INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE

EARTH
CRUST
- The extreme thin layer of the rock that
makes up the outermost solid shell of our
planet. Its thickness Is like the skin of an
apple.

-The crust is composed of many different

types of rocks that is originated in granite
or basalt.
 CRUST
-The crust and tectonic plates are not the same. Plates are thicker
than the crust and consist of the crust plus shallow mantle.

Lithosphere ( latin-stony layer)-

Two kinds of crust:

Oceanic crust (basaltic)
Continental crust (granitic)
CRUST
Grand categories rocks:
• Basaltic rocks- underlie the seafloor
• Granitic rocks- make up the continents

3 main categories of rocks:

Igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary.
OCEANIC CRUST
It is a thin and small fraction of the earth that
reacts in the seawater and carries some of it down
into the mantle. The ocean floor, is mostly
composed of different types of basalts.
Oceanic crust is constantly formed at mid-ocean
ridges, where tectonic plates are tearing apart from
each other.
 OCEANIC CRUST
As magma wells up from these rifts in Earth’s
surface cools, it becomes young oceanic crust.
The age and density of oceanic crust increases
with distance from mid-ocean ridges. Just
as oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges,
it is destroyed in subduction zones.
Subduction is the
important geologic process
 OCEANIC CRUST

For example, the oceanic Juan de Fuca plate

subducts beneath the continental North American
plate. At convergent boundaries between two plates
carrying oceanic lithosphere, the denser (usually the
larger and deeper ocean basin) subducts.
CONTINENTAL CRUST

-Continental crust is mostly composed of different types

of granites
-Continental crust is created by plate tectonics. At
convergent plate boundaries, where tectonic plates crash
into each other.
CONTINENTAL CRUST

Continental crust is thrust up in the

process of orogeny, or mountain-
building. For this reason, the thickest
parts of continental crust are at the
world’s tallest mountain ranges.
Like icebergs, the tall peaks of the
Himalayas and the Andes are only part
of the region’s continental crust—
the crust extends unevenly below
the Earth
 MANTLE
• Thickest layer of the earth and largest
layer of the Earth.
• 84% of the earth’s volume and 67% of
earth mass
• Between the crust and the core
• The mantle begin at the Mohorovicic
Discontinuity and extend into Gutenberg
Discontinuity
• 2900 km Thick or 1802 miles
• Solid rocks, 46% silicon and 38%
magnesium oxide and 8 % of iron
Upper Mantle and Lower Mantle

Upper Mantle
The upper mantle starts at the Moho boundary. This boundary was discovered by the
Croatian seismologist, Andrija Mohorovicic. (Croatian meteorologist and
geophysicist)
Upper mantle has a thickness of 670km.
Asthenosphere- (weak layer) allow the plates to move slowly over it like a thick mud.
Lower Mantle
Gutenberg Discontinuity boundary of core and mantle boundary. Followed by the
name of Beno Gutenberg (German-American Seismologist)
It has a thickness of 2,230km.
 OUTER CORE
It has approximate
temperature of 2,000 degree
Celsius and of thickness of
2250 km. The outer core is
made of liquid iron and
nickel. The composition of
this alloy is often referred to
as NiFe.
 INNER CORE
Inner Core Characteristics and
Facts
- 2600 km diameter
- Consist of Iron and Nickel
Alloy
•Has an approximate temp of
5200°C (9800°F).
- 250-times percent hotter than
outer core
 INNER CORE
Inner Core Characteristics and
Facts
• It is a solid spheroid
• It generates its own magnetic
field.
Scientists have determined these facts and characteristics
of the inner core through seismic and geodynamic
studies, as well as laboratory studies and analysis of
meteorites. It is impossible to directly observe the inner
core.
 COMPOSITION OF THE
INNER CORE Element type
Weight
(%)

The inner core is the Iron 80%

innermost layer of the Nickel 5-15%
Earth. It is solid and Siderophiles 2-3%
distinct from the outer Sulfur and
5-10%
core, which is a liquid. Oxygen
INNER CORE
Where is the Inner Core Located?
• The inner core is the innermost layer of the Earth and is
located at the direct center of the Earth below the outer core.
The boundary between the inner and outer cores is located at
approximately 5150 km below the surface of the Earth.

• This boundary is called the Lehman Seismic

Discontinuity and is observed through the behavior of
different seismic waves travelling through the Earth.
INNER CORE
Inner Core Temperature
• Scientists have estimated the temperature of the inner core
through laboratory experiments and determined that the inner
core is approximately 5200 °C (9800 °F). This temperature is
greater than the melting point of iron (which is the major
composition of the inner core) at atmospheric pressure.
However, the inner core is under intense pressure, making it
impossible for the iron to melt.

Scientists also believe the Earth is slowly cooling.

 ATMOSPHERE
Layer of the planet that held by the gravity of the Earth.
Greek Word Atmos means vapor and Sphaira means sphere or ball
 Layers of
the
Atmosphere
1. Troposhere
2. Stratosphere
3. Mesophere
4. Thermosphere
5. Exosphere
TROPOSPHERE
Closest to the Earth surface with average height of 1km and
composed of water vapor
- It has a clouds and has air to breath
- It is where the weather phenomena occurs like rain, tropical
storms, hurricane and thunderstorm
-Troposphere is derived from the word “tropos” which means
Change.
- 30 degree Celsius to -60 degree Celsius.

Temperature decreasing with increasing altitude.

 TROPOPAUSE
-Boundary of troposphere and stratosphere
-9km at pole and 17km at Equator
- Approximate temperature of -60 degree
Celsius

The Rapid moving of air is Called

JETSTREAM “where airplanes pass through”
 STRATOSPHERE
-The Weather less layer of the atmosphere
- Stratos means “Layer”
- It is called Stratos because it is the only layer
that has its own layer
- No clouds unlike the Troposphere
- Fairly uniform of weather reason why most
airplanes pass through in this level
 STRATOSPHERE
Ozone layer- can be found in the lower layer of the
stratosphere from about 15km to 35 km

The thickness of ozone layer vary seasonally and

geographically.
 STRATOSPHERE
-It extend from troposphere that extend 32 km
- Approximate temperature of -60 degree Celsius to -50
degree Celsius.
- The Temperature increasing with increasing altitude
 STRATOPAUSE
-Boundary between stratosphere and
mesosphere
-50 to 55 km above the Earth Surface.
 MESOSPHERE
Derived from the “Meso means middle”
-Extend from stratosphere and extend 80 km to 85
km
-The oxygen level is very low and air is very thin
 MESOSPHERE
“Shooting star”
-They are not star they are meteors, that pass
through the two layers but once it pass
through the Mesosphere it turn into pieces
and create heat because of the friction and
enough presence of air particles
 MESOSPHERE
The temperature deceasing with increasing
altitude
-It has a approximate temperature of -90 degree
Celsius
-The air is freeze that’s why the mesosphere is
called the coldest place on the earth
 MESOSPAUSE
-Boundary between mesosphere and
thermosphere
-with temperature of less than 100 degree
celcius
 THERMOSPHERE
Thermo means heat.
-Extend from the mesopause with approximate
thickness of 513 km.
-The temperature is extreme because of the
absorption of short wave solar energy by
oxygen and nitrogen
 THERMOSPHERE
-The temperature is 1,500 degree Celsius
and has thin layer of air.
-Where we can find low earth satellite orbit.
-Layer where Aurora (Polar Lights) can be
seen
 THERMOSPHERE
Polar lights produced when the solar wind
recharge and interact with the magnetic
field of the Earth but some flow along the
magnetic field that trikes the gases in the
atmosphere this cause to produce glowing
lights (Polar lights)
 THERMOSPHERE
Aurora Borealis- Polar lights in the north pole
Aurora Australis – Polar lights in the south
pole.

Thermopause- boundary of Thermosphere and

Exosphere
 EXOSPHERE
Exo means outer
-Outermost layer of the atmosphere
-Extend from exobase
-composed of hydrogen and helium
-air is very thin
-16,000 to 28,000 km from the Earth surface
-Temperature are extremely heat.
 THERMOSPHERE AND
EXOSPHERE
-Temperature increasing and altitude increasing.

Remember this:
The Silly Mouse Tries to Escape
REFERENCES
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/crust
https://www.kids-earth-science.com/the-earths-mantle.html
https://study.com/academy/lesson/inner-core-of-the-earth-definition-
composition-facts.html
LAYERS OF THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE | Unit 4 Module 3 - Grade 7 Science
Lesson | MELC-based