caught i
n t
hem wh
ile intent u
pon
t
he work on the dri
ll table
.
The u
pright c
o
lumn u
pon wh
ich t
he t
able a
rm s
l
ides
, a
s r
egu
-
l
ar
ly s
upp
lied w
ith a b
lacksm
ith
's d
ri
ll p
ress
, i
stoo s
hor
t f
or work
o
uts
ide o
f f
l
at bar st
ock, s
o alonger one
, a
t l
east 2 f
t
. i
n l
eng
th.
s
hould b
e o
bta
ined. T
he usua
l diameter i
s about 1%; t
he b
est
61
F
ig. 3
. B
racke
t u
sed t
o s
uppor
t l
ower e
nd id
ri
ll c
o
lumn
.
t
h ing t o u se wou ld b e ap iece o f c o
ld r olled s tee l s hafting ; as econd -
hand p iece wou ld d o i f in f airly g ood c ond ition . I f sl
igh tly l arger
i
n d iameter t han t he o ld c olumn t he p iece c ou ld b e p ut i n t he la the
and t he e nds t urned d own e nough t o f i
t i nto t he s uppor ts. T he
d
i scarded p art s hou ld b e saved a nd u sed t o make o ther a ttachment s
described l ater. A c ast i ron c ored o ut b racket i sg enera l
ly u sed t o
s
upport t he lower e nd o f this d rill c olumn . Wh ile t he o rigina l cast-
i
ng c ould b e used t oh old t he n ew p art i t wou ld b e more s atisfactory
t
o make a wooden p attern a s s hown i n F ig. 2a nd h ave a h eavier
and s tronger b racke t
, s im ilar t o the o ne s hown i n F ig. 3 ,c ast a t a
f
oundry . S uch a c asting h as p lenty o f s tock t o a llow t he c h
ipp ing
out of ak ey -way , s ay a bout 1 / b
4 y 1 / b
4 y 1 / i
4 n. l ong. A k ey-way
c
orrespond ing t o t his may b e c h ipped i n t he l ower e nd o f t he n ew
s
t ee
l s haft a nd when a ssemb ling t he p arts a s teel k ey d riven i n
w
i ll take a ny t ors iona l t hrust f rom t he t ab le a rm wh ich o therw ise
might c ause t he c olumn t o t urn . Furthermore t he b racket c an b e
b
ored o ut i n t he l athe a nd t hus make a much b etter f i
t o n t he
c
olumn t han i f t he h ole was mere ly c ored o ut a s o rigina l
ly . T he
pattern s hou ld b e made i n t wo h alves , d owe l p inned t oge ther a s
s
hown i n t he d raw ing a nd t he s ides s hou ld b e g iven " draf t," o r
t
apered , s o t hat t he p arts may b e e asily d rawn f rom t he mou ld.
Tapered c ore p rints a re p rov ided i n o rder t hat a h ole may b e
"
cored o ut" i n t he c as t
ing a nd t hus s aved c ons iderab le mach ine
work . T hese c ore p rint s a re b est t urned u p s epara te ly a nd t hen
g
lued a nd s crewed i n p lace. A ll c ore p rints must b e p ainted b lack
s
o t hat t he mou lder w ill b e a ble t o d is t
ingu ish t hem . A s ar ule n o
c
ore b ox wou ld h ave t o b e made f or most f oundr ies h ave s tandard
r
eady -made c ores o n h and wh ich a re c ut o ff t o l eng th a nd t he e nds
1
F
igs
. 4a
nd 5
. G
enera
l p roport
ions of a
rm, made t
o hold t
ab
le a
s n
ear
ly a
s
poss
ible at r
igh
t ang
les t
o sp
ind
le.
r
a sped t o t he r equired t aper . T he l arge d iameter o f t he p rint s
s
hou ld b e a bout 1 /
4 i
n
. l ess t han t he d iame ter o f the f inished h o le.
A b oss is made a s s hown a nd l a
ter d ril
led a nd t apped f or a s et
s
crew . I f given t he s hape s hown i n t he draw ing t he cas ting may
b
e e asily h eld i n a t hree j awed c huck f or b oring . No s pecia l
d
imens ions a re given , the b ore b eing made I% t o s how t he rela tive
s
ize o f bore a nd c ore p rints . When f astening c olumn a nd b racke t
i
n p lace b e sure tha t iti ss e
t a s n early v ertical as p oss
ib le, for t he
a
ccuracy o f t he d rill p ress w il
l d epend t o ag reat e xtent u pon
having t he c olumn p arallel w ith t he d ril
l s pindle.
T
his b rings u s t o the d r
i l
l t able a nd a rm, a nd h ere a gain i t
w
i ll be bes t to d
iscard t he a rm wh ich c ame w ith t he mach ine wh ich
was o nly i ntended f or rough w ork. An a rm s hould b e made wh ich
will h o
ld t he table a s n ear ly a s p oss ible a t right a ng les t o t he
s
pind le. F igs 4 a nd 5 s how t he g enera l proport ions o f s uch a n
a
t tachment , t he s pecial d imens ions v ary ing f or i nd iv
idua l c ases .
F
ig s
. 6a nd 7 s how t he t wo p art w ooden p attern w ith c y
lindr ica l
c
ore p rints t o c
ore o ut t he h ole a t the b ig e nd. T he s ma ll end i s
63
F
igs
. 6a
nd 7
. Two
-part wooden pat
tern f
or arm
, with c
yl
ind
rica
l c
ore
p
rints t
o core o
ut ho
le a
t b
ig e
nd.
l
eft sol
id a nd d ri
lled out as descr
ibed l a
ter . B oth ends are s pl
it
a
nd t ightened b y clamp screws. T he b oring o ut of the large e nd
would most likely be b
eyond the means o f the amateur b ut the w ork
c
ould b e done at any mach ine shop for a s mal
l s um. T he sp
litt
ing
i
sd one b y hand, u s
ing a 9 or 10 in
. h acksaw b lade. I n the photo-
g
raph a d iferent a rrangement i s s
hown f or t he s ma
ll e nd but the
c
lamp s crew s hown i n Figs. 4a nd 5 isb etter.
T
he large e nd should be bored out so t hat the arm s l
ides easily
u
p a nd d own o n the co
lumn , but w ithout s hake, when t he clamp
s
crew i sloosened . A ssum ing the arm to be bored o ut a nd i n place
o
n t he co
lumn w e must n ext see to t
he fi
nishing o f t he s mal
l e nd
which up to this p o
int i sn ot supposed to h
ave b een b ored o r sawed .
Put a sma l
l d ri
ll or p ie
ce o f point
ed dri
ll rod in the s pind le c huck
and adjust s o that t he p o
int w ill r
un true
, then b ring u p t he a rm
and clamp i t t
i ght
ly s o that t he smal
l end c omes d irectly u nder
t
he s p
indle. Make a p unch mark a t t
he exact p o
int . T hen c halk
o
ver t he f ace of t he s mall end o f t
he a rm a nd w ith a p a
ir o f
d
ividers scratch a c ircle the exac t d
iameter of t
he h ole to b e d r
illed
1
t
hrough t his e nd
, p referab ly 1 in
. T
his c irc
le a l
lows u s t o see
i
f the dr
ill starts true. Then p lace the 1-in, drill i
n the c huck a nd
s
tart to drill the h ole
, b ut before the p oint g oes al
l t he way i n
d
raw o ut a nd see if the h o
le so far is concentr ic to the s crat
ched
c
irc
le. I f n ot
, take a r ound p o
int chisel a nd cut some g rooves o n
t
hat side of t he ho
le wh ich i s f
arthest away f rom t he circle, thus
"
draw ing o ver" the d r
ill t
oward t hat si
de when i tis s
tarted a gain.
Be very particular a bout gett
ing the point o f t
he d r
ill started true,
f
or after the body of dri
ll enters the ho
le i t would be a
lmost i m-
p
ossib
le t o draw itover any more . I f t
he hole had been cored out
t
he drill would have fo
llowed t he cored opening and gone crooked.
Whether t his ho
le is dri
lled o nly or dr
illed a nd reamed d epends
upon the equipment at hand; sim i
larly t
he facing of of t
he boss on
t
op may e
i
ther b
e done b
y as ma
ll c
ounterbore or b
y hand with a
f
i
le
. When the dr
ill
ing i
s f
i
nished t
he arm i s r
emoved aga
in a nd
t
he sl
ot cut and clamp screw a nd hand
le fi
tted
, then on rep
lac ing
i
tall i
sr eady for f
i
tting the t
able. If t
he l
athe i
sp rovided with a
l
arge sl
otted face plate t
his will make a f
ine dr
ill table a
nd t he
s
maller f ace pla
tes c ome i n handily for dri
lling s ma
ll parts
. S o
w
e w i
ll turn u p ap iece o
f stee
l, ap ort
ion of the old c
olumn w i
ll do
i
f of good ma terial, as s
hown i n Fig. 8. T he long end is made to
f
i
t the hole just bored in the small end of t
he dril
l table arm whi
le
t
he u pper end is t urned and threaded the sa me a s t
he end of t
he
l
athe spindle so that the f
ace plates and chucks may be screwed on.
A ho
le should be bored through this piece about the si
ze of that
t
hrough the l
athe sp
indle. If t
he la
the i sprovided with a un
iversal
c
huck th
is wil
l b e f
ound most convenient for h o
lding washers a nd
s
hort p
ieces o
f s haf
ting, f
or dri
lling, when s crewed to the arm in
p
lace o
f the d
ril
l table
. I f aregular table came with the dr
ill t
his
c
ould b
e threaded to f
it t
he attachment of Fig
. 8o r aspecia
l stud
c
ould b
e turned up t
o take i
t
. I n any event i
t wou
ld be we
ll to f
ace
o
f the t
able in t
he l
athe to make sure i
ts s
urface wou
ld be at r
ight
a
ngles t
o the dr
ill s
pindle
.
Our d
ri
lling machine i
snow a
bout r
eady f
or work, t
he o
nly t
hing
r
ema
ining is t
he cho
ice of ac
huck t
o hold t
he d
ril
l. A blacksmith
d
ri
ll s
pindle has a s
l
eeve o
n the e
nd, bored out t
o 1
/
2 i
n. o
r some-
t
imes 0
.648 i
n. diame
ter
. S pec
ial d
ri
lls
, s hor
ter t
han t
he o
rdinary
t
wist d
ri
lls
, a nd with s
hanks o
f t
he a
bove d
iameters
, a re s
o
ld to f
i
t
t
hese d
ri
ll presses
. But it wou
ld b
e agood p
lan to have a c
huck t
o
h
old r
egular tw
ist d
ri
lls al
so, a
nd i
f t
he l
athe is p
rov
ided w
ith a
c
huck of any k
ind an at
tachment l
i
ke the one o
f Fig
. 9 may be
65
.
TO F
IT DR
ILL PAESS SP
, NOC E ç SA ME A
S L
ATHE S MNDL E
JA ME A
S LArr
IC SP
INDL E
.
-
s
k DRILL, n e
eouG H
10 A l HOLE /
AI CR
ILL P RESS AR M '
F
igs
. 8a
nd 9
. A
ttachments t
o be t
urned u
p f
or u
se w
ith
dr
ill c
huck
.
t
urned u p. T he s hank i s made t o fi
t t he s p
ind le sleeve a nd t he
o
ther e nd t hreaded t he s ame a s lathe s pind le , or i f ad ri
ll c huck i s
b
ought e specially f or the d rill p ress t his e nd may b e fi
tted t o i t
.
I
n t he p hotograph a s ma l
l t hree j awed c huck b elong ing t o the l a
the
i
ss een s crewed t o t
he spind le, wh i
le the s l
ot ted d r
ill table is al arge
f
ace p late a lso t aken from t he l athe. On t he t able may b e seen o ne
o
f ap air of c ast i r
on "V" b locks , wh ich a re a lmost i ndispens ible f or
r
esting s haf t
ing o n wh ile d rilling . S uch V -blocks may b e b ought
o
f v arious s izes b ut the o ne s hown was c ast f rom a w ooden p attern
a
nd l eft r ough . Wh ile a ccurate ly f inished b locks a re o f c our se
n
ece ssary f or g ood w ork, ap air o f these c ast o nes are v ery h andy
f
or r ough d r
illing a nd c ost l ittle to make .
I
tw i
ll be f ound t hat a d rill p ress reconstruc ted a long t hese l i
nes-
w
ill be s uff
icient ly accurate f or most o f the amateur 's w ork a nd w ill
p
rove t o be a most u seful a djunct t o his l a the.
ELI MINATING FAN TROUBLE

BY AD
OLPH KL
EIN
I HAD c onsiderable t rouble w ith t he radiator f an of my a uto-

mob ile; i t s
eems t hat b oth t he d rive p u
lley a nd also f an h ub
h
eated u p badly, soon a fter t he e ngine was s tarted. Id etermined
t
o repa ir the trouble o ne d ay, a nd u pon taking down t he fan, found
t
hat at hin g raphite wa l
l p rovided o n the ins
ide o f the pu
lley b ush-
i
ng, was t he o n
ly p rovision f or l ubricat
ion t hat h ad been made ,
and f ur ther t hat h a
lf o f t h
is h ad a lready d isappeared. Id e-
t
ermined t o p rovide some b etter means f or lubrication of t he fan,
a
nd t he s ketch ilustrates c lear ly wha t Id id.
1
s
eha
le
/
6
P
a/l
ey-I
-
C
reeee c
ap •
, c
.
3976
-n/
es u
l
1
2
h5e79
-/Zeo
par
t
1/47
-ZZ/Z
z
li/4 -̀
e
la 7
,
; 1
__ _.
1 ;
,
•
How t
he t
roub
le w
as e
l
imina
ted
.
A I
; i
n
. h
ole was d
ri
lled i
n t
he f
an s
haft u
p t
o a
pprox
imate
ly
/2 i
n. from t he o pposite e nd
. The o pen e nd of t h
is h ole was p ipe
t
apped t o receive a n e lbow f i
tt
ing a nd g rease c up. Three v ertical
l
a
g in. holes w ere now d ri
lled; placed 1 20 d egrees a part in ar adial
d
irection, a nd 1 in. apar t in the direction o f the axis of the shaft.
These h oles w ere dr
illed t o ad epth u nt
il t hey met t he long in
.
h
ole. T o f ac
ilitate s preading t he grease f rom t he g rease cup t o
t
he b ronze b ushing, t hree g rooves, V8 in. x 1 4i
1 n
., a nd placed 1 20
d
egrees a part radial
ly , w ere cut in the l a
tter.
Needless to say, the r epa
ir e l
im inated t he trouble.
S
ILENCING NOISY VALVE ACTION
BY VI
CTOR W .PA
GE
N c
erta
in models o
f the Over
land cars
, wh ich a
re i
n use in l
arge
I numbers
, t
he valve a
ct
ion b ecomes very no
isy a
fter they have
b
een used for a time. This n
oise is d
ue to too much c l
earance
b
etween the valve st
em and va
lve stem li
ft screw in s
ome c ases
,
a
nd to worn push rod e
nds i
n o
thers
. T he sketches h
erewith show
t
he a
rrangement of t
he valve li
ft par
ts. The most common t roub
le
a
nd t
he eas
iest r
emed ied i
s fl
atten
ing o f t
he fi
ber i
nserts placed i
n
t
he h
eads of the push rod cap screws. Th is wear is not always
n
oticed b
ecause a gauge p
iece placed b
etween the v
alve st
em and
c
ap screw may ind
icate t
he proper cl
earance a
s itwil
l rest o
n t
he
67
C
ause o
f n
oisy v
alve a
ct
ion a
nd i
t
s e
l
imina
tion
s
ides o
f the d
epress
ion whereas t he valve s
tem will g
o to t
he bottom
o
f the worn fi
ber. T he best method o f r
epair
ing i s t
o remove t he
v
alves from the cy
linders
, pick o ut the worn fi
bers with the point
o
f ap ocket k
nife and put in new o nes which can be obta
ined a t a
c
ost of one cent e ach from a ny dea ler in these cars.
After n ew f ibers a re inserted , the v alves a re rep laced a nd a
n
ew a d
jus tment o f the valve lifting c ap screw made . The l ock n ut
i
s loosened, and t he cap s crew r a
ised o r lowered u nt
il t he proper
c
learance i s present b etween i t and t he v alve stem. C are shou ld
b
e taken when a djust
ing t he lift t hat the plunger i s resting on t he
l
owest p oint of t he cam a nd t hat i t is not p ar
tially l i
fted.
Wh ile the valves are o ut, the plungers may b e li
fted f rom t heir
g
uides wh ich a re attached t o t he e ngine b ase a nd t he e nd t hat
b
ears against the c ams e
xam ined
. The plungers are pieces of
s
quare rod with rounded ends to rub o
n the cams . Constant u
se
may wear fl
ats in the r
ounded surface a
s indicated. I
f these are
n
oticed t
he plungers should
. b
e r
ounded again to i
nsure smooth
a
ction. The push rod gu
ides s
ome
times wear and r
ods are l
oose
ly
h
eld.
The g
uides may be r
emoved f
or e
xam inat
ion by r
eleas
ing the
s
t
irrup r
eta
ining nut a
nd l
if
ting t
he s
tirrup from t
he fl
anges on
1
t
he g uides o n wh ich i t bears. When t he g uides a re removed , t he
c
ams may b e easily e xam ined . I f there i s much l ooseness b etween
t
he p ush r od a nd g uide, n ew g uides s hou ld b e fitted i f new p ush
r
ods d é
l n ot t
ake u p the l ost mot ion . S ome r epa irmen s wedge o ut
t
he p ush r ods to e n
large t hem a nd fi
le t hem t o f i
t. Th is i s b u
t a
t
emporary e xpedient a nd n ot t o b e recommended . In a djusting
t
he c l
earance b etween t he v alve s tem a nd c ap s crew , a n ord inary
v
isit
ing c ard makes a g ood g auge, t hough s ome v alve r od c l
earance
c
an b e even l e
ss t han t his. The l e
ss t he c l
earance , t he q uietcr t he
v
alve a ction. I f n ot e nough c learance i s allowed , t he v alve s tem
w
ill expand f rom t he h eat a nd t he v a
lve w i
ll n ot close tightly , this
c
ausing t he engine t o l ose p ower when i t becomes h ot
. I t i s ad-
v
ised always t o be sure t o tighten t he plunger c ap s crew l ock a fter
c
orrect cl earance i s obtained a nd h old t he cap s crew f rom t urning
w
ith o ne wrench wh i
le t he n ut i s tightened w ith a no ther.
T
o PR
EVENT T
HE LO SS O
F SK
ID c
harged g
ases
, h
aving i
n many
CHAINS c
ases a
s much b ack p ressure a s
The drawing indicates a sim
- t
he muff
ler.
p
le method o f s
ecuring a utomo
- A r
eally g ood c ut out may b e
b
i
le tire cha
ins, wh ich are con
- made b
y c utt
ing o ut a section o f
t
inual
ly f al
ling o f
. Take a t
he exhaust p ipe w ith a h ack -
s
aw as shown . A p iece o f t
i n is
b
ent to f i
t o ver t he p ipe a nd
c
over t
he h o
le. A s pring i sf ast
-
e
ned t
o one e nd of t he tin cover,
a
nd a cable r eaching t o ap edal
How l
o
ss o
f c
hains i
s p
reven
ted
.
c
o mmon d oor spr
ing a nd f
asten
i
t diagonally across the wheel
,
h
ooking the ends to t
he cha
in. I
mprov
ing t
he c
ut o
ut.
C
ontr
ibuted b
y JAMES W H
ITE
.
f
rom t he other end. By press
-
IMPROVED CU
T OU
T i
ng o n the p eda
l, the c
over is
drawn b ack s o that t
he gases
The main defect o
f most cut
c
an escape freely
.
o
uts is t
he comparatively smal
l
p
orts for t
he escape of t
he di
s- C
ontr
ibuted b
y T
. W. BE
NSON
.
69
HO W TO SHARPEN EDGE TOOLS

O NE v ery essent ial process that must b e quickly learned by al
l
b
eginners in woodwork i s t
he s harpening o f the edge tools
.
S
uch tools as chisels, plane irons, spoke shave i r
ons, draw k n
ives,
a
nd gouges are s harpened i n practical
ly the same manner . S harp-
e
ning is meant t o include t hree processes, i.
e
. , gr
ind ing, h
on ing
a
nd stropping.
CL
ASS
IFICAT
ION
G
rind
ing i
saccomp
lished b
y h
old
ing t
he t
ool a
gainst a r
evo
lving
s
tone, t
he c
oarse partic
les of wh
ich cut o
f bits of the metal
.
Honing c
ons
ists o
f r ubbing t
he too
l o
ver a s
tationary stone o
f
f
i
ner gr
it, and stropping c ompletes the sharpening process when
t
he t
oo
l isdragged o ver a piece o
f lea
ther, imparting t
o it arazor
-
l
i
ke edge. When s peaking o f sharpening in its broader sense
,
h
oning on a
n oi
l stone is meant.
GR
IND
ING
There are count
less grinding whee ls on t
he market t oday —
b
ench g r
inders, power gr
inders, foot
-power grinders
, g r
indstones
,
emery wheels, dry g r
inders
, o i
l g rinders
, water g r
inders, etc
.
These n ames interlap, of c
ourse, a grindstone meaning ei
ther a
p
ower , foot-power, bench, o
r water mach ine. But there are t wo
c
lassif
ications from wh ich t
he c raftsman s hou
ld choose —a d ry
g
rinder, or a wet gr
inder. Its motive power i
s a ma
tter o
f personal
c
hoice.
The ord
inary grindstone is a wet gr
inder, while an emery wheel
i
s ad ry gr
inder . F ig. 3
2 ilustrates a foot p
ower g rindstone
, and
F
ig. 3 3 ab ench g rinder which r equ
ires n o li
quid wh ile in use
.
For the u sual li
ne o f home-craft work , the b ench g r
inder is
r
ecommended . It costs a
bout $3.50
, wh i
le a grindstone of the t
ype
i
lustrated costs $
5.00.
1
.F
ig. 3 2 (l
eft) and Fig. 33
(
above). F
oot po wer a nd
bench type g
r
inders
.
T
he g rinds tone i s u sed i n the manner i lustrated i n F ig. 3 4
.
The o pera tor s tands i n f ront o f t he whee l, t he l atter r evolving
t
oward h im . I f the e dge o f his p lane b it or ch isel i sn icked o r v ery
uneven , h e should first j oint i tb y h old ing t he e dge s quare a ga inst
t
he s t
one — illustrated b y F ig. 3 5. O f c ourse t his w il
l t hicken t he
meta l on t he e dge, b ut itr apidly r emoves t he n icks a nd p erm i ts of
b
e tter g rinding . When j o
inted , it s hou ld b e h eld o n i t
s o r
ig inal
b
eve l u ntil t he me tal h as b een c ut d own t o a n e ven e dge . T he
ang le of t he bevel, F ig. 3 6, s hould b e a bout 3 0 d egrees . U sua lly
t
his a ng le h as to b e e stimated b y t he w orkman , b ut v ery l itt
le
d
iference i n the w ork ing o f t he t ool w ill be n oticed i f' this a ngle
varies s omewhat . C hisels, a s n oted i n the s ame d rawing , shou ld
be g round t o a2 0-degree a ngle —g iv ing t he t ool al onger b evel t han
ap lane i ron h as
. O f c ourse t he g rindstone s hou ld b e pl entifu l
ly
supp lied w ith water wh ile i n use t o p revent g laz ing . A lso b e v ery
c
arefu l t o u se the f ull w idth o f t he s tone , t hereby p reven ting
g
rooves o r ridges t o f orm .
To u se t he bench g r
inder , there a re so many f orms t hat i t is
71
F
ig. 3
5. J
oint
ing the edge o
f a "
nicked" F
ig. 34 (
above). Manner of u
s
ing
b
lade
. g
r
indstone
. F
ig. 3
7 ( be
low)
. Oi
l-
s
t
one k
it
.
d
ificult t o p rescribe e xact ly f or e ach. Most o f t hem h ave s ome
f
orm o f p atent t ool holder t hat k eeps t he t ool b eing g round bn a
c
onstant b evel. G enerally s peaking , use n o water o r other l i
qu id--
e
specially w ith a n e mery whee l —and h o
ld t he t ool on t he s tone
v
ery l i
ght ly. F riction creates h eat, and, i n c ase t he t
o o
l i sp ressed
t
oo h eavily o n the whee l, t he edge w i
ll r apid ly b ecome b lue wh ich
d
raw s t he t emper f rom t he tool. B e e xtreme ly c arefu l t o a void
t
his
. Hav ing a d ish o f water h andy a nd o ccasiona lly d ipp ing t he
t
ool in itw il
l h e
lp t o keep t he tempera ture d own .
F
ig. 3 6 a lso i lustra tes what i s meant b y " hol
low g rind ing."
The g r
ind ing whee l
, b e
ing c ircular i n shape , w ill
, o f course , l eave
t
he e dge c oncave i f the t ool is held a ga inst i t in ac ons tant p os
i-
t
ion
. Un less a t ool h older i s handy , h ollow g rinding i s h ard t o
o
btain d ue t o the c onstant t endency o f t he g rinding whee l t o force
t
he t ool d own . A t oo
l t hat i s " hollow g round" w i
ll b e e asier t o
h
one t han o ne wh ich i s n ot, and i tw il
l n eed l e
ss g rinding t o k eep
i
tin s hape .
1
HO
NING
Gr
ind
ing le
aves a r
ough a
nd uneven edge wh
ich must be r
e-
moved by h
oning
. No woodwork
ing too
l c an be s
harpen
ed b y
g
rinding al
one.
To hone a plane b i
t i t i
s r ubbed back a
nd forth —or w ith a
c
i
rcular mot ion —on its bevel on a n o
il st
one
. S tones a re ei
ther
n
atural or manufactured a bras
ives . Natural s
tones
, s uch as t he
Arkansas stones
, a re slower c utting than t
he art
ific
ial p roduct,
b
ut they will h
old their shape much l onger
. Manufactured s tones
Ar
IGLL or DL.
A1 E
.
Aor
t 30.
.
4OLLO W GP O C CDOE r
•O w e
iG '
DE luL T '
D
r c
Ai,
L
E.3
F
ig. 3
6. G
rind
ing a
ngles a
nd b
eve
ls.
—Carborundum , A loxite, A lundum , C rys tolon, et c

., a re v ery g ood
s
tones , a nd , if c are i s e xercised i n the ir u se, w i
ll g ive e xcellent
s
erv ice. T he c hoice o f e i
ther a n atura l o r a n a rtificial s tone is
l
eft e nt
ire ly w ith t he user — they a re both g ood.
If possib le
, i ti s recommended t hat t wo stones b e p urchased —a
medium g rit, a nd a f i
ne g r
it T he a rrangement i n F ig . 37 i sg ood.
The s tone o n t he l eft is a med ium g rit A lundum s tone wh ile the
o
ne o n the r ight i s af ine g rit n atura l A rkansas s tone . B etween
t
hem a l eather s trop i s f astened. I f o nly o ne stone i s des ired, a
medium g rit s tone i s recommended .
T
he o il u sed o n as tone s hould n ot b e heavy . Any b rand o f
g
ood mach ine o il w i
ll d o, a nd ifv ery t hick s hould b e t h
inned w ith
k
erosene . A fter h oning , the s t
one s hould b e wiped c lean a nd a f ew
drops o f t he o i
l left o n i t
s s urface.
As ment ioned a bove, l ay t he t ool t o b e honed o n i ts b eve l and
rub b ack a nd f orth —us ing t he ent ire s urface o f the s tone —unt il a
"wire e dge" h as b een t urned u p e venly o n the stra ight s ide o f the
t
oo l
. T his e dge c an b e f e
lt b y p assing t he f i
ngers d own o ver the
end o n the s tra ight s ide. Then l ay t he b it o n its b ack ( straight
s
i de) b eing p osit
ive t hat i t is resting f iat o n the s tone . I f it i
s
73
h
ell a t any angle, a nother b evel w i
ll b e formed o n the back , which
w
ill cause g reat t rouble when u sing t he tool. B e very s ure tha t
t
he b ack is always s traight t o the e xtreme e dge o f the tool
. T he
w
ire e dge is re moved b y push ing t he t ool b ack a nd forth o n the
s
tone. S ometimes i tw ill b
e t urned u p o n t he bevel in wh ich case
i
t mus t be reversed a nd rubbed s l
ight ly. Two o r three t urning s
a
t the most s hould r emove i t
.
A sharper e dge c an b e g iven b y r epeat ing t he process o n t he
f
i
ne g rit st
one .
S
ome a uthorities r ecommend h oning t he tool at aslightly larger
a
ngle t han iti sg round , but t he w r
iter 's e xperience with b eginners
h
as b een that i f the s ame a ngle i s the o bjective, the larger a ngle,
i
n mos t cases w i
ll b e t he r
esu lt.
STROPPING
By rubb ing the sharpened t ool back a nd forth o n the l eather
s
trop, av ery keen edge can b e i mparted to i
t
. A l i
tt
le o i
l o n the
s
trop ass ists the action. I t w i
ll b e not
iced t hat in h oning , the
c
utting away o f the meta l takes p lace against t he edge o f the
t
ool
, wh ile w ith stropping the a ction is with t he tool
, t he l a
tter
b
eing d ragged o ver the strop
. (To be continued )
TR
OUSER HA
NGER A SI
MPLE FU
SE
Make a frame a bout 12 in
. A simp le fuse may b e made
l
ong by 10 i
n
. wide of one i
nch f
or a s ix-vo
lt s torage bat
tery
s
quare s
tock and h
ang iton two c
ircu
it w ith t wo binding p
osts
,
T
he d
e
vic
e i
s f
a
stened to t
h
e d
o
or
w
i
th hing
es. How t
he f
use i
sas
semb
led
.
h
inges a s shown i n t
he c ut
. a smal
l b lock of w ood and a
Bore h oles to insert f
our o r l
ength of No. 32 wire. Assem-
more nickeled or brass rods
, 14 b
le as shown in the cut
.
i
n. i
n diame ter
. C
ontributed b y EDWARD B .
Contributed by E. E. W asoN
. LANFER
.
1
R
ADIO E
NGINEER
ING
P
r
ac
ti
cal Ex
per
imen
ts i
nth
e
R
a
dioTr
ansm
iss
ion o
f
THE USE OF DU M MY AERIALS

How T
HE SE
RIOUS EX
PER
IMENTER CA
N CO
NTINUE HI
S RA
DIO W O
RK
BY M .B.SL
EEPER
With D
raw
ings b
y t
he Author
.
SEVERAL of the manufacturers who have developed radio trans-

mitters f or t he G overnment d id a l l the w ork w ithout t ransm it-
t
ing a s ing le s ignal o utside t heir f ac tor ies . The e xperimen ters
who h ave h ad t o take d own t heir a erials c an c ontinue t heir rad io
work b y t he methods o f t hese manufac turers —by u sing a d ummy
antenna . Wh ile t he i nteres ts of most r ad io men h ave b een i n try-
i
ng t o g et l ong d istance w ith t he ir t ransm itters t he w ork o f d e-
v
elop ing s e ts t o g ive h igh r adia t
ion , o n wh ich d istance d epends , is
f
ar more i nteres ting a nd v aluab le f rom t he e xperimen tal o r sc
ien -
t
if
ic s tand -po int . Th is a rticle takes u p t he c onstruct ion o f ad ummy
or p hantom a ntenna , a nd a s ubsequent a rticle i n al ater issue w ill
d
iscu ss p oss ibilities f or e xper iments w ith n ew t ypes o f transm itters
and t he d ummy a erial.
When a t ransm itter i s connec ted t o a n a ntenna a nd ground , a
c
er tain amount o f energy i s lo
st b y r ad iat ion i n
to t he ether. I n-
s
tead o f the a ntenna a nd g round a c ircu it may b e s ubstituted c on-
t
ain ing i nductance , c apac ity , and s uff
icient n on -
induc tive re s
istance
t
o a bsorb t he s ame amount o f e nergy r adiated b y t he a ntenna .
T
h is r esistance i s called r adiation r es i
stance , a nd i s m easured i n
o
hms . Th is v alue c an b e c a
lcu lated b y t he f ormu la
R= 1
578.2 12 1
X
'
where R= r
adiation resistance in o
hms,
h= h
eight of a ntenna i n me
ters
,
x= wavelengths o f antenne i
n meters
.
T
o c hange feet t
o meters
, mu lt
iply f
eet b
y 0.304
, or to c
hange
meters t
o f
eet mult
iply meters by 3
.
28. A tab
le of a
ntenna r
es
is-
75
t
ances o
f d
iferent h
eights a
nd wave
leng
ths i
s g
iven h
ere
, t
o s
ave
c
alcu
lat
ing t
he v
alues
.
An
tenna Rad
iat
ion R
esi
stance i
n Ohms f
or T Aer
ials
Wave
leng
th. h=40 f
t
. 6
0 f
t
. 8
0 f
t
. 1
00 f
t
.
2
00m 6
.0 1
3
.4 2
4.0 3
7.0
3
00 2
.7 6
.0 1
0
.6 1
6
.5
4
00 1
.5 3
.4 6
.0 9
.3
6
00 0
.66 1
.5 2
.7 4.
1
8
00 0
.37 0
.84 1
.5 2.
3
1
000 0
.24 0
.54 0
.95 1.
5
1
500 0
.106 0
.24 0
.42 0.
66
2
000 0
.134 0
.24 0
.
37
3
000 0
.106 0
.
17
4
000 0
.06 0
.093
An a
ntenna u
sed for t
ransm
itting h
as c
ertain v
alues of induc
-
TO
TRANS
.
(
!
i
-
gt
F
ig. 1
. Me
thod u
sed t
o d
eterm
ine r
adia
tion r
es
istance o
f a
n a
eria
l.
t
ance
, c
apac
ity
, a
nd r
esis
tance
. The r
esis
tance i
s l
ow c
ompared
t
o t
he i
nductance a
nd c
apac
ity
, f
or n
o o
sci
lla
tions w
ill t
ake p
lace i
f
R i
sgrea
ter t
han 2
r
where R =res
istance of c
i
rcu
it in o
hms
.
L= inductance i
n h
enrys
,
a
nd C= c
apacity in f
arads
.
I
f
, t
hen ome s
, s ubst
itute f
or a
n a er
ial i
sto be u
sed
, i
t must c
ons
ist
o
f t hree f
hese t actors
.
1
The method u sed t o d eterm ine t he r adiation r esistance o f an

a
erial iss hown i n F ig. 1 . Two p oint s witches a re c onnec ted to the
t
ransm itter t o c ut i n t he a ntenna a nd g round o r the d ummy a n-
t
enna. The r adiat ion i s noted a t the h ot-w ire ammeter when t he
sw
itches a re o n t he a ntenna a nd g round . Then , with t he s witches
o
n the d ummy , t he i nduc tance a nd c apac ity a re a djusted b y means
o
f a wavemeter t o t he wave leng th o f t he a ntenna , and t he res
istance
i
s varied u ntil t he amme ter r eads t he s ame w ith t he a ntenna a nd
g
round . S
ince t he r esistance i s n on- induct ive, i t
s d irect c urrent
r
esis
tance w i
ll b e t he s ame a s the r adiating r esistance o f the a n-
t
enna.
Fig. 2s hows t he c onnect ions f or a d ummy . The c ondenser , C,
s
hould b e o f a pprox imate ly 0 .
0002 mfd . for a 2 00 meter wave , up
t
o 0.001 for a 5 ,
000 meter wave . I nduc tance L,i s ap la
in h elix of
1
5 o r 20 t urns o f c opper w ire o n a f rame o r c y
linder 8 i ns, in
d
iame ter
. L i s the s econdary o f a n o scillation t ransformer . The
c
ircuit LL iRC i sa djusted to t
he wave length r
equired, by means of
a wavemeter . F rom t he t
ab le o
r f ormu la 1 t
he required r
esistance
i
s then calculated. I t must b e re membered , h
owever , t
hat the re-
s
istance of the d ummy i sn ot l
ocalized i n t
he r
esistance unit but i
s
p
artially distr
ibu ted through t he c ircuit
, in the two inductances,
t
he leads, and c ondenser. An a l
lowance must b e made , t
herefore,
o
n the resistance of the unit. T hat i s
R= RR ± I tc 3
.
where R= t
he resistance o
f the ci
rcu
it in o
hms,
RR = r
esistance of r
esistance un
it in o
hms,
a
nd Re = r
esistance of t
he other parts o
f the c
ircu
it
i
n o hms.
According t
o Ohm 's L
aw ,
E = Ix R, 4
.
where E=.v o
lts
,
I-= amperes,
R= o hms
.
mult
iplying b
oth si
des of t
he equation by I,
E x I =I xI x R ,
o
r since t
he watts are t
he product of the current a
nd p
oten
tia
l
W = R 5
.
where W .= watts
.
I
f
, then
, t
he ammeter r
eads 4 amperes when t
he r
esis
tance o
f t
he
u
nit i
s 7ohms, t
he o
utput o
f t
he transmit
ting s
et i
nto t
he dummy
a
ntenna w
ill b
e
77
W -
= P( RR -
F Re) 6
.
o
r
, i
n t
his c
ase
, W = 42 (
7 Re)
S
ti
ll, we have not f
ound the resis
tance o
f the e nt
ire c
ircuit
.
Now add a c
ertain amount o
f res
istance to t
he unit
, s ay 7 o
hms,
mak
ing the t
otal 1
4 ohms i
n t
he unit
. Th is w
ill r
educe the r
eading
L
i
Ii r
.
...
T
o (
!) c
.
e
..
.. ..
..) ,
c
«
.
--—
-
-- -
--- .
- ..eL
T
(R
a
NS (i
)
. 1
.
.
...
.
... . L
.—::
:_ _.
..
.e
F
i
g. 2
. I
l
ook
-up u
s
ed w
i
th p
han
tom a
e
ria
l.
o
f the ammeter, but t
he o
utput in wa
tts wi
ll rema
in t he s
ame, as
we
ll as t
he res
istance o
f t
he rest o
f t
he c
ircuit
. A fter t
he change
h
as been made,
= T
i2 (
RR± R Re) 7
.
where
R -
* t
ota
l r
esis
tance o
f t
he u
nit
,
a
nd L'
I
t+-
- = t
1 he n
ew r
ead
ing o
f t
he amme
ter
.
O
r, since t
he ou
tput in watts i
sthe s
a me
, we c
an c
al
l t
he r
ight h
and
s
ides of t
he e
quations 6 a
nd 7e qua
l
12 (
RR + Re) = II2 (RR R Re)
Suppose the new r eading of t
he amme ter i
s 3 amperes
. The
v
alues of I, RR ,and RR + R have been f
ound already a
s 4, 7
, a
nd
1
4, respec
tively
. S ubs
tituting i
n e
qua t
ion 8,
4
'(7 Re)= 3
'(1
4 + .1e)
r
emov
ing t
he p
aren
thes
is,
4
' X 7-
1
- 42 Re = 3
'X 1
4 + Re S
.
mult
iply
ing
, 12 1
6 Rc= 1
26 ± 9Re
t
hen
7R = 1
4
o
r R = 2
T
his s
hows t
hat t
he r
es
istance o
f t
he i
nductances
, l
eads
, a
nd
1
c
ondenser i
s 2o
hms. Now t he res
istance u
nit may b
e v
aried t
o
g
ive any d
ummy r
es
istance
, f
or
R = RR + Re 3
.
I
f the d ummy i su sed to rep lace a 400 me ter aeria l 60 f
ee t high,
t
he r esistance u nit, RR , must b e 1. 4 ohms, for, a ccording t o t he
t
ab le
, R i s3 .4 ohms , a nd R c h as been found t o be 2o hms.
There may b e s ome q ues tion a bout t he value o f the resistance
and c urrent. S ince t he u nit i s non-
induc ive, the resistance w il
l b e
t
he s ame i n b oth h igh f requency a nd direct current c ircu
its. T he
c
urren t
, measured b y ah ot -w ire ammeter , i
st he root -mean- square
v
a lue, o r the e quiva lent o f ad irect current wh ich p roduces t he
s
ame h ea t
ing e fect a s the a lternat ing c urrent.
F
ive i nstrumen ts a re necessary f or work with a d ummy a ntenna
—a w aveme ter
, h ot-w ire amme ter, a n i
nductance , ac ondenser , and
a n on-induc tive r esistance . A waveme ter h as b een d escribed
a
lready i n the May , 1 916, of EV ERYDAY .
(To b e concluded )
A SUBSTITUTE FOR SW
ITCH PO
INTS
Where a l
arge number of switch p oints a re r
equ
ired in as mall
s
pace or when t
he experimenter finds t he cost o
f switch p
oint
s t oo
g
reat
, there i
s avery sat
isfactory s ubstitute for t
hem . The cross-
I
NC
Th
is t
ype o
f s
witch p
oints i
s e
conom
ica
l i
n s
pace a
nd money
.
79
s
ect
iona l view a t A a nd t he f ront view a t C s how t he m ethod t o
u
se in this case. A d oub le c i
rcle o f ho
les isd r
illed by means o f t he
t
emplate a t B . T he l arge h ole o f the template i s put o n as crew
t
hrough t he h o
le a t the center o f the hard rubber p anel. T hen h oles
a
re dr
illed in t he pane l us ing t he temp late a
s ag uide. I f as mal
lp in
i
s put i n the t emplate a s it i s moved f orward t he h oles w i
ll b e
s
paced a ccurate ly. T hese h o
les s hould b e s
lightly larg er than t he
s
ize o
f t he w ire u sed f or t he taps. When t he t wo circles o f holes
h
ave b een drilled , the tap w ires a re brought t hrough t he h o
les a nd
t
urned u p
, as t he d raw ing a t A s hows . Where t he w ires a re v ery
f
i
ne a nd w ould wear t hrough q uickly
, i tis more s a
tisfactory t o u se
l
arger b rass w ires for t he c ontac ts a nd s
older t he t aps to t hem .
The switch h and le and c on tact a re oft he u
sual design. —Con tributed
b
y CH ARLES E . PE ARCE .
AN EASILY
- MADE PAIR OF BOOK
-ENDS
BY RO BERT N.ST ANNARD
rr HE v alue o f t
he book -ends s hown i n the accompany ing i
lu stra -
-
1- t
ion lies in hav
ing t hem l eaded to make t hem h eavy . T h
is c an
b
e done b y b or
ing t wo or t hree holes in t
he b ottom a nd then fi
l
l ing
t
he holes w ith ti
n foil
, p ound ing t he metal in
. L ead w ould be s t
il
l
b
etter
. T hen c over the b ottoms w ith felt
, glued o n
.
A piece o f beaut
ifu lly g rained w ood n eeds n o o ther embellish -
ment than s tain and s hellac or wax . I f the craf tsman i s s
kil
lfu l,
The b
ook
-ends a
re e
spec
ial
ly a
t
trac
tive
.
t
hese ends may b e modelled with c
arving too
ls or i
nla
id w ith other
woods
. A g ood rule t
o f o
llow in des
ign for carv
ing or inlaying is
t
o have the lines of t
he d esign f
o
llow , f
or the most par
t, para l
lel
w
ith the li
nes o f t
he ob
ject .
1
S
ILVERING MIRRORS AND OTHER GLASS
SURFACES
BY GU
STAVE RE
INBERC
, JR
.
M ANY organic compounds have the property of reducing an am-
moniaca l solution of s i
lver ni trate t o t he me tal
lic c ondit
ion,
and u nder t he proper c onditions glass s urfaces may b e v ery satis
-
f
actorily s i
lvered b y t
his means . A t est tube may b e given a n in
-
d
iferent c oating o f si
lver b y the s imp le p rocess of a dding a bout
5 cs, o f a1 :10 s i
lver nitrate ( AgN0a s olu t
ion t o an e qual quan-
t
ity of ab oi
l ing concentra ted solution o f R ochelle sa
lt i n the tube
.
This p rocedure , lacking t he refinements d etailed below, i s rather
uncertain, b ut is useful to ilustrate t he p rocess.
The s urface to b e s i
lvered must f i
rst b e cleaned b y p lacing it
i
n ad ish of so me mater ial n
ot afected b y nitr
ic a c
id ( alum inum i s
qu
ite satisfactory), a nd scrubbing i t with a g lass r od o n t he end
o
f wh ich i s a wad o f cotton d ipped i n c oncentrated n itr ic acid
(HNO .). Then r inse t he glass w ith d istil
led water a nd e xam ine
t
he surface. I f i
t is c overed with a n u nbroken f i
lm o f wa ter it i
s
c
lean, if it shows d ry s pots the s crubb ing must b e repea ted. I t
s
hould t hen b e l
eft c overed w ith d istil
led wa ter u nti
l s i
lvered .
There a re several r educing s olutions i n c ommon u se, o f wh ich
Ishall describe two, o ne emp loying s ugar a nd t he other emp loy
ing
f
orma ldehyde . The f ormer s olution c onsists of:
Sugar 2
0 p
arts
N
itric ac
id 1p
art
A
lcohol 3
0 p
arts
Water . 2
00 "
The s
i
lver solution used w ith t
his r
educ
ing agent is made by
d
isso
lving 1 part s i
lver nitrate (AgNO.) in 1
0 p arts o
f water,
a
dding to th
is s olution ammon ium hydrox
ide (ammon ia wa ter
,
NH ,OH) u nti
l t he b rown c olor occasioned when t he ammon ia i s
f
irst a dded h as d isappeared a nd the solut
ion a gain b ecome c l
ear,
t
hen a dding a s olut ion o f 1 p art p otass
ium h ydroxide ( caus t
ic
p
o tash, KOH) i n 1 0 p arts o f water, at wh ich the s o
lut ion s hould
again b ecome d ark, a nd f i
nally s uf
f
icient ammon ia water t o b ring
t
he s olution to as traw -colored tint
.
The a l
ternative r educ ing s o
lution is made b y adding 3 p arts o f
water t o 1p art f orma ldehyde ( commerc ial). The s ilver so lution
f
or t his r educing a gent i s made b y a dding ammon ium h ydrox ide
t
o 1 00 cs , of a1 0 per c ent
, s i
lver ni
trate s olut
ion u ntil the b rown
81
p
recipitate formed just redisso
lves (avoid excess), and then add
ing
s
uff
icient water to make t he tota
l volume 1 l iter
. I n mak ing u p
t
hese solutions st
rictly c .
p. chemica
ls ( with t he exception of the
f
orma ldehyde) and d ist
illed water should be u sed
. T he sugar so-
l
ut
ion i s b
est made u p some time beforehand , as iti mproves with
a
ge.
There a re s everal ways o f perform ing t he a ctua l s i
lver ing . O ne
i
s to p lace t he m irror , f ace u p
, i n as uitab le d ish a nd p our t he
s
i
lver ing s olut ion i n u pon i t
. Another v ery s atisfac tory me thod
i
s to c onstruct s ome s ort o f ad am a round t he e dge o f t he m irror
a
nd p our t he s i
lvering s o
lut ion i nto t he b asin t hus f ormed . O n
l
arge t e
lescop ic m irrors t h
is r esult i sach ieved b y w rapp ing a w ide
strip o f p araffined p aper a round t he e dge , al
low ing a bou t six inches
to p roject a bove t he s urface , a nd s ecuring t he p aper b y r unn ing a
solder ing i ron a round t he o utside.
When s i
lver ing w ith t he s ugar reduc ing s olut ion , m ix e qua l p arts
of t he s ugar a nd s ilver s olutions a nd q u
ick ly p our t he m ix ture
onto t he m irror . T he s olution i s continua lly a gitated d uring t he
s
ilver ifig, wh ich t akes f rom 5 t o 2 0 m inutes , a nd i s comp le te when
t
he b ath t urns muddy . T he solution i st hen p oured o f
f a nd t he g lass
t
horough ly washed w ith d ist i
lled water . The t empera ture s hou ld
never b e a bove 2 1 d egree s C . ( 70 d egrees F .) when u sing t his
process .
When u sing f orma ldehyde a m ix ture o f 2v olumes o f t he s ilver
s
olut ion t o 1v olume o f t he f orma ldehyde s o
lut ion i su sed . A t c om -
mon t emperatures t he s i
lver ing w ill be c omp le te i n f rom f ive t o
t
en m inu tes, a fter wh ich t he g lass i s r emoved a nd washed a s
d
escr ibed a bove . When d ry t he c oats o btained b y e ither o f t he
a
bove p rocesses may b e p o
lished i f desired , b ut t hey s hould n ever
b
e t ouched when w et a s t hey a re t hen l ikely t o p eel o ff
.
IN
VIS
IBLE INKS
Of the many f ormulas for inks wh ich a ppear o nly u pon special
t
reatment , e
ither w ith heat or with c erta in r eagents , the f o
llow ing
have been s elected as the most c onven ient a nd e f
ficien t
, as w el
l a s
with a view t o embrace the various t ypes a nd colors p os
sible. Other
c
o mbinat ions w il
l readi
ly s uggest t hemse lves t o a nyone h aving a t
l
east a n elemen tary know ledge o f chem istry.
With a s olution of 1p art sulfur ic a c
id ( H2SO 4) i n 20 p arts
water the c haracters turn a n indelible b lack when warmed .
With a d ilute coba
lt c h
loride ( CoC 12) s olution b lue character s
d
evelop when warmed , a ga
in b ecoming i nvisible u pon c oo
ling.
1
With a s o
lut ion o f .1 gram p heno lph talein i n 30 c es, o
f 50 per
c
ent
. a l
coho l the c haracters t urn r ed when s ubjected t o ammon ia
f
umes o r when s prayed w ith ammon ia wa ter ( NH 4OH).
With a 5 p er c ent. c
opper s ulfate ( blue v itrio
l, C uSO 4) so
lution
t
he charac ters t urn blue when s ubjec ted t o ammon ia f umes a nd
b
rown when t reated w ith p otassium f errocyan ide (yellow p russ
iate
o
f potash, K4F e[C M 6) .
With a 5 p er c ent. le
ad a cetate ( Pb[C 2H30 .,1
2) s olut
ion black
c
haracters d evelop when t reated w ith h ydrogen s u
lfide ( H 2S
).
I
t is understood t hat c haracters w r
itten w ith a ny o f t
he above
s
olut
ions a re inv isible when f irst p ut o n p aper.
CH EM ICAL VE GETAT ION

Very a ttractive d ecora tive e fects may b e s ecured b y the g row th
o
f c ertain m inera ls, p rincipa lly s il
icate s. T hey a re b est p repared
i
n ag oldfish g lobe o r s im i
lar v essel, o ne f rom 3 t o 5i nches i n
d
iame ter b eing t he most s uitab le. A l ayer o f sand i s spread o ver
t
he b ottom o f the g lobe a nd s ome p ieces o f copper s u
lfa te, ir on
s
ulfate , s ome p owdered manganese d ioxid a nd a f ew c rys tals o f
f
erric c h
lor ide a nd a lum inum c h
lor ide a re s u
itably d i
sposed u pon
i
t
, a nd t he g lobe i s three -quarters f i
lled w ith a c oncen tra ted soh '.
t
ion o f s odium s ilicate ( water -glass). T he i r
on s alt " grows" v ery
r
ap idly, a nd a " garden" p repared w ith o nly v ery s o
lub le s alts like
c
opper c hloride, c obalt c hlor ide , nicke l n i
tra te, and manganese s ul-
f
a te w i
ll c omp lete i ts g row th w ithin a f ew h ours, all the f ormat ions
b
eing i r
regu lar a nd l umpy c olumns o f v arious c o
lors r ising u p
t
hrough t he s olut ion. T he f irst ment ioned c ombinat ion r equires
s
evera l d ays t o c omp le te i ts g row th, b ut r esults i n a much more
e
laborate a nd b eaut ifu l c rys tal f orma tion. Natura l
ly t he l i
st o f
s
alts u sed c an b e v ar ied c ons iderab ly w ithout c ausing more t han
minor c hanges i n t he a ppearance o f t he " garden" .
When t he g row th i s c omp lete t he r ema ining s ilicate s o
lution
mus t b e washed away , wh ich must b e a ccomp lished w ith g reat c are
because o f t he frag ility o f t he g row ths. A g entle stream o f wa ter
shou ld b e r un i nto t he g lobe t hrough a t ube, wh i
le t he s o
lution
o
verf
low s o
ver t
he edge
. T his i
s c
ontinued u
nti
l the water l
ooks
p
erfect
ly cl
ear
, a
fter which t
he g
rowths wi
ll l
a
st an i
ndef
init
e t
ime
u
nless broken b y aj ar.
Other a t
tractive c hemica l "
gardens" can be made by fi
ll
ing a
g
lobe w ith a h ot concentra ted so
lut
ion of alum or Glauber
's s
alt
a
nd a l
low if
ig itto crys ta
llize, a
s itcoo
ls, u
pon a p
iece o
f coke o
r a
w
ire frame s uspet
ided i n it
.
83
St
ill athird t
ype of garden i s t
hat •known as al ead or si
lver
"
tree". The former is made by suspending a z
inc rod in asolution
o
f about 10 grams of l
ead n
itrate ( Pb[NO 3]2) i
n 100 ces. o
r more
o
f water, t
he le
ad be
ing deposited in i
rregular t
ree-
like sheets upon
t
he rod. Silver "
trees" are made b y adding a small quantity of
mercury t
o as
i
lver n
i
tra
te s
o
lut
ion i
n aj
ar, b
ut t
hey a
re n
ot v
ery
p
ermanent.
TO RE MOVE THE EMULSION FROM

PHOTO PLATES
BY S.W .HU
FF
M ANY w ireless amateurs h ave f ound t hat l arge p hoto p lates
a
re j ust the t hing f or t heir c ondensers, b ut h ave h esitated
f
rom b uying t hem b ecause o f t he d ificulty involved i n r emov ing
t
he e mulsion. T he method o f s oak ing t he p
lates i n hot wa ter is a
messy one, and many p lates a re l iable tob ecome b roken . T hey may
a
lso be soaked i n ac oncentrated s o
lut ion of lye, b ut t
h is me thod i s
dangerous t o both flesh a nd c loth ing.
The follow ing me thod w il
l s olve many d if
i cult
ies:
Procure, f rom a d rug s tore o r p hoto s upply s tore, s odium
f
l
ouride 8 d rams a nd s ulphur ic a cid ( C
. P.) 8 d rams . C ommerc ial
s
ulphuric a cid ( o
il o f v itriol) s hould n ot be emp loyed , a s it w i
ll
l
eave a brown s ta
in o n the p lates wh ich itis i mposs ib
le t o r emove .
Procure a lso a glass t ray s l
ight ly l arger than t he p lates t o be
c
leaned.
D
issolve t he s od ium f l
our ide i n 16 ozs. o f wa ter, a nd a dd t he
s
ulphur ic acid d rop b y d rop wh ile stirr
ing t he s olu t
ion c onstantly,
This s olution w ill c ost a bout 2 0 cents.
Pour t he solution i n t he t ray a nd i mmerse a p la te, f ace u pward ,
i
n i t
. I n about 1 5 s econds t he gelatine w il
l s tart t o " frill" or peel
f
rom t he e dges o f t he p late . By g rasping t he emu lsion , i t may b e
s
tripped o f t
he p late i n as ingle piece. T he plate s hou ld b e washed
i
n h ot water a nd s tood i n ar ack t o dry. About 7 5 o r 1 00 plates
may b e treated i n 1 6 o zs. o f solu t
ion.
If about 5 0 pla tes a re t o be c l
eaned , the emu lsion c an b e saved
and t reated w ith n itr ic a cid. One h undred 8 x10 p lat es y ielded t he
writer $ 2.85 worth o f p ure s i
lver.
The p lates s hou ld b e r ubbed w ith alcohol b efore c oa ting. T his
t
rea tment w il
l " k
ill" a ll a cid t ha t may n ot h ave b een r emoved b y
wash ing . A s t he p lates a re a bout 1 /20 in. t h
ick, 2b anks o f 1 2
p
la tes e ach, p
la tes i n mu ltip le, banks c onnec ted i n ser ies, w il
l give
ac apac ity of 0.01 mfd a nd w il
l stand a 2 5,000 v olt discharge w i
th -
o
u t break ing d own .
1
H
OUSEHOLD E
NGIN I
NG
P
r
act
ica
l Mechan
ics
f
o
r Eve
xyday M en
A HA
NDY FL
OOD LI
GHT i
ng s crew s o t hat t he p ipe may
b
e c lamped a t any d esired p o
in t
Drop l ights a re used t o agreat
a
long t he u pright p ipe . T he a d-
e
xtent a round g arage a nd ma -
j
us t
ing s crew i s made b y f i
tting
c
hine s hops , b ut a re a t t imes
a s ma ll v a
lve whee l t o a s et-
t
roub lesome t o p lace i n t he
s
crew o f t he p roper s ize a s
p
roper p os ition. The d evice d e-
s
hown i n t he d etail d rawing .
s
cribed h erew ith c an b e made
The h or izonta l p ipe h as a T -
f
rom p arts f ound i n the s crap
s
l
id ing o n i t
, wh ich s uppor ts t he
h
eap , a nd w il
l b e f ound i n-
l
amp c lus ter , a nd i s also f i
tted
d
ispensab le.
w
ith a c lamp ing s crew . The
A 6f t
. l ength o f 11/ i
2 n
. pipe
c
luster s hou ld b e o f t he t hree -
i
sf i
tted w ith af l
ange , and b o
lted
l
ight t ype , a s s ha l
low a s p os-
t
o a n old g ear whee l. T he lat
ter
s
ible, a nd c overed w ith a s creen
t
o p revent t he b reakage o f t he
l
amps .
A f ew momen ts
' c onsidera t
ion
w
i l
l s how t he many a dvantages
o
f t his f l
ood l ight. By means o f
t
he v arious a djus tmen ts i t is
possib le t o c lamp t he l i
ght i n
practica lly a ny p osition, u nder,
o
ver , o r a longs ide t he w ork , a nd
i
t w il l stay t here u nder n ear ly
a
ll c ond it ions .
T
he f
l
ood l
i
ght i
smade u
p o
f o
dd p
art
s. Contr ibuted b y T. W. BE NSON .
i
so n
ly to h old t he pipe u pright,
T
o CU
RL FE
ATHERS
and anything may b e used t hat
w
ill do t
his s at
isfactor i
ly. Try this way t o c url y our
S
liding a long t his u pright b y f
eathers: Take a r ound s tick
means of a T -joint i s a 3 f t. a
nd h o
ld the feathers c
l ose t
o it
l
ength of piping o f the 1i n. s
ize. l
engthwise a nd f o
ld t he down
The T isthreaded f or a n adjust- c
areful
ly around t
he wood.
85
Next s
l
ip o
ver i
t acl
ose
ly fi
tt
ing TO KE
EP M A
GAZ
INES T
ooETHE
It
b
ag of any mater
ial; th
is b ag Magazines usually b eg
in to
s
hould b e a t r
ifle l
arger t han t
ear from t he back c orners o
f
t
he curl
ing s t
icks. Ho
ld this bag t
he cover
. Sma l
l p ieces of ad
-
i
n the s team o f a kett
le u nt
il
t
horough ly d
ampened, a
fter
wh
ich p lace in a warm s pot to
d
ry. When t he bag is r
emoved
i
twill be found that t
he feather
i
s n
icely c ur
led.
P
as
te t
h
e p
l
as
ter a
ssh
own
.
C
ontr
ibu
ted b
y MA
RY F.SC
OTT
.
h
esive p laster pasted over t he
b
ack, a s s hown b y the d ark
HO
ME-MADE IC
E PI
CK marks, make t he magazine h a
lf
Sharpen the end o f an o a
s d urable a s i
f i
tw ere b ound.
ld
r
at-
tail fi
le t
o apoint, b
end t
he Contributed by E
. P. PE RTE.
o
ther end sl
ight
ly a nd t
hen i
n-
Do not use p aten t c
leaners o n
t
an shoes
, a s the acids contained
.
e t
here
in c ut the leather. I nstead,
r
ub the shoes t horough ly wi th a
r
ag soaked i n ammon ia . When
d
ry, rub with a d ry rag or brush
A
n o
l
d f
i
l
e i
sus
ed. t
o remove t he l o
ose d irt
, a nd
p
ol
ish w ith a g ood p ast in t he
s
ert it in a n old s tove knob
.
u
sual manner . —J . A. DU NN .
Pour l
ead into the k nob and it
w
ill h
old the fi
le securely
, mak-
A HA
NDY SC
REW DR
IVER
i
ng a good ice pick.
By cutting of a n o
ld table
C
ontr
ibuted b
y E
. E
. WI
LSON
.
f
ork along t he d
otted li
nes in
t
he ilustration a
nd sharpen
ing
BL
ACKEN
ING ZI
NC
Prepare t he f ol
low ing solu-
t
ion: N itrate o f copper 2 grs
.,
c
hloride o f c opper 3 g rs
., dis-
t
i
lled water 6 4 c mc. Hydro-
c
hloric a cid ( Sp
. G r. 100) 8 C
ut t
h
e f
o
rk d
own
.
cmc
. C lean t he zinc
, dip it in t
he e nd down to aw edge
, y ou
t
he s o
lution f or a f ew seconds, h
ave a h andy short-blade s
crew
wash itg ood a nd d
ry i tqu
ickly. d
river for c
lose places.
C
ontr
ibuted b
y V.CA
ROUSO
. Contr
ibuted by E. E . WILSON.
1
A •HA
NDY SE
RVING TR
AY WH
EN US
ING CA
NVAS
A HANDY s erving t ray c an When u sing c anvas f or a
e-1 b
e made from a nold frame, s
t
iffening o f a ny kind , i
t should
o
r o ne made o f picture mo ld
ing b
e s hrunk b efore u sing, other -
f
or t he p urpose, b y f i
tt
ing i t w
ise i tw i
ll shrink t he fi
rst time
w
ith g lass h e
ld i n place b y a t
he g arment g ets w et a nd w ill
wooden b ack
. Two s mal
l h andles c
ause t he g arment t o l ie i n
wrinkles o r give i t ap uckered
r
i wnc efect.
A simple method o f shrinking
a
q.
1
.5
i
t is t o place t he c anvas o n a
t
able a nd w et itthorough ly w ith
as ponge a nd wat er
, t hen p ress
The s
erv
ing t
ray
. w
ith a h ot iron u ntil dry.
Contributed by MA RY F.SC OTT.
f
astened in t he m idd le of the
s
hort si
des fac
ilitate its use
.
TO PR
EVENT HA NDLE F
ROM
The s
ervices of one of the l
ady
SP
LITT
ING
members o f t he f amily a re
n
eeded t o f
i
nish the t ray, as she T
o p revent a mal
let handle
must embroider a d o
ily to act as f
rom split
ting c
ut a square on
ab ackground f or the glass top. t
he end of t
he h
andle and make
SH
ELLAC BO
TTLE KI
NK
S
hellac bottle corks are o
ften
b
roken when b eing removed, as
t
he cork isheld by shel
lac which The f
i
bre e
nd p
reven
ts s
pl
itt
ing
.
h
as h ardened. a p
iece o f f
ibre to f
it over it
.
F
inish w ith a fi
le t
o bring the
f
i
bre piece down t o t
he leve
l of
t
he handle. —L. H. WA GNER.
INK ON T
HE CA
RPET
The c
ork w
ill n
ot s
t
ick
. To remove ink s
pots f
rom t he
By p lacing a s ma
ll piece of c
arpet a f
ter they have become
musl
in o ver the opening before d
ry r ub them with mi
lk, taking
i
nserting t he cork and then ty- f
resh as itbecomes i
nky. A f
ter-
i
ng t he p ro
jecting e dges a s ward wash t he spot with am -
s
hown , t h
is n u
isance c an b e monia water t o remove t he
e
l
im ina ted. g
rease.
Con tr
ibu ted by S. KN OECHEL. Contr
ibuted by MARY F
. SCOTT.
87
MODEL MAKING FOR PLEASURE AND PROFIT

.
A Message t
o Exper
imen
tal Eng
ineers
.
D OofE'Savyoaiulrablhoebbfuyndpasy toforcaritsreylf?outArexepeyorim
u hampered b
enta
l w
y t
he l
ork? Wou
ack
ld
you l ike t o know h ow t o make money w ith y our mode ls, s o tha t the
work w ould b e self-susta ining i nstead o f ad rain o n your p urse?
Ih ave a sked t hose q uestions o f an umber o f experimenta l e ngi-
neers r ecently, a nd t he a nswers h ave b een s o u niform i n tone t hat
t
he s ugges tions o fered i n this a rticle are b el
ieved t o be t imely .
I
n i ntroduc ing t he s ubject, l et us h ark b ack t o the early d ay s of
photography . Many o f u s can r e member t he h eavy pla te c a meras ,
w
ith t heir c umbersome t ripods . S eeming ly i nnumerab le w ere t he
o
bs tac les t o be o vercome i n t he p ursuit o f t h
is h obby —for h obby
i
t was , e ven a t t hat e ar ly s tage o f the a rt. Expense was a b ig
i
tem , t oo.
T
oday w e h ave t he modern f i
lm c amera mak ing a n ega tive t he
s
ize o f ac all
ing c ard, from wh ich e n
largements o f any s i
ze c an b e
made q uickly, c heap ly, a nd o f aq ual
ity s urpass ing t he o rigina l
p
rint o f y ears a go.
T
he modern p hotograph ic amateur makes h is c amera p ay f or
i
tself; o r, better s ti
ll, makes i t p ay f or h is s ummer v aca tion i n
a
dd ition . T his h e does b y selling p rints t o magaz ines, n ew spapers
a
nd i nd ividua ls. A t the s a me time , h e is atrue ama teur —a f ollower
o
f t he a rt for the love o f itr ather t han b ecause o f its money -mak ing
p
oss ibilities.
C
an y ou n ot s ense t he b eg inning o f a n ew e ra i n p rac t
ica l
e
xper imenta l e ngineer ing? Has n ot t his f ascinating h obby g one
t
hrough a p eriod o f e volution i n the p ast five y ears? I b elieve i t
h
as.
We ll d o Ir emember t he d ays, n ot so l ong a go, when t he m inia -
1
t
ure i ncandescent l amp was a n i neff
ic
ient novelty, se
lling a t a
p
rohibi t
ive price. My f i
rst power plani was n ot a t
oy; itw ould be
c
onsidered today a g enerating u nit of pract
ical worth, f
or itw ou
ld
p
roduce o ne h undred a nd t wenty candle-power of useful li
gh t with
modern, nitrogen -f
i
lled m iniature lamps . Y et
, so low was t he e f
i-
c
iency o fthe best l
amp Ic ould buy att hat t
ime that Icould scarcely
produce a read ing light.
Magne t w ire was p rec ious . We may c all i ts o t oday ; b ut when
w
e c ons ider t he matter s ane ly , itisc heap c ompared w ith t he p roduct
o
f t en y ears a go. Sma ll mo tors w ere e xpens ive a nd i nef f
icien t
.
Today w e c an b uy a d rum a rma ture mach ine w i th m ica -insu la ted
c
ommu ta tor a nd c opper g auze b rushes f or le ss than t wo d ollars .
S
tock g ears , t hreaded r od , cheap mach ine s crews a nd n uts, w ere
p
ract ica lly u nknown . T he r aw mater ia ls a va i
lab le t o n ear ly e very
e
xper imenta l e ng ineer t oday w ere s ecured o n
ly a t p roh ib itive e x-
p
ense a f ew y ears a go.
Sma l
l s t
orage b atter ies were u nknown . Even t he d ry c e
ll, s o
c
ommon t oday , was a n u ncer tain n ove lty y esterday . We w ere c om -
p
el led t o mess w ith b ichromate c el
ls , o r t heir c ontemporar ies, i n
o
rder t o g e t af ew watts o f u sefu l e nergy .
A
l l o f t h
is r epresents p rogress . The a dvance i sn ot c onfined t o
t
he r ank s o f t he e xper imenta l eng ineer , h owever . I ti sd ue l arg ely ,
i
f n o t s ole ly, t o t he p erfect ly a stound ing i ncrease i n the t echn ica l
educa tion o f t he p ublic a t l arge, a nd t o t he d emand c rea ted b y t h
is
pub l
ic f or t he l itt
le l uxur ies o fered b y man 's g rea test s ervant —
Elec tr icity .
T here 's j ust t he p oint . T he p ub lic h as b een d ril
led i nto a n
apprec iation o f the i mpor tance o f p ract ica l
, e veryday s cience . T he
man who b oas ted y esterday t hat h e d id n ot k now a s crewdr iver
f
rom a monkey w rench t oday s tops , g lued t o t he c urb, when t he
s
ligh tes t r epa ir i s made t o ad rawn -up mo tor c ar.
T ha t i s where o ur f ast -grow ing h obby f i
ts i n
. We c an t ake
advan tage o f t his n ew a nd e ver -
increas ing i nterest i n t hing s e lec-
t
rical a nd mechan ica l. We c an s ecure r ecogn ition f or t his, t he
l
eas t i mpor tant o f o ur r ea lly g reat work , a nd a t t he s ame t ime
make o ur h obby s elf-susta ining i n o rder t hat we may d o b igger a nd
g
rea ter w ork a s o ur e xper ience a nd k now ledge i ncrease .
How T
O Do IT
.
As t
h
is isb
eing wr
itten
, New York City i
sentertain
ing Marshal
J
offre
, hero o
f the Marne, and perhaps the best-
loved mi
litary
89
f
i
gure of modern times
. I n hi
s honor the City is d
raped with
b
unt
ing f rom end t
o end. Nearly every l
arge st
ore has d
evoted
o
ne or more w
indows to ad
isp
lay mi
litary o
r naval i
n c
haracter
.
Just be
low t he wonderfu l c ourt fac
ing t he Library i n Fif
th
Avenue iso ne of the City's f
inest department stores. I t
s w indow s
a
re a riot o
f e xquis
ite color
. A p rominent one i
s given o ver t
o a n
i
nspiring naval sett
ing, where t he ski
ll of t
he professional window -
d
resser isw el
l s hown.
As Ipassed t h
is bui
lding l a
st evening I was immediate
ly i m
-
p
ressed w
ith the crowd, f
ive rows d
eep , i
n f
ront o
f t
his o
ne window.
My cur
ios
ity a roused
, Ip at
ient
ly wa ited i
n li
ne t
o see t
he attrac
-
P
hoto by L
ev i
ck.
A st
rik
ing examp le o
f the h
ighes
t type o
f mode l work
. Sca
le mode l o
f a 10-f
t.
s
ubmarine chaser bu
ilt by t
he H. E. Boucher Mfg. C o
., t
hrough t he c
our
tesy of
whom we are e
nabled t
o reproduce t
his pho
tog raph
.
t
ion
. When a t last I stood b efore that w indow , w ith i t
s t ruly
marvel
lous concept ion of ag reat subject, Iwas f il
led w i
th m ingled
f
eel
ing s o
f satisfaction and disappo intment when Is aw t ha t every
e
ye i n t
he c rowd was f astened u pon t hree v ery i nd
ifferen t toy
models of a p atrol boat
, a t orpedo -boat d estroyer, a nd a s ub-
marine chaser. T hat is to say, the lines of the h ulls w ere s uff
i
-
c
iently we
ll drawn t o i
dentify the classes of the litt
le ship s
.
Do you appreciate the s
ignif
icance of th
is? I did not at f
ir
s t
,
b
ut after I had s pent the morn ing in browsing around town I
f
ormed t he conclusion that prompted t he w r
iting of th
is li
ttle
a
rt
icle
. I n e
very c ase
, without a si
ngle except
ion, where a model
1
o
f any k
ind, l
arge or s ma
ll, f
rom t
he t
oy s
hop or t
he s
ki
lled model
maker was s
hown , there was the s
ame w
ide-eyed c
rowd, prodded
a
long by ablue-coated guardian o
f t
he p
eace
.
Upon my r eturn t o the ofice
, Il ooked u p ac ertain lit
tle pile
o
f correspondence I h ad purposely la
id a side for f uture reference.
Among t hese l
etters w ere requests from w idely scat tered sections
o
f t he country, and a pparent
ly f rom r esponsible h ouses in many
c
ases, requesting i nformation a s to where mode ls o f submar ines,
b
attleships, armored c ars, s
ubmar ine chasers, e
tc.
, cou ld be obta
ined
o
n ar ental bas
is for p urposes of window d isplay.
Does th
is n ot te
ll t he story? L et u s summar ize the si
tua tion.
The model-mak ing a rt h as progressed ma ter
ially in the p as
t f ive
o
r ten years. T he d abbler of yesterday i s t
he e xperimental e ngi-
n
eer of today. Mater ials and p arts can be obtained either p artly
o
r who l
ly f i
nished. S pecial mach ine work c an b e arranged f or
a
t nominal cost. D esigns f or perfect scale models wil
l be published
f
rom mon th t o month i n th
is magaz ine.
Are we n
ot r
eady f
or b
usine
ss?
The r
ecent
ly-organized Amer ican S oc
iety of Exper imental Eng i
-
n
eers* is making a rrangements w ith v arious manufac turers to
s
upply the parts and materials n eeded for p ractical model work.
Furthermore it
s laboratory and shop o fer facil
ities for members
t
o have the more dif
icult machine work d one at c os
t, s
o that they
w
ill not be hampered b y la
ck o f t oo
ls.
Lis
ts o f stores a nd concerns which might be in
teres
ted in
models for di
splay p urposes are b
eing made up, a
nd wil
l be s
ent
t
o the various Chapters of the A
. S. E
. E. a
s soon a
s r
eady.
I
t remains f or the e xperimenta l engineers of t he country to
t
ake a dvantage o f the o pportunity now o fered
. They c an rent
t
heir models or s e
ll them , and i n that manner s ecure funds for
a
ddit
iona l work
. F urthermore , this magazine wil
l b uy photographs
and c
lear working d raw ings, with descript
ions o f models made b y
r
eaders, where such mode ls come u p to acertain standard of work-
manship and eficiency.
•F
or p
art
icu
lars a
ddress t
he S
ocie
ty a
t A
eol
ian Ha
ll, New York
.
91
N
EWo
rINT
I
P
, K
S
,REST
ING
,
!
I
I
II
IP
,
IM
MI
I
II
I
II
I
11
1
11
1
11
1
11
1
1;
,
[1
!
11
1
11
1
11
1
11
f
Il
l!
!
!
THE TH EORY OF MA CHINES, sec- i

lustrations
, c
loth bound
, 7% x 5
o
nd e dition, by R . W. Angus , i
nches. Pr
ice
, $1.00. Norman
B
.A.Sc. 340 pages, 193 ilus - W. Hen ley Pub. Co
., New Y ork
t
rat
ions . B ound in c
loth, 6x9 C
ity.
i
nches. P r
ice, $3
.00. P ub
lished Whe ther w e have a u tomob iles
by the McGraw -Hi
ll Book C o
.,
o
r n ot, w e a l
l like to b e a ble t o
New York C ity
.
r
un t hem . Many o f u s who
Every man who h as a ttempted
c
anno t
, h ave b een c aught i n
t
o design a ny k ind o f mach inery ,
emergenc ies when e ven a b ook -
e
ven f or t he s imp lest mode l
know ledge e
xperience would
work , h as met mechan ical p rob -
s
aved t he d ay. Mr . P age h as
l
ems wh ich , though t hey a re n ot
written a b ook wh ich a lmost
d
iff
icu lt, a re often v ery p uzz l
ing .
e
qua ls a ctua l experience i n run -
"The Theory o f Mach ines" i s a
n
ing a n a utomob ile. Wi th t he
b
ook wh ich w ill c ome t o t he
i
nstruct ions i n this b ook u nder -
r
escue a t s uch t imes . Th is b ook
s
tood , iti so nly a ma t ter o f sit-
i
sn ot s o t echn ical a s t o b e difi-
t
ing a t t he whee l a nd a pplying
c
ult t o u nderstand , y et i t gives t
he p rinc iples g iven b y Mr .
c
omp lete ly t he s olution o f many Page. P art icularly a tt his time ,
u
sua l a nd u nusua l mechan ical
with t he G overnmen t l ist
ing t he
p
rob lems . What f ormu las a re
men a nd women who c an d rive
g
iven c an b e s olved i n a lmost
automob iles , i t i
s t he d uty o f
e
very c ase b y s imple a lgebra .
every p erson t o h ave a t' least
The c hapters c over mot ions i n some i dea o f the h and ling o f a
mach ines , diff
icu lt kinds o f g ear-
c
ar.
i
ng , c ams , f orces a cting i n ma -
A particularly helpful f
eature
chines , c ranks , ef i c
iency , g ov-
o
f the b ook i s the photographs
e
rnors , w eight o f flywhee ls, a nd
o
f work ing p ar ts in diferent
the b alanc ing o f mach inery.
c
ars, w ith e ach p art labeled
.
T he i ndex i s s o c omp lete t hat
The fi
rst c hapter is on the dif
-
any s pecia l sub ject c an b e found
f
erent p arts and their f
unctions
.
immed ia te ly.
The s econd c hapter takes u p
•
s
tarting a nd driving, f
rom lubri
-
How T O RUN AN AU TOMOB ILE,
by V ictor P age. 1 77 p ages , 71 c
ation t o r u
les o f the r oad
.
1
T
Y
PEW
RIT
ERS
Chapter t hree i s on the 1917
c
ontrol systems o f t
hirty difer-
e
nt makes . T
he last c hapter
g
ives in
struc tions on caring for
a
utomob i
les i n t he garage a nd
A
l
l W
e o
n the road.
m
akes s
a
ve
O
to
Whether y ou h ave a c ar or
y
ou
,
•
n
o t
, y ou w ill f
ind t his b ook in-
m
one
y
t
eresting a s w e
ll a s instruc t
ive.
TH E PR INC IPLES O F EL ECTRIC
WA VE TE LEGRAPHY A ND TE L-
M AC HINES REB UILT
E
PHONY , third e dit
ion , by J . A.
b
ythewel
l-known "Young P
roems." Whether F
lem ing, M .A.
, D .Sc., F .R.S.
y
ou buy f
o
r CASH , on INSTALMENTS ,
o
r RENT ,w ecan sa
ve you money. I fyou 9
11 p ages, 4 92 i lustra t
ions, 7
w
ish re
nt o
neofourm ach
ines
. A ft
ery o
ua re f
olding p lates. B ound i n c l
oth,
s
a
ti
sÉed you h
ave ab arg
ain, b
uy itand the 6x 9i nches . Price, $10.00. P ub-
r
e
ntalpa
id wi
llapp
ly onp u
rchas
ep r
ice
.
l
i
shed b y L ongmans , G reen &
A
ll Mach
ines Guaranteed C
o., New York C ity.
E
very m
achin
ew ese
lli
sGUARANTEED . No i ntroduction i s n ecessary
Y
ou do no
t ri
sk o
ne c
e
nt. S
end NO W f
o
r
c
a
talo
g and d
eta
il
s. t
o t his work , for ith as long b een
Y
OUNG T
YPEWR
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O..D
ept
.139
,Ch
icago used a s a t ext-book f or r adio
men . A s to t he conten ts, it i s
e
as ier t o tel
l what h as b een l e
ft
Mr
. Ed
ison
's o
ut t han what h as been p ut in,
Wonderfu
l Phonograph y
et e ven t h
is isd ificult
, b ecause
t
he b ook i s so c omp lete. The
t
hird e d
ition i s not t he s econd
°
l
ib' I 0 0 w
ith a n append ix, b ut a c om -
A
f
ter p
lete r evis
ion . Our e xper imen ts
a
re p ar t
icularly f avored b y this
F
ree T
ria
l c
hange , s i
nce t he ma terial i s
Y
e s
, you m ay k e
ep more d escriptive, mak ing i tp os-
t
h
isn ew E d
ison —
Thom asA . E d
i - s
ible t o b ui
ld t he appara tus d e-
s
on s g reat s
cribed .
p
honog raph
w
ith t he dia
- The most remarkab le f ea ture
m
o ndstylus—
a
ndyo u
rc ho
ice o
f this b
ook is the comp le teness
o
fr e
cords,t o
o,
f
o
r o n
ly $ 1. and thoroughness w ith wh ich
P
ay t he b a
l- e
very conce
ivable bit of d ata o n
a
nce a t r a
te
o
fo n
ly af ew r
adio work h as b een c ollected.
c
ent
s ad ay
. T ry
t
h
e n ew E d
ison iny our A
ll the work of the r adio e ngi-
ownI s
om* b efo
r e y
ou decid
e tobuy
. N o
thing n
eers in t h
is c ountry a nd i n
d
own . W r
iteto
dayf o
r O ur Neu
. Fdmr
, R ook
a
nd pictures
. N oo b
liga
tion
. F . K
. B
ABSON . Europe is covered i n t he n ew
Un aP beseg
rapl
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t.
,D ep
t
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P
lea
se men
tion EV
ERYDAY EN
GINEER
ING M A
GAZ
INE

Everyday Engineering 1917 06

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o o

M US HROO M GRO WING

We h ave plans under way for the e

THE SQUARE OF THE HYPOTHENUSE

IN t he c ourse o f the w riter 's e xper imenta l work d uring t he p ast

The coils a re w ound i n pancakes, e ach o ne g iving 7 v o

We a re n ow r eady t o assemb le w ith the iron. T he lam inations

T HE d esk lamp s hown i n t

moved b y turning t he battery u ps

FOR MA KING SH OES W ATERPROOF ST

where n ecessary a nd a djust until t

machine a nd o n t he c ountershaft , s uch a s the o ne s hown i n t he

ELI MINATING FAN TROUBLE

I HAD c onsiderable t rouble w ith t he radiator f an of my a uto-

HO W TO SHARPEN EDGE TOOLS

—Carborundum , A loxite, A lundum , C rys tolon, et c

THE USE OF DU M MY AERIALS

SEVERAL of the manufacturers who have developed radio trans-

The method u sed t o d eterm ine t he r adiation r esistance o f an

CH EM ICAL VE GETAT ION

TO RE MOVE THE EMULSION FROM

MODEL MAKING FOR PLEASURE AND PROFIT

THE TH EORY OF MA CHINES, sec- i

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