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PRISM: Political & Rights Issues & Social Movements

1-1-1962

The fraud of Soviet anti-Semitism

Herbert Aptheker

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Aptheker, Herbert, "The fraud of Soviet anti-Semitism" (1962). PRISM: Political & Rights Issues & Social
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 THE FRAUD OF

"SOVIET

By HERBERT APTHEKER

A NEW C E N T U R Y P A M P H L E T

Z8 ct*~
 THE FRAUD OF
"SOVIET ANTI-SEMITISMf'

N E W CENTURY PUBLlSEERSt N e w York

196%
 ABOUT THE AUTEfOR
HERBERT APTHEKER was born in New York City, in 1915.
Since his first work. The N e p o in the Civil War, was pubIihed in
1938, he has authored more than a dozen hoaks and scores of pam-
phlets, among the best known being American Negro Slave Revolts
(alumbia University R ~ M 1945),
, To Be F ~ e e(Intemationd Pub-
lishers, I 9481, A Documentoy Hktmy of Ihe Negro People (Citadel
Press, 1 9 5 1 )History
~ and Reality (Cameron A s d a t a , 1955)~To-
ward Negro Freedom and The Twth About Hungaty (New Cen-
tury Publishers, 1956and 1957)~The Cobaial Era and The Ameri-
can Revolution: r763-r783 (International Publishers, igijg and
t g h ) , The World of C. Wright Mi& (Mmani & Munsell, 1960),
and Dare We Be Free? (New Century Publishers, 1961). His latest
work is a comprehensive study, American Foreign Policy and the
Cold War (New Century Publishers, rg62).
Dr. Aptheker served in the field artillery for over four years in
the Second World War, rising through the xanlrs from private to
major. H e was awarded a prize in history by the A a d a t i o n for
the Study of Negm Life in 1939, and was a Guggenheim Fellow,
1946-47. He is pmently the edtior of Political Anairs, and on the
editorial board of Mainstream. Dr. Aptheker's articles and reviews
have appeared in m o ~ o tf &the leading historical journals, including
the American Hisbm'cal Revim, the Political Sciace Quarterly,
the Journal of Negro Education, the JouwaaI of Negro History,
Phylon, and many mare.
Aptheker1s contributions have earned him a place as a conse-
quential figure in the field of American scholarship.

LbStOpthe ~ '
Haeh '
On June 17, 1962, the Sovier Government announced the
appointment of Veniamin Dymshitz (mentioned on page 8) as
Chairman of the State PIanning CMnmiasion, and as Deputy
Prime Minister of the U,SS.R.

Published by New Century Publishers, 832 Broadwags New York 3

Jdy, 1 9 6 ~ -too P R I IN ~ THE U.S.A.

I
 THIE FRAUD OF
"SOVIET ANTI-SEM ITISM"

For many months a concentrated campaign has been conducted

in the United States by evwy means oE communication having as ia
object to portray the Soviet Union as a land and a government
drenched in anti-Semitism. Via radio and television, from the
mouths of leading politicians-like Senators Javits and Keating of
New York and Dodd of Connecticut-and in the p a p of publica-
tions whose circulation amounts to many millions-such as Life,
Look, Saturday E ~ e ingn Post, N.Y.Herald Tribune, N.Y. Post,
R e a d d s Dig~st-this charge, with more or less circumstantial de-
tails, has been hurled against the U.S.S.R. It has also come from
organizations with considerabIe influen-such as the Workman's
Circle, the American Jewish Committee and the {Orthodox)
Rabbinical CounciI.
Half the Jews living in the wmld today-after Hider's barbar-
ism-reside in the United Stat&; millions of Americans who are
not Jewish know very well and very truly that anti-Semitism b a
hallmark of sc-ciaI lbackwardnegg and politic11 reaction. These two
facts make the charge of anti-Semitism against the Soviet Union
an especially damaging one because it is an obstacle to efforts to
end the Cold War and to achieve a stable era of peaceful m-ex-
istence. The main concern of thme responsible for the campaign
is not any alleged injustices against Jm,but rather a desire for
the freezing of the Cold War and the launching of World War 111.
They choose the most aective weapon they can hd-anti-semitism
-with which to besmirch the Soviet Union, the better to a m -
plish their real and sinister aim.
Nevertheless, this campaign has great impad upon many mil-
lions of people in the United States-Jewish and non-Jewish-
and the vast majority of these millions are perfectly sinme folk
who warit peace and not war, and who at the same time despise
antisemitism. As part of the ne.cwmq eebrt to get at the truth,
and as part of the effort to liquidate the Cold War, let us turn to an
examination of the present reality concerning this charge of anti-
Semitism hurled against the Soviet Union.

The Soviet government is not guilty d antidemitism; on the

contrary, it is one of the few governments in the world-there are
several others now, s i n e there are several Socialist states-which
i l l e g a k all exprerrsions or manifestations of anti-Semitism or any
other form of racism. It is one of the few governments on earth
which not only illegalizes anti-Semitism and all forms of racism,
but also cmduca a vigorws and sustained campign of denuncia-
tion of such poisons and of edumtion in human brotherhood in
accordanm with its d d h t morality and law.
WouId, as an .4merican, that I could say the same about the
United States. The government of the United States, however, is
guilty of the systematic sustaining, both in a positive and a nega-
tive sense-that is, both in what it does and does not do-of the
most awful system of racism in the world today, chdlenged for
"suptemaq" in this only by the Republic of South Africa, Present
in the racist fabric of Amerimn life-though not in governmental
sandon-is deep and chronic antiSemitism. As Benjamin R.
Epertein and Amold Forster, of the anti-Defamation League of
B'nai B'rith, state in their retent h k (Some of My Best Friends,
N.Y., 1g6~)discrimination against Jews is "virtually a built-in
part of Anmican living." This applim to housing, occuptim,
eduation, social intercom and to a wry widespread belief in
elements of the anti-Semitic mythology among score of Ameriam;
with the rise of the ultra-Right, this disease is spreading and in-
tensifying.
No discussion of the position of Jews in the Soviet Union should
begin without bringing to the fore two basic facts. FhtIy, Czarist
R w i a was the prison-house of nations, and among its mtwt awful
featurea was the thorough and official policy of anti-Semitism. The
ghetto and the Morn were regular features of m i s t life; and ir
that society there existed the most widespread anti-Semitism among
the ppulace, especially in the predominant rttral areas. This was
as wide and deep as is white chauvinism in the United States t h y ,
The smggle against anti-Semitism by the Government and the
Communist Party of the USSR bas been one of the very important
features of Soviet life since the Revolution; one of the most momen-
tous auccwea of that Revolution is the cleansing from Soviet life
of anti-Semitism. This does not mean that all its aspects and
vestiges have been eliminated, and certain events since the Rev*
Iution-to which I shal1 revert-have tended to rerard the deans-
ing. But the historic fact is that since and because of the Great
Socialist Revolution in Russia that vast land has been uansformed
from one characterized by intense racism and anti-Semitism into
one singularly devoid of both.
Secondly, there are only two European countries in which a
substantiaI portion of the Jewish population managed to survive
the Hitlerite holacaust; these were Bulgaria and the Swiet Union.
The fifty thousand Jews of Bulgaria were saved by the suuggIes
of the Left and aby the very militant mistance therein by the
Jewish people themselves. With the Swiet Union, however, one
is not deaIing with Jews by the thousands but by the millions,
and while none of the nations of Europe-or the rest of the world,
for that matter-intmned, as governments and states, with any
efiectiwnms at all on behalf of Jewish survival, the Soviet Union
did*
In the Soviet Union top priority was given to saving elements
of the population especially threatened by the nazi beast. Among
these elements were the Jews. Hundreds of thousands of Jews from
Poland and Rumania and hundreds of thousands of Jews from
the USSR were shipped east out of the path of the nazk It b
bemuse of this-undertaken in the faee of fantastic difhdtim,
when all priorities went to movement &om the east to the west-
that literally hundreds of thousands of JEWS were saved by moving
them from west to east. And it is because of this that here are
living today-as full and equal citizens of the Soviet Union-about
nvcr and a half million Jewish people.
It will not be remiss to recall the words of Albert Einstein,
spoken in New Yark City in December, 1 ~ 5 beIore
, a Noble Prize
winner's banquet: "We do not forget the humane attitude of the
Soviet Union who was the onIy one among the big pcywers to ~p
her doors to the hundreds of thousands of Jews when the nazi
armies were marching in Poland." Nor is it irrelevant to qwte
the publiation of the Cmegie Peace Foundation, Intct7ultibnal
ConciIiQbion (April, 1943): "Of some 1,cf5oIoooJews who SUC-
ceeded in escaping the Axis since the outbreak of hostilities, about
i,6oo,om were evacuated by the Soviet Government £ram Eastern
Poland and subsequently occupied Soviet territory. ... About
rso,ooo others managed to reach Palestine, the United States,
and other countries beyond the seas."
The Soviet Union has been the savior of the Jews of Eu*.
That is a fact, and it is a central and basic fact for any discusion
of the attitude of the Soviet Government towards Jewish pople
and towards a n t i h i t i s m .
What are some of the main c haw leveled today against the
Soviet Government by those who accuse it of pursuing an anti-
Semitic policy?
The 9- Passport9' Haax
It is alleged repeatedly that the Swiet Government requires
all Jews to carry a speciaf passport indicating the fact that they
are Jews. What are the facts?
All atizens of the USSR carry as identification what b mUed
an ''internal p&sspt"-sumethiag not at alI unique to the Soviet
Union but rather common among European countries. One of
the elements of identification on thig passport is nationality; aZ1
pasports carry the nationality of the owner. This indudes Jewish
citizens of the USSR, for in the Soviet Union the Jew is considered
a member of a national p u p h e n c e the establishment, thirty
years ago, of 3iru-3idjau, a Jewish autonomous region, which is
sdl1 very much in existence. Historically, Jm,while having
elements of nationality do not have all such elements and do not
have all completely-notably the absence, in Eastern Europe,
of a mmmon territory. Therefore, Jews in the Soviet Union have
the option, when getting their passports, of giving their nationality
as either Jewish or as that ofthe R e l i c wherein they may reside.
This fact was stared, accurately for a change, in the New York
Times, April n, 1962, although it was buried in a dispatch from
Seymour Topping deamibing the general decline of religions in
the USSR. Topping, noting that many Jewish youths in the
Soviet Union had lmt all religious belief, observed that as a
r
consequence there is gowing integration of Jew and non-Jew.
He then continued: "At the age of 16, when Soviet citizens are
issued their Internal passpory Jewish youngsters have the option
of entering their nationality as Jew or that of the republic in
which they Live."
Of cuurge, in the United Sates-marked as it is by national
persecution and by chronic anti-Semitism-there are tendencies,
e$pecially so far as &cia1 documents are concern@, to mist the
indudon of nationality identification. Thus? the National Asso-
ciation for the Advancement of Colored People has fought to

I
remwe all designation of race or nationality from documents-
even drivers' licenses. En our country, under present conditions,
that is a progressive effort, especialIy as it pertains to dauunents
related to employment or police records. But when white
chauvinism has been illegakd and sustained education against
it has been conducted over a prolonged period? and the whole
fabric of social, poIitical and economic life has been changed, such
demands will fade away, and the obvious usefulness, for purposes
of identifiation and statistiml knowledge, of the nationality of
the person wiU be dear and primary. Such characterization then
will be in no way invidious, and data on nationality will be ofFered
as naturally as today one offers the color of his eyes.
Sptemf9
The SoXded CCQtmta
Another common charge is that there exists a "quota" in the
educational institutions d the Soviet Unioh, as there used to exist
in old Russia-and old Poland, Hungary, Rumania-and as exists
pregentlp in msny educational institutions in the United States,
where it is still applied against Jews, let alone the notorious and
rigid W i n a t i o n against Negroes.
This charge, too, is false. Merit in the Soviet Union-unlifte
in the United States-basicaIly d e t d n a enhance into educatiorral
institutions and increasingly, since education is fie-as facilities
grow-everyone is receiving equally more and mare edmtion.
Thus, as of December I, 1960, there were 3,545,- Soviet citizens
in achwls of higher education; of these, rr,qaom were Rmians,
517,oorr were Ukrainians, zgr,mo were JM, 95- were+ B y e b
rusttiam, 88,ocro were Georgians, 74,- were Armenians, etc. Jews,
though standing eleventh in terms of numbers among the nationali-
 I
ties within the USSR, stood third in the number of students attend- r
'
ing higher institutions of learning; put another way, thou@ Jews
amounted to only 1 . 1 % of the population of the Soviet Union,
they amounted to 8.2% of the number of students in institutions
of higher learning in that country.
At this point it is sometimes objected-as by Senator Javits,
for example-that while the percentage of Jewish students at such
institutions may be beyond the percentage of Jews in the popu-
lation, still the present percentagr is below what it was in 1935.
And that fact-it is a fact-is supposed to show some kind of quota
system and to be explicable only on the basis of such a system,
refiecting an alleged policy of anti-Semitism. First, if the per-
centage of Jewish students is about 8 times that of the Jewish
population as a whole it surely dms not reflect a quota system
against Jews. Second, the fall in percentage in the past twenty&ve
or thirty years is explained by two things: (a) the msualty rare
among Jews in World War I1 was higher than that for most other
nationality group in the USSR: @) the literacy and cultural a

1 4 s of other nationalities in the Soviet Union have leaped forward

as a rault of the Socialist revolution.
Additional data may be brought forward demonstrating the
absence of any quota system and simuItaneousIy going a long way
to demolish the myth of "Swiet anti-Semitism." Specialists em-
I
ployed in the Soviet Union, -sing a higher education, number
q ~ 7 . mJews, ng,,ooo Byelorussians and 155,000 Georgians, yet
both of the latter nationalities considerably outnumber the Jews,
1
Among scientific workers in the USSR-in both the natural and
the social sciences-Jews 9-13 third: Russiahs, *go8-; Ukfahiam,
35,000; Jews, 33,500. In fact, though, as we have noted, the Jews
number but 1.1% of the Soviet population, they constitute today
14.7% of all dtxtors, 8.5% of dl writers and journalists, 10.4%
of all jurists; 7% of all art work" (actors, musicians, artisa,
sculptors, etc.).).
Thee facb demonstrate conclusively that the charge of a quota
system-wme true in many countries of the "free worId," indud-
ing the United States-is not true as regards the Soviet Union.
Xn this connection, it is noteworthy that Jewish scholaxs are
pr-t in ~msiderablenumbers among the facuftia of Soviet .
universities. Thus, several of the faculty members of the Moscow
8
Institute of Foreign Languages are Jewish, including: Sophia
Frey, liya GaIperin, E I i R h l , Isaac Salhtta, Israel Shekter.
Forty members of the faculty of the Lenh Teachers' Center, in
M m w , are Jewish. The Dean of the F a d t y of Music at the
University of Moscow until his death early in 196n was Jewish-
the famous composer, Alexander GoIdenweiser. At the Byd*
russian State University in Minsk, 68 of the faculty members (out
of a total of goo) are Jewish, and five departments at that
University are headed by Jewish scha1afs, including Profesmr
Grigori Starobinets, head of the Department of Analytical Chem-
istry, and Professor Lev Shneerson, head of the Department of
Modern History.

It is frequently alleged, as part of the charges of anti-Semitism

against the USSR, that there are no leading personalities, cspe-
cially in government and in the foreign service and in the armed
form, who are Jewish, The facts demonstrate this to be as false
as the charge of a quota system in education,
Who are some of the outstanding fgures of Jewish nationality
in the Soviet Union t h y ?
They indude:
M. B. Mitin, Chairman, All-Union Department of Po-
litical and Scientific Education, Communist Party of the
Sovier Union.
Veniamin Dymshitx, Member, Central Committee, CPSU.
Member, State Planning Cornmidon of the Soviet Union.
fwmaly chief engineer of the Bhilai Steel Mills project in
India.
Jacob Kwizer; Colanel-General in the Soviet Army,
Member, Central Committee, CPSU. Hero of the Soviet
Union, Member, Supreme Soviet, RSFSR. Commander-in-
Chief of all Soviet Armed Forces in the Far East.
Dnoid Drttgtmsky, General in the Soviet Army, Twice
Hero of the Soviet Union, Deleete XXIJ Congress of the
C13911: Commander, Southern District, European Front,
Del>t~tyfron~Armenia to Supreme Soviet.
It may be added that there are qm,m Jews who are menhers
 of the Communist Party of the Swiet Union; and there are wer
tm Jews who are Generals in the Soviet Army.
Among Jews holding very responsible positions in the foreign
and diplomatic services of the USSR are: N, Tsampkin, Chief
of the Soviet Mission at the Geneva Disarmament Conferenms;
G. Mendelmitch, Secretaq of the Soviet Mission to the United
Nations.
Cabinet rank in several of the Republia of the Soviet Union
is held by Jews; among others are Ilya Beliavims of the Lithuanian
Socialist Republic, and Leonid Pafiery of the Byleorussian Socialist
RepubIic. In many other cam positions of great politid conse-
quence are held by Jewish people, as in the instance of Genrika
Zimanas, Member of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party
of Lithuania {and Editor-inChief of the Party's organ in Vilaa) ;
of Ilya Egudin, Chairman, State Collective Farm of the Crimea
and Member of Supreme Soviet of thc Ukrainian Republic; of
Israel Kazh&n, Deputy Chairman, City Soviet of Minsk.
The editorial staffs of leading newspapers and journaIs almost
always include Jews among other nationalities, and in not a few
cases chief editorships are held by Jews. Thus, for example, the
editox-indief of the very significant journal, Problems of World
Economics and International Relations is Jacob Khavinson, while
the editor-in-chief:of Problems of Oriental Research iis Professor
Joseph Braginsky, also Jewish.
Outstanding research and administrative figures in scientific
endeavor in the Soviet Union include Jews. Thus, the Chief of
the Theoretical Section, Institute of Atomic Energy, is Scrvely
Feinbwg (a Lenin Prize winner), and the Chief of the Magnetic
Laboratory of the Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism is Shmni
Dolginuw. Among the many outstanding medical institutions in
Moscow, seven are headed by Jewish scientists; Professors Berlin-
Chertov, David Vas, Nahum Allshuller, Mendel Vmseman, Zinovy
Luye, Liber Nisnmkh and Yetim P m y k o v . The chosen Presi-
dent of the Society of the History of Medicine of the USSR is the
revered scientist-a Jav-Professor Itya Shushun. The Chief of
the Physhl and Electronic Optics Divisinn of the Institute of
Surgery (Moscow} is Dr. Eliazar RosenJcM.
Among those announced in 19th as havir~gbeen awarded the
Lenin Prize were 38 Jews, and their tields oE accomplishmmt
included physics, mathematics, medicine, history, economics, ma-
chineanstruction, automation, metallurgy, chemistry, energetics,
architecture, communications and @dm.
One of the most distingubhed physicists in the Soviet Union
-and in the world-is Dr. Lev h d a e r , who is Jewish. A foremost
psychologist, Dr. A. R. Laria-well-known in the United States,
for his work has been published here and he toured this country,
speaking before professional assembliesI in 1960-is Professor of
Psyadogy at the State Instituk of Experimental Psychology
(Mosww); Dr. Luria is Jewish.
Directors of world-famousartistic and cultural organizations not
infrequently are Jewish. Thus, the Director of the Russian Drama
Theatre in Vilna is Luye; of the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow
is Chaikin; of the Ilolshoi Ballet is Fker; of the Maly Theatre in
Leningrad is Rabinwich; chiefs of choreography with the Kirov
(Leningrad) Ballet are Fmter and Yahubson.
Several of the Soviet artistic perfarmers and literary figures
whose genius has gained applause from the entire world am
Jewish: Emit GileLr, David and Igm Oistrakk, Leonid Kogan,
Viadinair Ashkcmaxi and Ifya Ehrenburg.

Even the publication of the very moving paern, "Babi Yar,"

by Evgeny Yevmchenko, has been made into an attack upon the
Soviet Union and some kind of "proof' of its being guilty of
anti-Semitism.
But what is the truth of this matter? Yevtushenko is a spIendid
product 01 Sbviet society; he is a Russian, a non-Jew,who has
helped in the translation of the work of such Jewish writers as
F d e r and Vergelis. He is a Communist.
His "Babi Y d 8 appeared, together with another pwm from his
pen hailing the Cwban Revolution (for some "unknown" reason the
American press, so smitten with Yevtushenko*~ poetry, has ignored
entirely his work on Cuba!), in The Literary Gazette Thar
journal is the central o w n d the Soviet Writer's Union and has a
circulation of over 700,000.
Yevtushenko has stated that the immediate inspiration for the
poem was the publication of the Draft Program of the XXlL
Congms of the CPSU-a Drdt envisioning the building of Com-
munism in the USSR, and containing a very strong attack upon
an forms of racism and explicitly against antisemitism The
poem memorialhd the scores of thousands of Jews who, together
with many Soviet Army ofhem, were sIaughtered by the nazis near
Kiev during World War 11.
This stirring poem concludes:

Wild grosses rustle ovcr Babi Yar.

The trees look sternly,
like judges.
Evcpything hme cries out in silence,
and dofing my hat,
r feel
how 2 suddenly become gray,
And myseif-
like one entire soundless ny
wcr thousands and thousands of buried ones.
I am-
each old man shot right here.
I am-
each baby shot right h e .
Nothing within me will mer furget it!
Let thundm the "In~rnational,"
when f o r m buried shall be
the last anti-Semite on sorth.
There is no Jewish blood in my blood.
But hated vchmcntly I am
By all anti-Semites.
Jwt O$ a Jtw
And therefore-
I am a true Russian.
This poem has been recited before thousands in the Swiet
Union, in addition to reaching hundreds of thousands in printed
form. It was passionately discussed-cuIcure is a matter of mi-
versa1 interest in the USSR. In wme cases it was criticized, jusdy
(as failing to make any mention of the sttuggIe against anti-
Semitism that waa characteristic of the best in the Russian revo-
lutionary tradition; as failing to note the many non-Jewsslaughtered
with the Jews in the Soviet Union, and at Babi Yar, itself), and
unjustly, too in a dogmatic and sectarian way.
But, basically, the poem and the poet reflect the health of the
Soviet Union, the best in its younger generation, and the refresh-
ment coming with the pst-war purging of the rigidity, excesses and
iIlegalities associated with the Iatter years of Stalin's power. While
the h t edition of Ywtushenko's colIected poems was printed in
PO,^ copies, the second edition recently issued numbered 70,000.
H e himself recently visited Great Britain, Fmce, the United
States and Cuba and has now returned home.
Yevtushenko's "Babi Yar" was written as news of the swastika
paintings in Wmt Germany and the United State, the attacks
upon Jewish communities and people in many places of the
"Free World," were horrifying all c h d i z d mankind. Xt is a ay
of outrage against such barbarism in dl its f m and no matter
how covert its vestiges, coming from one of the magnificent
p d u c t s of a socialist society. It reflects the finest values created
and nurtured by that society.
Ec0xu)mic Crimee A@mst Satiety
The Soviet Union is now consciously buitding a Communist
society. This is the task set forth in the Program of the Com-
munist Party adopted at its XXII 60ng1~~~. It is the third
Program that Party has so far adopted: the first, at its IL Congrm
(1903)set the task of destroying W m ; the m n d , at the VlfI
Congress (11~19)set the task of building h i a l i s m . 30th those
Pragrams were accomplished; the third also will be accomplished
-if peace is prmrvd in the world-and by 1980 Communism will
have taken shape in the Soviet Union.
To accomplish this, economic crimes against society-such as
large-le and systematic stealing, speculating black marketeering
-must be eliminated, for they reflect the persistence d an ethic that
is incompatible with socialism and communism and they constitute
blows of a material character that intensib the d i b l t i m of
accampIis11ing the Program of the Party. Such mimes are few
because the society has ken transformed and with it its people
have been transformed. Still such crimes do appear; under present
conditions and in that kind 01 society they are the worst forms
of criminaiity. Hence for them, in aggravated and repeated in-
atanas, severe penakia have been provided, iduding wen
execution.
Since these laws were p a d , several score people have been
found guilty-among the z I o,ooo.ooo people of the USSR-of these
mimes and perhaps as many as twenty or twenty-five have beer!
executed. Those jailed and executed make up many nationalities
of the USSR and include Jews;the press of the West, and esp-
dally of the United States--but not of the USSR-has made
much of the fact that Jews appear to be among the criminals
arrested and/or executed in thee w. These laws and their
enforanent have nothing at all to do with a n t i S e m i b . They
are laws aimed against criminals; they severely punish the forms
of crimes held to be most awful in a society that is socialist and
that is consciously stfup;gIing to huild mmmunism. They are
applied to those guilty, and their nationality has nothing what-
soever to do with the w e s .
P r o h o x Harold Berman, of the Harvard Law School, was in
the Soviet Union for several months in 1962 lecturing on American
Constitutional Law as a Visiting P m f ~ o rin the University of
Moscow. HimseIf Jewish, Professor &man had the following to
say about this matter:
In the Past months I have mad reports in American news-
papers that anti-Semitism is supposedly growing in the Soviet
Union. T o my mind there is a large element of subjectivism
atad kwcuracy in these reports. I know they arc often con-
nected with the recent trials in the USSR of big speculators,
fhiarcs and ambezrlers. Howwer, this in my opinion, does
not mean that any policy of discrimination is being pursued
against the J m s . My Jewhh frim& in the Soviet Union,
with whom I dismssed this question, confirmed this. For
among those conuicted are not only Jews but indiuiduaLp of
other nationalities.
On the general question of the existence of antiSemitism in the
Soviet Union, i t is worth quoting Professor Berman again:
I h a w been in the Soviet country far almost a year and
have not seen any manifestation of anti-Smitism. I have
attended many meetings and conferences of Soviet lawyers
 among whom there were quite a few J m s , At t h m meetings
., arguments on the ques-
there were often heated, men nrmsAaPp
tions under discussion. But I have never felt any elemmt
of national or d l hastiii9 in thest arguments. ((Yochen-
blatt: Canadian Jmhh Weekly, May 10, 1962.1
The C%mdng9'of bIataoh
Much -pita for the Cold War was made as a result of the
order in 1962 by the Soviet Union banning the baking of mamh
(unleavened b a d ) in State Bakeries; this also was played up in
the Western p~ as evidence of anti-Semitism. The faa, hwwever,
is that the same decree which banned the use of State Bakeries
for the making of matzohs also banned them for the making of
wafers used in the religious services of the Greek Orthodox Church.
In neither case was the haking of the product forbidden, or its use
in any way prohibited; as a matter of fact, h t h products were
made in homes and in private religious institutions and were
w d durhg the appropriate holidays, But they arc no longer
to be produced by the State; this has nothing to do w i d being
antiSemitic (or anti-Greek Orthodox), but is rather part of the
continuing eEort to divorce absolutely and completeIy the state
and the church-the secular from the religious--within the Soviet
Union.
Revival of Yiddish Cdtare
' For the Iast several years a p m s s oE the revival of Yiddish
cdture has been going forward in the Swiet Union. Among the
crimes, illegalities and ex- associated with the repudiation
of collective leademhip and Leninist principles af Party slnd gw-
ernment functioning, during the last years of ScaIin's life, measures
were taken against the cultural life of the J& p@e. In
addition, among the many peaples victimized in that period were
Jews. Related to this waa the corrupting impact of years of nazi
occupation in considerable areas of European USSR, as well as
the incorporation within the Soviet Union of areas that had been
d o ~ n i n z t dby quasi-fssciatir kwvernments in Poland and in Ru-
matlid. These harmful and anti-Marxist and antiSoviet acts and
Imliciess~~nically tial to ~~wpariag lor World War I1 and then
the worst years of the Cold War-have been utterly repudiated
and stern measures of conextion and of renovation have been
undden.
In the r e n t period in the Swiet Union scores d thousands
of copies of the works of Sholem Aleichem, Mendele Moishe-
Seforim, L E. Feretz, David Bergelson, Osher Swartsman, have
been published, in Yiddish, in the Soviet Union. The bi-monthly
m a p h e , Soviet Homeland, in Yiddish, has been issued since
August, 1961; it is published in 25,000 copies and during the first
year &ed the creative writinge of 11s Soviet Yiddish authors,
poets and drama&&.
Concert tours. recordings, plays, theatre groups, choruses-
all performing in Yiddih-have been seen or heard by millions
and millions of Soviet citizens in the past six or seven years. These
individuals or groups have toured every major city in the Soviet
Union; theit appearances have been advertised in both Yiddish
and other languages (on billboards of variotu Repubfia) and
their audienoes are ma& up of every nationality in the vast
country.
As a few examples: A Soviet Yiddish revue, "201 zein Fraid"
(Let There be Joy) has been performed, in 1961, in Zoporozhe,
Dniepropetrovsk, Yalta, Sinferepl, Evpatoria, Kislovodsk, Yesen-
tuki, Piategorsk, Moscow and other cities. In Riga, Latvia, the
Distributive Workers formed a Yiddish Dramatic Graup and it
has given many performances not only in Latvia but in other
Republics. The Pensioners1 Council of Lithuania also formed a
Yiddish Theatre Group which performs reguIar1y at the Kovno
State Theatre. The Trade Unions of Lithuania have formed a
Yiddish Amateur Theatre Ensemble (52 members) which has
p m t e d Yiddish plays in Vilna, Minsk, Moscow and Leningrad
in the past few months. A concert ensemble was formed in
Czernowitz and this has carried classical and m d e r n Yiddish
culture to Mmow, Leningrad, Kkv, Tashkent, Vitebsk, Gornel
and Qdessa in the recent past. There are many other examples of
mllmtive-and individual-cul turd performances in Yiddish every-
where in the USSR today. and they are witnessed by literally
millions of people each year.
Other farms of activity directly relater1 to Yiddish cultural
activity may k instanced. Thus, in December, 1960, an exhibit
of the life and works of rhe great theatre personaIity, Solomon
Mikhoels, was offered at the CenPal Actors' Houw, in Mawow.
I n July, I+, in Caernowitz, the Writer's Union held a literary
evening, attended by r,5m people, at which Ukrainian, Russian
and Yiddish literary figures read from their works--Moishe Altman
and H. Blushstein, reading horn the Yiddish. In April, 1961, a
Warsaw Ghetto Memorial Mee* was held in Viina, under the
auspices of the Trade Union Cultural Council of that city; the
Vilna Yiddish Chorus Bang partisan songs, a Russian a b v m of
nazi imprisonment spoke (in Russian), a Lithuanian spoke, in his
language, and a Jewish survivor, Mendel Deitch, spoke in Yiddish.
The rehabilitation of those victimized in the "Bad Years"
includes Jews, of course, as well as non-Jewa The works of
Mikhoels, of FeEer and of Kvitko have been issued in hundreds of
hoursands of copies; r e d s of readings of the writings of Fder
and others, in Yiddish and in Russian, have 'l3een produced by the
m e a of thousands. Late in 1959 a monument to MlUoeIe in
Moscow was unveiled in a very impressive pubIic cemnony
attended by outstanding politid and artistic figures; the sponsor
of the monument was the All-Russian Theatrical Association. O n
the suggestion of the Swiet Writer's Union, the city of R~gahev,
birthplace of the famous Yiddish poet, Shmud Halkin, named a
main smet after him. (The city ahead7 ha^ a rtrect named in
honor d Sholom Aleichem.) It is worth adding that the dty of
Vitebsk, in she Ukraine, named a s m t , in I*, after MoPris
Whchevsky, the Lithuanian-bornYiddish socialist poet and editor,
who lived in tbe United Statm from 1894 uxltil his death in 1933.
Of perhaps even greater consequence, in terma oh the evidence
concerning anti-Semitism, than the remimane of Yiddish cultural
expression which is again in the p m of development in the
USSR, is the really impressive evidence of the bringing of the
best in Yiddish culture to the vast masses of the non-Jewish
ppuhtion of the Soviet Union, in form understandable by &em.
Literally millions of copies of c1assicaI and modem Yiddish
Iiteratwe have been pwblihed in recent years in the Russian,
Ukrainian and other languages of the USSR. Tbus, in 1957, in the
R u s h language, David Bergelson's poetry was issued in 75-
copies; L.Kvitko's in gw,ooo copies: the books of ShoIam Aleichem
in 7oa,mo copies, and many others.
In 1959, the centenary of Aleichm's birth, miliiom of copies
of hh worlcs were issued-including a six-volume collection in
a s 5 m set9. A general commmoration4ay was held with out-
standing @xes of the governmental and literary world partiupat-
ing. The government issued a p a g e stamp carrying Sholom
Aleidkern's face and name. In 1961, the All-Union Group Pub
lishing House issued an exquisite book of lithographs on Aleichem
themes by the Jewish artist, Anatoly KapIan.
In 1960, there was issued a "Collection of Jewish Songs" with
texts in Russian and Yiddish, and musical scores by the prominent
Soviet Jewish composer, Kampaneyetz. In that year and in 1961,
there were performanm and recordings of Shostakovich's " b m
Jewish Poetry," the record containing the voices of outstanding
Swiet artists, as Zara Dolukhanova and Mark Reisen.
Plays by Jewish artists having themes exposing the horrors of
anti-Semitism,either in Czarist days or in fascist countries, have
been prcduced in many Soviet cities and w i t n d by tens of
thousands. A feature movie on BimBidjan ran for several months
in MWQW theatres in 1961; in 1960, an East Gwman film based
on the Ann Frank diary ran for weeks in various Soviet cities;
the Youth Theatre of Riga, in 1961, performed its own version
of the Ann Frank story.
In the Iatest issue of Swiet Hmnekznd Uune, 196s)6gum are
published showing that from 1955 through 1961 there were pub
lished in the Soviet Union 187 different books by 80 Jewish writers,
in printinga totalling almast twelve million copies, in dl languages,
induding Yiddish. Sholem AIeichem's works, during that perid,
were publhhed in the USSR in seven languages (including Yiddish)
in g,o6a450 copies.
Jwt as it b a fact that the Soviet Union was the savior of the
Jews of Europe, it abo is a fact that no country in the wwld
afiprwchcs the Sot4't.t Union in its systematic dart to bring thd
riches of Yiddish thought and culture and the realities of Jewish
life lo its entire population.
Edncaaion in Cmmp~anlst€hitlook
Furthermore, there is, of course, in the Soviet Union continual
education in the Communist world outlook-i.e., materialist, scien-
tific, humanist, anti-religious, anti-mystical. As part of this, there
is repeated reference, including h m the highest level of p e r n -
18
ment, to the abomination of anti&mitism, its sources and the
necessity to combat it. This appears not only in terms of the
publication, in millions of v i e s and in the l a n g w p known by
the masses of people, of the greatest dasaia of Yiddish writings;
it appears p i t i v e I y , as in Borh Polevoi's bestelling nwel, The
Story of a Red1 Man, and in the beautiful film made from that
book.
It appears, tm, in specific and unequivoml condemnations of
anti-Semitism. Thus, for example, the frime Minister of the
USSR, Nikita Khrushchev, in addressing the Supreme Soviet,
January 14, 1960, noted the upsurge of anti-Semitic outrages in the
West, especially in W a t Germany, and went on to say:
The current fmcist anti-Semitic incidents in many cities
of West Germany are a characteristic s i g n of the u w g e of
reaction, whose mil maneuvers have long since been widely
known to the world communiq. Many &cades ago, during
the period when Crarut reaction was rampant, anti-Semitic
pogroms had been organized by the "black hundred* tgangs3
from time to time. tenin, the BoLsh~ilisand all pogres-
sives, decisbely combatted that ignominious manifestation,
In G m n y Hitler agpemively fanned the fzQmes of anti-
S u n i t ism. H e supprdssed all freedoms, ruthlessly m h e d
demomatic rightr. And he perpetrated all fhut in order to
launch his bloody cause-to spark war.
It wauld be well if a Pmident of the United States would some
day favor the Congress with such a lesson.
In Nau Times, November 4, 1961, as another exampIe-and
New Times is a weekly magazine published in M d s m in wen
languages in addition to Russian with a circulation of many
hundreds of thousands-one finds a leading historian, Zinovy
Sheinis, quoting Lenin on the Jewiah question. S h e writes:
It is not the Jews who are the workingman's enm'cs.
Tlre w o r k s ' w i e s are the capitalists of all coltntria.
Among the j m s there are workers, toilers, they make up the
majority. They are our brothers in oppression by capital, our
comruda~in the stmggIe for socialism, ...Shame on accursed
Czarism, which has tormented and persecuted the Jews.
 Shame on those who sow enmity for the Jews, who sow hatred
for other nations.
P r o k r Sheinis then continues:
In the SmiGf Union, whose Jewish gltopulalion is half as
hrge again as that of I m i , Jews are working h t e d l y , with
all our other peoples, in the buikding of communist society.
In the wm yea75 they fought and Lid down their lives for
the Smut homeland; many w m honored with the t i t b of
Hcn, of the Soviet Union, and tens of thomaads were
aurarded decwtrfions. Now, in +acetime, t h q are active in
ail branclr~sof our economic, scientific, and cultural lifc.
With such statements coming from a nation's Prime Minister
made before its Parliament, and from a nation's leading his-
torian published in one oE its most widely circulated publications,
it is d W t not to bezieve that those who persist in spreading
sfandm about "Swiet anti-Semitism" are engaged in this a t not
h u ~ of~ con-
e for Jewish people, but because of a desire to
d e m n S o c d i m and to worsen international relations.*
There is great complexity on the whole question of Jewish
culture, and much room for honest disagreement and fraternal
seeking of the best possible approach. The general trend, espe-
d d y in the USSR, but aIso in most a d v a n d societh, is m a r d
full integration of Jew and non-Jew. The Jews of the Soviet
Union have features of a nationality, but are not a nation; and
in the United Stam-where anti-Semitism, as we have stated, is
sharp and deep and widespread-integration also has p n e far.
Them are now, for example, in the United States onIy three Yid-
dish-language daily papem, and I lo English-language papem de-
voted largely to Jewish people's affairs. The Yiddish-language theatre
has dl but disappeared, and publimtion of creative works in Yid-

*After thb pamphlet wan in galleys t h e additional publications from

Soviet anthorn m e to the w W a attation directly touching on the question
of anPi.Sanithm, its bestiality and tbe need to mtirpittc it. These arc the
U m study, E q d v of R i ~ h t sBetween Races and NotionafifSlief in the
USSR, by L P. Tsamdan and S. L. Ronin (I-, Cornmunirmr Crtutes dOthar-
h o d , b y MAVisillcuky, and Conlntunim E m m s Equality, by P. S. Mstrht-slry
Fondon, I@).
dish is done in d t i o m that may total about 1,- copies. Red
intqption has gone much further, and is on a much higher
level, in the Soviet Union. But the tendency there, very definitely,
is away from the decision of post-World War I1 and towards
rebuilding Yiddish cultural activities and expmiom in Yiddish
itself. This process undoubtedly r d v e d a boost when the census
returns in 1960 showed that about 450,ooo Soviet citiacns stated
that their f i s t language was Yiddish.
Of course, the general long-term commitment of Marxism-
Leninism towards human integration as a whore should be borne
in mind; it is reiterated in the Program of the XXII Congress
of the GPSU, laying out the road from Socialism to Communism.
It is basic to understanding the Soviet Union to keep in mind
its commitment LO a materialist philosophy and its principled
opposition therefore to religious ideolugy. This is reemphasized
in the present perid wittt the planned move to a comnu&t
society. The number of churches-and synagogues-has been declin-
ing and will continue to dedine, as has the number of seminaries
-and yeshivas. They all still exist and are maintained privately
by those who feel the need for them, but the long-term commit-
ment of the building of communiarm is away from religious ideology,
practia and institutions. This has nothing to da with anti-
Sdtism; it is opposition ta superstition and to the idealistic
philosophical outlook-to obscurantism and mysticism. It is aimed
not at Judaism se, but at all religious outlooks.

It is neceaaary, also, to bear in mind the anticapitalist com-

mitment of Marxism and of the Soviet Union, This is relevant
to the kind of attitude refkc& in certain upperclass Jewish
circles, where hostility to the bourgeoisie is confused-mom or l a
deliberately-with anti-Semitism, or hostility to Jews per ac.
Dr. Nahum Goldmann, for example, the President of the
World Zionist Organization, speaking in Jwusalem, May 27, I 964,
according to the N. Y. Times, "declared that Jewish communities
abmd, while not sefiously threatened by antiSemitism, were fac-
ing dangers of a different nature. He noted the revolutionary
atmosphere prevalent in many amas d the world and the fact that
m j a l upheavals coltld ruin Jews a€ thr prosperous middle and
upper classes. The classic example,' Dr. GoIdmann said, 'is
Castro's Cuba where a flourishing Jewish community was ruined
overnight, not because of any antiSemitic tendencies of the Gasuo
regime but because of the social revolution he brought abut+'"
If this is ruination, then many Jewish communitiai-not only
in Cuba, but in Atlanta and Miami, tm-are in for "ruination"in
time. But ?he Jewish community under Batista and the Jewish
communities in the midst of systematized Jim Crow do not live as
real Jews, and do not live as full human beings. And in both
cases, alsoI af course, the anti-Semitic poison is not absent.

Denials of the charge of antidemitism brought against the

Soviet Union have come from several eminent sources that cannot
be suspected-if that is the right word-of being Communistic.
We have already quoted Profasor Harold J. Beman of h e H a d
L&w School to that & a t . Dr. GoIdmann himself, in the above
dted speechI said that the Soviet Union "does not deny equal
human and civif rights to Jews"; he differed with its approach
to the matter of religion and of nationdity-as one would expect
h m the Read of World Zionism-but this is not a charge of anti-
Semitism. O n the contrary, Dr. Goldmann specifically denied its
existence in the USSR; this denial, made in May, @a, was a re-
iteration of what Dr* Goldmann had said earlier at the 85th World
Zionist Congrm, held in Jerusalem.
In October, 1961,Andre Blumel, a prominent French attorney,
and former head of the Zionist Organization in France, having
returned from his fourth visit to the USSR, said:
After carsfully studying the situation there, I found
no anti-Jewish discrimination.
The ~trlsur~s of the various Soviet nationalities are
reaching ever nmer heights and the USSR is d e t m i n e d to
fight evmy manifestation of a n t i - S m i t h .
Besides the Jewish Paper in Biro-Bidjara and the Moscow
jouml, Soviet Homeland, and besides the book that h u e
appaami in Yiddish, there are in ah,? Soviet Union fijteen
$erfoming groups in the Yiddish language.
Jmsare lo be found holding ~lariousofficial fmsl.~,includ-
 ing high military posts and prominent positions in thc scG
ences. Jews are heads of such ra vital minktry as atomic en-
ergy.
Jews ito the Soviet Union are not ashamed of their Jewish
origin. / a s must not be dragged in as pawns in the cold
war. ( V ~ H B N B L ANovmbcr
~, 2, 1961).
T h e are the findings, a of the end of 1961, by the former
President of the Zionist Organization of France. They are in ac-
cordanm with the vast M y of evidence. It is clear that the
Soviet Union is a remarkabIy cleansed country so far as anti-
Semitisrn is concerned and that, mmt certainly, the Government
of the Soviet Union t not guilty of anti-Semitism. O n the con-
trary, the truth is that the soviet Government is one of the few
governments in the world committed to the extirpation of that
fascistic poison.
The tntw-Right apd the CoId war
In the United States today, the rise of of ultra-Right and the
accenution of the danger of fascism are clear. The intenaifica-
eion of anti-Semitism, inchding violent maults upon the property
and the person of Jews, is a fact in our counmy at the p e n t
time and this certainly is related to the threat from the Right,
Parties such as the National States Rights Party, the American
National Party, the American Nazi Party, and the whole mktion
of Right-wing vermin from the White Citizens Cound to the (so-
called) Christian Anti-Communist Crusade are saturated in anti-
Semitism and some of them put out literature openly d i n g for
a policy of genocide so far as Jews are concerned. Here, for
example, before me as I write these lines is the February, 1960
isme of The Stormtfouper, a 1avjshIy illustrated magazine pub-
lished by Rockwell's Nazi Party, in Virginia. O n the cover, in
&or, is a Smicher-like caricature of what is fabeled "A Miami
Beach Kike"; inside are offered for sale, such choice objects rn
the "Jew Zoo-A lportfolio of 40 bmtd caricature of some of the
top Hebrews in our national lik-plus Eleanor herself," and
"Ann Frank Soap Wxappem+Look absoIuudy genuine and guar-
antee soap is loo percent kosher. Put it on regular cakes and
delight your friends."
This is what is printed in the United States and goes through
the mails; and the editor of this magazine is not troubled by the
McCamn Actl
In the face of menaces real and awEul as these are; in the face
of the realities of the Cold War today and what a Hot War would
mean with moderr1 weaponry, the concocting 01 a bantic cam-
paign denouadng the alleged "o86cial Soviet anti-Semitism1' is a
service to no one except atom-maniaa and George Lincoln
Rockwell.
Among the greatest achievements of the Great October Social-
ist Rwolution of igr74espite fantastic dif6culties and awful
s e t b a d and fearful human failures-stand the building of S
c i a l h , breaking Hitler's back, creating a society with the lowest
death rate in the world, the lowest illiteracy rate in the world, the
lowest crime rate in h e world, the second mightiest industria1
capacity in the world, and the least racism in the world.
Remembering what Czarist Russia was-the prison-house of na-
tions and the Iand of institutionalized anti-Semitism, of the pale,
the ghetto and the pogrom-and seeing what the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republie is today-a land where racism is outlawed,
where anti-Semitism is considered barbarism, and where scores of
nationalities live in equality and haternity, one must hold thh to
be a signal achievement of the Revolution and a powerful tribute
to the Marxist answer to .the question of racial and national op-
pression.
Americans must labox not to intensify hostility towards the
Land of Socialism but to develop a sense of friendship for that
country and its more than two hundred million peoples. What is
needed by all Americans-and most certainly, what is needed by
Jews in -a-is not the freezing of the the War, but the end-
ing of that War. The truth about the bwo and a half million Jew
now Iiving in the USSR will serve to enhanee Soviet-American
friendship, and so play its part in preventing world war.

The author tvlskhs to acknotuicdgc hL weat indebtedness to the Morning

F M t , J& Cumnu, and V h b l P t t ( T m t o ) , and pnrticuhrb to tha
m'iings of PlnJ N w k k , M& U. &ha*, J. GmAmrm, Will S i w , d
Chaim SuIkr. The +risibility JOY v i t w s ex#mucd and for a11 i t l ( l d e q d e 6
reminsl of cwm, solely my m - H . A.
 Bg the Same Author

AMERICAN FOREIGN I'OLlCY AND

T H E COLD W.4R
DARE MrE BE FREE?
HOW AMERICANS VlEW THE SOVIET UNION
RIDING T O FREEDOM
by Herbert Apthekm nnd .lames E. JacRson

Mare N ~ e # rCentury ParmpRlefr t

END T H E COLD WAR1

by C ; ~ i sHall
THE T R U T H AROUT JEWS 1N T H E
W V I E T UNION
by Sofin Frey
T H E STRATEGY OF REVENGE
by Ernst Henri
THE SOVIET UNION TODAY
by George Mowis
FREEDOM DEEGINS A T HOME
by EIizabeth CurEey Flynn
T H E NE\\'FAXIST DANGER
by Mrorld Marxist Review

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