1

CLASS:9 PHYSICS
Notes,Practice Questions & Answers
UNITS Page Number‍
1. FORCES IN FLUIDS 02 - 06
2. EQUATIONS OF MOTION. 08 - 11
3. MOTION & LAWS OF MOTION 12 - 16
4. GRAVITATION 17 - 20
5. WORK – ENERGY - POWER 21 - 25
6. CURRENT ELECTRICITY‍. 25 - 29
7. WAVE MOTION 30 - 34

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1.FORCES IN FLUIDS
Fluids
Substance that can flow is called fluids. Hence liquids and gases together are generally known as fluids.
Buoyancy
When a body immersed partially or completely in a fluid, the fluid exerts an upward force on the body. This
force is known as buoyancy.
When a body is in a liquid, there are two forces experiences on it. They are its weight acting downward and
buoyancy acting upwards. If weight of the body is less than the buoyancy on it when it is completely immersed,
it raises up and floats on the surface of the liquid.
The raising of air bubble from the bottom bed of pool of water and raising of hydrogen balloon in air are our
familiar experiences. Here the buoyancy on the air bubble/hydrogen balloon is greater than their weight. That is
why they rises up.
But in the cases of an iron nail or a granite piece, its weight is greater than buoyancy. So it sinks down. Due to
the buoyancy, every objects experience loss of weight when it is put in a liquid.
Buoyancy is equal to loss of weight.
Therefore Buoyancy = Weight of the body in air – Weight of the body in the fluid.
Example: When a stone of weight of 6 N was immersed in water, its weight became 4N. Calculate the
buoyancy experienced on the stone by the water.
Solution: Buoyancy = Loss of weight = 6 – 4 = 2N
Factors influencing buoyancy
Density of the fluid and volume of the immersed object are the factors
influencing buoyancy. Buoyancy increases with increase of density. That
is, saline water can exert more buoyancy than that of fresh water.
Similarly buoyancy also increases with increase of volume of the object
immersed in the fluid.
Archimedes’ Principle
When an object is immersed partially or fully in a fluid, the
buoyancy experienced on it will be equal to the weight of the
displaced fluid.
Principle of floatation.
A body floats on a fluid when its weight is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid. This is called the principle
of floatation.
When a ripe coconut is put in water it dips a portion of its body into the water for displacing as much water
whose weight is equal to weight of the coconut.
That is, the weight of displaced water is equal to the weight of the coconut. Then net force on the coconut
becomes zero and hence it floats on the water.
Relative density
Relative density of a substance is the ratio of density of the substance and water.
It denotes how many times the density of water is the density of a substance.
Relative density = Density of substance/Density of water.
Density of water is 1000 kg/m3. But relative density of water is ONE.
Relative densities of kerosene, ice, etc are less than ONE.
Hydrometer is used to measure relative density of a liquid. Lactometer is also a hydrometer.
Hydrometers work on the principle of floatation.
Note: Relative density has NO unit.
Pascal’s Law
Pascal’s law is the working principle of excavator,hydraulic brake, hydraulic jack etc. in which a large output
force is made available by applying a small force.
The pressure applied at any point of a liquid at rest in a closed system will be experienced equally
at all parts of the liquid.

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Working of Hydraulic jack

The schematic diagram of hydraulic jack is shown.
When a small force (F1) is applied on the small piston X, the resulting
force (F2) is available below the piston Y.
According to Pascal’s Law, the pressure developed below the piston X,
(P1 = F1/A1) and below the piston Y, (P 2 = F2/A2) will be equal. Where
A1& A2 are the area of cross sections the pistons X and Y respectively.
That is, F1/A1 = F2/A2
Or F2 =F1(A2/A1) ...... (a) .
If Area of cross section of Y is 10 times greater than that of X,
(A2/A1) = 10.
From the equation (a), it is seen that the output force F 2 is 10 times
greater than applied force F1. That is, by adjusting cross sectional area
of the pistons, we can make available large output force by applying a
small input force.
Surface tension
Due to mutual attraction of the liquid molecules, its free surface of a liquids is stretched like a membrane. The
force responsible for this is called surface tension.
The following are due to surface tension of water.
i. Small insects can move along the surface of water.
ii. Paper clip, coin, iron needle, blade etc can float on the water surface.
Surface tension varies with respect to nature of the liquid. Surface tension of soap water is less than that of
fresh water.
Cohesive force and Adhesive force.
There is an attractive force between molecules of all the substances. The attraction between the molecules
of the same substances are called cohesive force. It is due to the cohesive force, the two liquid drops
coalesce to form a single drop.
Adhesive force is the force of attraction between the molecules of different substances.
Capillarity.
The rise or depression of a liquid in a narrow tube or a minute hole is
capillarity.
Mercury is a liquid that shows capillary depression. Capillary rise
depends on the diameter of the tube. It increases with decrease in the
diameter.
Capillary rise occurs when adhesive force between glass tube and liquid
molecule is greater than cohesive force of liquid molecules. If cohesive
force is greater than that of adhesive force, there will be capillary
depression.
Viscosity and Viscous Force
Viscosity is the characteristic property of a liquid to oppose its flow. The force responsible for this property is
called viscous force. It is the frictional force between layers of liquid in motion. On the basis of viscosity,
liquids are classified into viscous liquids and mobile liquids. Liquids of greater viscosity are called viscous
liquid and those having lower viscosity are called mobile liquid. Honey, Glycerine etc. are examples for viscous
liquids and kerosene, water, petrol etc are examples for mobile liquids. Viscosity of a liquid decreases with
temperature.

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FORCES IN FLUIDS - PRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

1. What is buoyancy?
Ans. It is the upward force exerts on a body which is partially of fully immersed in a fluid.
2. What are the forces acting on a stone immersed in water.
Ans. i. Weight of the stone. ii. Buoyancy.
3. When a stone is immersed in water, it weight appears to be decreased. Why?
Ans. Because buoyancy is experienced opposite to the direction of the weight of the stone.
4. The weight of a stone in air is 80 N and that in water is 55 N. What is the buoyancy experienced on the stone.
Ans. Buoyancy = Loss of weight = 80 -55 = 25 N.
5. It is taken fresh water, kerosene and saline water in three separate beakers.
a. Identify the most denser and least denser liquid.
b. In which of the liquid, does a stone experience greatest loss of weight while it is immersed in the liquid.
Why?
Ans. a. Saline water is most denser and kerosene is least denser liquid.
b. Greatest buoyancy can be provided by saline water as its density is greatest. Hence loss of weight will be
maximum in saline water.
6. It is taken a wooden block and iron block of masses 100 g each.
a. Of the two which will have greater volume?
b.If these blocks are weighed while immersed in water, which will have greater loss of weight?
c. In which block does it experience more buoyancy?
Ans.a. Wooden block. b. Wooden block. c. Since volume of wooden block is greater it will displace more
water. Therefore it will experience more buoyancy.
7. What are the factors which influence buoyancy?
Ans. Density of the fluid and volume of the immersed object.
8. The weights of a stone were 60 gwt,50gwt and 45gwt when it was weighed by immersing in three different
liquids. If these liquids were saline water, fresh water and coconut oil, which might be the liquid in which the
weight be 60gwt. Justify your answer.
Ans. 60gwt will be in coconut oil. Because the least denser liquid among them is coconut oil. Hence least loss
of weight (buoyancy ) will be from this liquid.
9. Does a ship that enters the ocean from a fresh water lake sink more or rise more? Justify your answer.
Ans. It will rise more. Because buoyancy from salt water is greater than that from fresh water.
10. When an object is fully immersed in a liquid, it will displace the liquid equal to the volume of the object.
a. What is the relation between weight of displaced liquid and buoyancy?
b. Identify the principle related to this.
c. State the principle.
Ans. a. Buoyancy and weight of displaced liquid will be equal.
b. Archimedes principle.
c. When an object is immersed partially or fully in a fluid, the buoyancy experienced on it will be equal to the
weight of the displaced fluid.
11. Explain the reason on the basis of buoyancy why hydrogen balloon rises in air .
Ans. Because the buoyancy experiences on the balloon is greater than the weight of the balloon and hydrogen
in it.
12. A dry coconut is floating in water.
a. What are the forces experience on the coconut?
b. How do the forces relate?
Ans.a. Weight of the coconut and the buoyancy.
b. In a floating body, its weight and buoyancy will be equal.
13. Density of fresh water is 1000kg/m3.
a. What do you mean by this?
b. Name a liquid having density less than that of water.
Ans.a.It means that the mass of one cubic metre water is 1000 kg.
b. Kerosene/coconut oil.

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14.When a stone of 200 N weight is immersed in liquid as shown, it weight becomes

140 N.
a. Predict the weight of displaced liquid collected in the jar?
b. State the principle used to find the answer.
Ans.a. Weight of displaced liquid = loss of weight = 200 – 140 = 60 N.
b. Archimedes principle: When an object is immersed partially or fully in a fluid, the
buoyancy experienced on it will be equal to the weight of the displaced fluid.
15. a. What is relative density?
b. Write down expression for the same.
c. What is the relative density of water?
d. Name the device used to measure relative density.
e. What is the working principle of hydrometer?
f. Name the device used to measure relative density of milk.
Ans.a.Relative density of a substance is the ratio of the density of the substance to the density of water.
b. Relative density = density of the substance/density of water
c. One. d. Hydrometer‍. e. Law of floatation. f. Lactometer‍.
16. State Pascal's Law.
b. Give the names of two devices work on this law.
Ans.a. The pressure applied at any point of a liquid at rest in a closed system will be experienced equally at all
parts of the liquid.
b. Hydraulic brake, Excavator‍, Hydraulic lift.
17. Model of a hydraulic lift is shown.
a. What is the working principle of this device?
b. In this device, where should the object to be lifted is placed?
c. If cross sectional area of X is 0.05 m2 and that of Y is 0.6 m2 , calculate
the force obtained at Y when 10N is applied at X.
a. Pascal's Law.
b. Above the tube of greater cross sectional area. ( Above Y )
c. Ax = 0.05 m2, Ay = 0.6 m2, fx= 10 N, FY= ?
Since FY/ fx=Ay/Ax , FY/10=0.6 /0.05 Or FY= 0.6x10/0.05 = 120 N
18. Schematic diagram of a hydraulic lift is given.
Here A1 = 2cm2 , A2 = 10 cm2, F1 = 10 N
( P1 & P2 are pressure)
a. Find out the correct relation/relations.
i. P1 = P2 ii. P1 > P2 iii. P1 < P2 ii. F1>F2 iv. F1<F2 .
b. Find the value of F2.
Ans.a. i. P1 = P2 & iv. F1<F2 .
b. We have F2 / F1 = A2/A1
Then F2 / 10 = 10/2 =
Or F2 = 50N

19. See the figure.

a.Name the phenomena related to this.
b. Draw the liquid level, if the liquid were mercury instead of
water.
Ans.a. Capillary rise. b.

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20. a. What is the relation between radius of the capillary and capillary rise?
b. Give example for a liquid that shows capillary depression.
c. Explain what are adhesive force and cohesive force?
Ans.a. Capillary rise increases with decrease of radius.
b. Mercury.
c. The attraction between the molecules of the same substances are called cohesive force.
Adhesive force is the force of attraction between the molecules of different substances.
21.Some objects float in water but some other objects sink down. At what situation an object floats in water?
Ans. When weight of the body becomes equal to buoyancy, it will float in water.
22. Fill in the blanks.
a. It occurs ...... if adhesive force is less than cohesive force.
( capillary depression/capillary rise)
b. Capillary rise ........ when diameter of the capillary increases. (increases/decreases)
c.It is due to ....., liquid drops combine to form single one. (Adhesive force/Cohesive force)
d. The ability to flow is ....... for viscous liquids. (more/less)
e. It is due to ...... liquid drops becomes spherical. (viscosity/surface tension)
f. Buoyancy is ...... in denser liquids. (more/less)
Ans.a. Capillary depression b. decreases c. Cohesive force d. less e. Surface tension f. more.
23. It is customary to plough the land before the beginning of the summer.
a. What is the need of it? b. Explain the science behind it.
Ans. a. It is for preserving moisture in the soil by blocking capillary rise.
b. When the land is ploughed, the gap between soil grain increases. So water preserved in the soil does not rise
to the surface of the earth by capillarity and doesn't evaporate it.
24.Viscous force is the frictional force between the layers of liquid in motion.
a. What is viscosity? b. What is the relation between viscosity of a liquid and its ability to flow?
c. Give two examples for viscous liquids. d. What is meant by mobile liquid?
e. What is the relation between viscosity of a liquid and its temperature?
Ans.a. Viscosity is the characteristic property of a liquid to oppose the relative motion between different layers.
b. Ability to flow decreases when viscosity increases. c. Honey, Glycerine.
d. Less viscous liquids are called mobile liquids.
e. Viscosity decreases with increase of temperature.
25. It is massaged the body of electrocuted person. What is the science behind it?
Ans.The body temperature of the person who gets electric shock falls suddenly. As a result, the viscosity of the
blood increases, causing hindrance to the flow of blood. When massage, body becomes warm and the viscosity
of the blood reverts to the normal level.
26. One drop each of cold honey and hot honey are put on a glass plate and when the glass plate is tilted, the hot
honey flow down speedily than that of cold one. What inference do you get from this?
Ans. Viscosity of a liquid decreases when temperature increases.
27. An object which can float in water sinks down when it is put in kerosene. Why?
Ans. Since density of kerosene is less, it cannot provide sufficient buoyancy to balance the weight of the object.
Hence it sinks down.
28.It is seen a solid object placed in a liquid. The density of the object is ....... that of the liquid.
(greater‍/ less/ same as )
Ans. same as
29. When a stone of 200 gwt is fully immersed in water, 50gwt of water is overflowed.
a. What will be the weight of the stone while it is in water?
b. If the stone is immersed in kerosene, what will be change in the quantity of overflowed kerosene?
c. What will be change in the weight of overflowed kerosene? Justify the answer.
Ans.a. Weight in water = 200 – 50 = 150 gwt.
b. The volume of overflowed kerosene will be same as that of overflowed water.
c. As the density of kerosene is less than that of water, weight of overflowed kerosene will be less than that of
water.

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30. The ratio of the cross sectional area of the tubes of a closed U tube which is filled with water is 1:20.
a. If 1N/m2 pressure is applied at the first tube, what will be the pressure at the second tube?
b. What will be the force experienced at the second tube, when 10 N is applied at the first tube?
c. State the law that helped you to find the answer.
Ans.a. The same pressure (1N/m2 ) experienced at the second tube.
b. The force available at the large tube = 20x10 = 200 N.
c. State Pascal’s Law.
31. It is marked the capillary rise in two capillary tubes of different radii in water. Find
out the error in the marking if any. Justify your answer.
Ans. Capillary rise should be higher in narrow tube. Because capillary rise increases with decrease of
diameter.
32. Fill the second pair according to the relation of the first pair.
a. Spherical shape of liquid drops: Surface tension; Chalk blots ink: ..........
b. Kerosene: mobile liquid; Honey‍: .........
c. unit of density: kg/m3 ; unit of relative density : ............
d. Hydraulic brake: Pascal's law; Hydrometer‍: ..............
Ans.a. capillary rise b. Viscous liquid. c. No uni. d. Law of floatation.
33. Check whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE. Correct the false statements.
a. Capillary rise increases with increase of diameter of the capillary.
b.It is due to capillary rise oil rises up along the wick of the lamp.
c. Hydrometer is a device used to measure density of liquid.
d. The working principle of hydrometer and lactometer are the same.
e. Hydrometer sinks deeper when it is put in a liquid of density less than that of water.
f. If an iron block and wooden block of same mass are fully immersed in water, greater buoyancy will be
experienced in wooden block.
g. The quantity of water displaced by an iron block and copper block of the same mass will be same if they
are completely immersed in water.
a. False. Capillary rise decreases with increase of diameter of the capillary.
b.True. c. False. Hydrometer is a device used to measure relative density of liquid.
d. true. e. True. f. True. g. False. Iron will displace more water. [Since the size of the iron block will be greater
(because density of iron is less), it can displace more water]
34. It is shown an iron block and copper block of the same mass.
a. Identify copper block and Iron block.
b. If they are completely immersed in water, in which block does greater buoyancy
experience?
Hint:Density of copper is greater than that of Iron.
Ans. a. A - Iron block, B – Copper block.
b. In iron block‍( Because size of iron block is larger than copper block)
35.Two solid blocks float on water as shown.
a. Identify the block in which greater buoyancy is experienced? Justify.
b. Identify the object which experiences more loss of weight.
Ans.a. As B displaces more liquid than that of A, B will be experienced more buoyancy.
b. Loss of weight is greater in B. Because it is in this block more buoyancy is experienced.

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2.EQUATIONS OF MOTION.
First equation of motion: Velocity – time relation.
It is the relation that connects initial velocity (u), final velocity (v), acceleration (a) and time (t) of a uniform
accelerated motion.
We have acceleration,a = (v – u)/t
Or v – u = at Or v = u + at
Position time graph
It is the graph in which time is marked in X – axis and position in
the Y – axis.
Position time graph of a uniform motion is given here.
The position time graph of a body moving with uniform
velocity will be a straight line.
From a position – time graph, we can find out position of the object
at a particular time. For example, from the graph, it is seen that the
object is 40 m away from starting position at the time t = 8 s.
Similarly we can find out the time required for an object to reach a
particular position.
Example: In this graph, it is seen that the object needs 4 s to cover the
distance of 20 m.
Velocity - time graph
It is the graph in which velocity is marked in the Y – axis and time in the X – axis.
Velocity – time graph of uniform motion and uniform accelerated motion are shown.
From velocity – time graph, we can find
out displacement of the object during
definite interval of time.
Displacement will be numerically
equal to area under the velocity –
time graph.
In respect of the first graph, the
displacement during the first 2 second is
equal to area of the rectangle OABC.
Area = length x breadth
= 10x2 = 20
Therefore the displacement of the
object in two second is 20 m
Similarly in the case of the second
graph, the displacement in first two second is equal to area of the triangle OAB.
So Displacement = ½xbxh = ½x2x4 = 4 m
Second equation of motion: Position – time relation.
Displacement S = ut + ½at2 is the relation between position of uniform accelerated object and time.
This relation can be arrived from velocity – time graph as shown.
From the graph, initial velocity u = OA
Final velocity v = OB time interval t = OD
We have displacement, s = Area below the v – t graph
= Area below the graph AC
= Area of the trapezium OACD
= ½ x h(a+b)
=½ x OD(OA+DC)
= ½xtx(u+v) ........ (a)

= ½xtx(u+u +at) (Since v = u +at )

s = ½xtx(2u +at) = ut + ½at2

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Third Equation of motion: Position – velocity relation.

We have v = u + at Or t = (v-u)/a
Substitute this value of t in equation (a) above:
s = = ½x[(v-u)/a]x(u+v) = (v2 – u2)/2a
v2 – u2 = 2as
Or v2 = u2 + 2as

2.EQUATIONS OF MOTION: PRACTICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS.

1. See the graph and answer the following questions.

a. Identify the graph.
b. What is the scale taken in the X& Y axis?
c. Find the location of the object at the 4th second.
d.Find the time at which the displacement becomes 50 m.
Ans.a. Position – time graph.
b. X- Axis: 1 cm → 2 s
Y – Axis: 1cm → 10 m
c. 20 m away from starting position.
d. At 10th second.

2. Velocity – time graph of a moving object is given.

a. What is its acceleration of the object during the first 4
second?
b. Calculate the acceleration during the last two seconds.
c. Using this graph, find displacement of the object in 6 second.
Ans.a.Acceleration =(v – u)/(t2 – t1)= (2-0)/(4-0)= 0.5 m/s2
b. Acceleration =(v – u)/(t2 – t1)
= ( 0 – 2)/ (6-4) = -2/2 = -1 m/s2
d. Displacement = Area of the triangle OAB
= ½ bh = ½ x6x2 = 6 m
3. km/h & m/s are the units of velocity and speed. What is the
relation between them. Explain with an example.
Ans. 1 km/h = (5/18) m/s
That is, for converting from km/h to m/s, multiply the speed in km/h with 5/18.
Example: 54 km/h = 54x5/18 = 15 m/s.
4. A car starting from rest travels 100m in a straight road in 10 s with uniform acceleration. Find the
acceleration of the car.
Ans. Initial velocity u = 0
Displacement = 100 m
Time = 10 s
We have S = ut + ½ at2
100 = 0x5 + ½ x ax 10x10 Or 50a/2 = 100 a = 2 m/s2

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5.An object starting from rest travels with an acceleration of 5 m/s2. What will be its velocity after 3s?
Ans. u = 0, a = 5 m/s2. t = 3s v=?
We have v = u +at = 0 + 5x3 = 15 m/s
6. A graph in respect of a moving object is given.
a. Name the graph.
b. Find out the velocity of the object at 5th second.
c. When does its velocity become 16 m/s?
d. Using the graph, find the displacement of the object
during the first 5 second.
e. What is the acceleration of the object?

Ans.a. velocity – time graph.

b. 10 m/s
c.8th second
d. Displacement during the first 5 second
= The area below the graph
= ½ bh = ½ x 5x10 = 25 m
e. Acceleration,a = (v – u)/(t2 – t1)
= (16 – 0)/(8 - 0) = 2 m/s2
7. The velocities of a body starting from rest and moves
with uniform acceleration is 20 m/s in the 4 th second and
40m/s in the 8th second.
a. Calculate the acceleration of the body.
b.What will be its velocity after two seconds?
c. What will be the displacement of the body during first 5 second?
d. "The velocity – time graph of this body will be a straight line.” Comment to this statement.
Ans.a. acceleration, a = (v – u)/(t2 – t1) = (40 – 20)/(8 -4) = 5 m/s2
b. v = u+at = 0 + 5x2 = 10 m/s.
c. S = ut + ½at2 = 0x5+ ½x5x52 = 62.5 m
d. Yes. This statement is right. The velocity – time graph of an object in uniform acceleration will be a straight
line.
8. Which of the following is the velocity – time graph of freely falling object?
Ans. Graph.1
9. A car starting from rest travels along a straight line covers 96 m in 8 second.
a. What is the acceleration of the car?
b. Calculate the velocity at 6th second.
c. How long will it be travelled in first 4 second?
Ans.a. u = 0, t = 8 s, s= 96 m s = ut + ½ at2 96 = 0x8 + ½ xax8x8
2
a = 96/32 = 3 m/s .
b. v = u + at = 0 + 3x6 = 18 m/s
c. s = ut + ½ at2 = 0x4+ ½ x 3 x 4x4 = 24 m
10.a. A car attains a velocity of 15 m/s within 5 sec from 5 m/s. Calculate its
acceleration and displacement in this time interval.
b. Which of the following is the velocity – time graph of this car?
Ans. Initial velocity u = 5 m/s Final velocity v = 15 m/s time t = 5 s
2
Acceleration, a = (v-u)/t = (15 – 5)/5 = 2 m/s .
Displacement S = ut + ½ at2 = 5x5 + ½ x2x52 =50 m
b. Graph.2
11. velocity – time graph of an object is given.
a. During the first 2 seconds, the object is in ……
(uniform motion, uniform accelerated motion)
b. From the time 2nd to 6th seconds, the object is …….
(at rest, in uniform motion, in accelerated motion)

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c. How long does it undergo retardation?

d. Find the displacement of the object during 7 seconds?
e. Will the displacement be equal to distance travelled by the object. Justify.
Ans. a. uniform accelerated motion. b. uniform motion.
c. One second (from 6th second to 7th second)
d. Displacement = Area of the trapezium = ½h(a+b) = ½ x 3 x(7+4) = 16.5 m
e. Yes. Here the displacement will be equal to distance. Because velocity is always positive. That is, the object
moves in the same direction through out the journey.
12. A stone projected vertically upward and returned back to its same
position.
a. Draw its speed – time graph.
b. How will be its velocity – time graph?

13. Velocity – time graph of an object is as shown. How will be its

position – time graph

14. It is given positions of a moving object at different time.

time (s) 0 2 4 6
position(m) 0 5 10 15
a. Draw position – time graph of this object.
b. From the shape of the graph, can you predict nature of the motion?
Ans. a.
b. Since the position – time graph is a straight
line, the motion of the object is uniform.

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VIDEO.1:Momentum Conservation. VIDEO.2: Why hands drawn back.

3. MOTION & LAWS OF MOTION
Balanced forces‍.
It is when force is applied objects at rest are moved. But all forces do not make motion. On the basis of this,
forces are classified into balanced force and unbalanced force. If total force or resultant force on a body is
zero,the applied forces are called balanced force. Balanced forces cannot make change in the state of
motion of an object.

Examples for balanced forces are shown above.

Motion and Laws of motions.
Only an unbalanced external force can make change in the state of motion of an object. But a body in motion
doesn’t need an external force to continue in its state of rectilinear uniform motion.
Newton's First Law of motion.
Every object continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion along a straight line unless an
unbalanced external force acts on it.
That is,velocity of an object will be remained constant until an unbalanced external force acts upon it.
Inertia:Inertia is the inability of a body to change its state of rest or of uniform motion along a
straight line by itself.
Inertia of rest: It is the inability of a body to change its state of rest by itself.
Inertia of motion: It is the inability of a body to change its state of motion by itself.
The following are due to the inertia of rest:i.When a vehicle moves suddenly from rest, the standing passengers
tend to fall backward. ii. When a branch of a tree is shaken, fruits fall down.
Examples for Inertia of motion: i.A running athlete cannot stop himself abruptly at the finishing point.
ii. The forward fall of standing passengers when a moving vehicle is suddenly stopped.
Inertia of an object depend on its mass. Inertia increases with mass.
That is why i. It is difficult to push aside a massive objects and ii. It is difficult to stop down a heavy moving
object.
Momentum:Moving objects can make impact on another object. The effect of the impact depends on many
factors. Momentum is a characteristic property of moving object. It is measured as the product of
mass and its velocity. That is, momentum, p = mv
Momentum is a vector quantity. Its unit is kg m/s .
Newton's second Law of motion.
Force is a physical quantity that can make acceleration/change in velocity of an object. Second law is used to
calculate force.
The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the unbalanced external
force acting on it.
That is, F = Constant x(mv – mu)/t = km(v-u)/t = kma
Since k = 1, F = ma
That is, force acts on an object is equal to the mass of the object and acceleration produced on it.

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Impulse and impulsive force.

Impulsive force is a very large force acting for a very short time. Hammering on a nail, batting etc. are
examples for applying impulsive force.
The product of impulsive force and time is called impulse. It is also equal to change in momentum.
Impulse = F.t = mv – mu
The unit of impulse is ‘N s’ .
From the equation of impulse, it is seen that if the change in momentum is constant, Impulsive force and time
are inversely proportional.
That is, for making a certain change in momentum, the applied force can be reduced by extending time.
Very often this fact is made in use of our daily life.
Example:1. Reduce impact on the hands while catching fast moving ball by moving the hands backward.
Explanation:- Suppose a ball of mass 200 g is moving with a speed of 25 m/s. Let us calculate the force needed
to stop it /reduce the momentum to zero.
Initial momentum of the ball = mu = 200x10-3x25 = 0.5 kgm/s
Final momentum of the ball = mv = 0
Change in momentum = 0.5 kgm/s
Force required to stop the ball in 0.1 s
= change in momentum/time = 0.5/0.1 = 5N
If time is extended to 0.5 s by moving hands with the ball, Required force = 0.5/0.5 = 1N
That is, when time is extended by moving hands backwards, force is decreased too much and hence impact on
the hands is reduced.
Example:2: Sand is filled in highjump&long jump pit, Hay,sponge or thermocol is used while packing
glasswares and tiles.
When the athlete falls down and hits the ground with loose sand, his body continues its motion through the
soil some more time instead of coming to rest instantly. Thereby increase the time taken for reducing the
momentum to zero and this leads to minimise the impact from the ground.
Newton's third law.
According to third law, forces always occur in pairs.
That is,To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Law of conservation of momentum.
In the absence of an external force, the total momentum of a system is a constant.

Circular motion.
The motion of an object along a circular (curved) path is called circular
motion. Movement of swing, movement of the tip of the hands of
watch, movement of the pendulum of clock etc are examples for
circular motion. If the speed of the object in circular motion is
uniform, the motion is called uniform circular motion. The movement
of the tip of the hands of watch is an example for uniform circular
motion.
Though the speed of the object in uniform circular motion is uniform,
its velocity is not uniform as the direction of motion is being changed
continuously. That is, uniform circular motion is an accelerated motion.
This acceleration is called centripetal acceleration and the force
responsible to this acceleration is called centripetal force. The direction
of centripetal acceleration and centripetal force will be towards the
centre of the circular path along the radius.
Centripetal force, Fc = mv2/R

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LAWS OF MOTION- PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. Classify the following situations that related to balanced force and unbalanced force.
a. Mango falling down from the tree.
b. Rolling of a ball along the ground.
c. An object moves along a straight path with constant speed.
d. A box kept on a table.
e. An object is in uniform circular motion.
f.A stone projecting up.
Ans. a. Mango falling down from the tree. - Unbalanced force.
b. Rolling of a ball along the ground. - Unbalanced force.
c. An object moves along a straight path with constant speed – Balanced force.
d. A box kept on a table. – Balanced force.
e. An object is in uniform circular motion. - Unbalanced force.
f.A stone projecting up. - Unbalanced force.
2. You cannot push aside a car by standing inside it.
a. Can you explain why?
b. By which law can this be explained?
c. State the law.
Ans.a. Because there is no external force on the car. (In order to move an object at rest, an unbalanced external
force is to be applied on it.)
b. First law.
c. Every object continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion along a straight line unless unbalanced
external force acts on it.
3. What is inertia? What is the relation between mass and inertia?
Ans. Inertia is the inability of a body to change its state of rest or of uniform motion along a straight line by
itself. Inertia increases with mass.
4. Identify the type of inertia in the following situation.
a. When a moving bus is suddenly stopped, the passengers tend to fall forward.
b. Falls forward when getting out from a running train.
c. Mangos fall down when the branch of a tree is shaken.
d. A runner cannot stop himself abruptly at the finishing line.
e. Small animals run zig zag path to escape from predators - Inertia of motion.
Ans.a. When a moving bus is suddenly stopped, the passengers tend to fall forward. - Inertia of motion.
b. Falls forward when getting out from a running train - Inertia of motion.
c. Mangos fall down when the branch of a tree is shaken – Inertia of vrest.
d. A runner cannot cannot stop himself abruptly at the finishing line.- Inertia of motion.
e. Small animals run zig zag path to escape from predators - Inertia of motion.
5. Momentum is the characteristic property of moving objects.
a. What are the factors influencing momentum?
b. Write down the equation for momentum.
c. A car of mass 1000 kg is parked at the roadside. What will be its momentum?
d. A stone of mass 2 kg hits on a floor with a speed 30 m/s. Calculate the momentum of the stone when it just
hit the floor.
Ans.a. Mass and velocity. b. Momentum, P = mv
c. Since velocity is zero,momentum P = 1000 x 0 = 0
d. Momentum P = 2x30 = 60 kgm/s
6. “When brake was applied to a Lorry with load it came to stop after moving 2m. If the lorry were empty and
the speed was same as before, it would move more than 2m.” Comment to this statement.
Ans. This statement is false. When the lorry is empty, its inertia of motion (tendency to continue its motion)
will be less than that before. So it will move a distance less than 2m before come to rest.
7. The speed of a vehicle of mass 2000 kg travelling along a straight road is changed from 15 m/s to 10 m/s .
Calculate the change in momentum of the vehicle.
Ans. Change in momentum = Final momentum – Initial momentum = 2000x10 – 2000x15 = - 10000 kgm/s

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8. A large force acting for a short interval of time is called impulsive force.
a.Give two examples for impulsive force.
b. How is the impulse of a force calculated?
c. What is the unit of impulse?
Ans.a. Kicking football, Hammering on a nail .
b. Impulse = Impulsive force x time = Fxt c. N s
9. Which is the law that is also known as law of inertia?
Ans. First law.
10. Newton's second law of motion helps to measure force.
a. State the law. b. Write down equation for finding out the force using this equation.
c. When a force was applied to an object of mass 5 kg, it got an acceleration of 4 m/s 2 . Calculate the force
applied on the body.
Ans.a.The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the unbalanced external force
acting on it.
b. Force = mass x acceleration = ma
c. F = ma = 5x4 = 20 N.
11. Which law of motion is made in use of Rocket launching? State the law.
Ans. Newton’s third law:- To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
12. A person cannot push aside a car by standing on a slippy surface. What might be the reason?
Ans. Because he doesn’t get reactive force from slippy surface as there is no friction.
13. Velocity – time graph a moving object of mass 2 kg is
give.
a. Find momentum of the object at 4th second.
b. What is the acceleration of the object during first four
seconds?
c. Calculate the force applied then.
d. Find out the displacement of the object during 6
seconds.
Ans.a.P =mv = 2x2=4 kgm/s
b. Acceleration= (v – u)/(t2 – t1) = (2-0)/(4-0)= 0.5 m/s2.
c. Force, F = ma = 2x0.5 = 1 N
d. Displacement = Area of the triangle OAB
= ½ bh = ½ x6x2 = 6 m
14.It is the centripetal force which keep up the object in uniform circular motion in its circular path.
a. Give an example for uniform circular motion.
b. What is the direction of centripetal force?
c.Write down the expression for centripetal force and specify the variables in it.
Ans.a. The movement of the tip of the hands of a watch.
b. To the centre along the radius.
c. Centripetal force Fc = mv2/r m – mass , v – velocity, r – radius of the path.
15. What is called the acceleration produced by the centripetal force? What is its direction?
Ans.i. Centripetal acceleration. It direcs towards the centre of the circular path along the radius.
16. Loaded heavy vehicle cannot be stopped abruptly by applying brake. Why?
Ans. The mass of loaded vehicles will be large. So inertia of motion (tendency to continue its motion) will be
greater.
17."In the absence of an external force, the total momentum of a system is a constant" Identify the law.
Ans. Law of conservation of momentum.
18. What are the forces and their directions on a brick kept at rest on a horizontal surface. How do the forces
relate?
Ans. i.Weight acting vertically downward ii. Upward normal reaction from the surface.
These forces are equal and opposite.

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19. We can push aside a vehicle by standing on a road, even though the action and reaction are equal and
opposite. How will you explain this?
Ans.They do not cancel each other as they are acting on two different objects.
20. "The velocity of an objects in uniform circular motion is uniform.” Comment to this statement.
Ans. This statement is false. As the direction of motion of an object in uniform circular motion changes
continuously, the direction of velocity also changes. So velocity is not uniform. But the speed is uniform.
21. When a force is applied to a body of mass 3 kg for 4 s, its velocity is changed from 3 m/s to 7 m/s.
Calculate the force.
Ans. mass = 3 kg acceleration, a= (7 – 3)/4 = 1 m/s2.
Force, F = ma = 3x1 = 3 N.
22. Force is the physical quantity that can produce acceleration on an object.
a. Only a ...... can produce an acceleration on an object. (balanced force/unbalanced force)
b. The forces experienced on a book lying on a table are .....
(balanced force/unbalanced force)
c. A definition for force is obtained from newton's ....... law.
(First/second/third)
Ans.a. Unbalanced force.
b. Balanced force.
c.Second.

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4.GRAVITATION
Universal law of Gravitation.
All bodies in the universe attract each other. The force of mutual attraction between two bodies is directly
proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between
them.
That is, Gravitational force, F = Gm1xm2/d2
G is a constant and is called gravitational constant. Its value is 6.67x10-11Nm2/kg2
This value was determined by Henry Cavendish.
Force of Gravity.
The earth attracts all the objects towards its centre. This attractive force is called force of gravity.
Force of gravity on an object on the surface of earth can be calculated using
universal law of gravitation.
Let m be the mass of the object, M be the mass of Earth and R be the radius of
Earth,
Force of gravity, F = GMm/R2
Since the earth is not perfectly spherical, its radius is not same everywhere.
Radius is maximum at the equator and minimum at the poles. Since gravity is
inversely proportional to distance (here radius), gravity is maximum at the
poles where R is minimum and gravity is minimum at the equator where R is
maximum.
Similarly when an object is raised from the surface of the earth or it is moved from surface towards the centre,
gravity decreases.
Acceleration due to gravity.
Acceleration produced on a body due to force of gravity is called acceleration due to gravity.
Acceleration due to gravity, g = GM/R2
As the value of R is different at different places, acceleration due to gravity is also different. On the the surface,
the value of g is maximum at poles and minimum at the equator. The average value of g on the surface is 9.8
m/s2.The value of g at the centre of the earth is zero.
From the equation g = GM/R2 , it is seen that acceleration due to gravity mass of the object is independent of
mass of the objects, acceleration due to gravity (g) is same for all objects irrespective of difference in their
masses.
Value of Acceleration due to gravity on the moon.
Size and mass of the moon is less than that that of earth. Hence the value of g on the moon is 1.62 m/s 2 . It is
only about 1/6th of the value of g on the earth.
Mass and Weight.
Mass of a body is the amount of matter contained in it. Its unit is kilogram. Weight of a body is the force with
which the earth attracts it towards the centre. kgwt and newton are the units of weight.
1kgwt is equal to the force of attraction exerted by the earth on an object of mass 1 kg.
1kgwt = 9.8 N.
Common balance is used to measure mass of an object. But spring balance is used to measure weight. The mass
of an object is constant. But the wight of an object will be different at different places. On the surface of the
earth, weight will be maximum at the poles and minimum at the equator. Similarly the weight of an object
decreases when it is raised from the surface and moving towards the centre of the earth. Weight of an object at
the centre of the earth is be zero.
Free fall.
It is the fall of a body only under the influence of gravity is called free fall. When a body is allowed fall down,
it is considered as a free fall as the friction of air and buoyancy are negligible.
The weight of a freely falling body will be zero while it is falling.

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PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. The mathematical expression for Universal Law of Gravitation is given. F = G.m 1m2/d2
a. Name the scientist who formulated this law?
b. What does 'G' stand in the equation? What is its value?
c. Name the scientist who determined the value of 'G' for the first time.
d. Two objects are kept at certain distance. What will be the change in the gravitational force between
them if mass of both objects are doubled?
e. What will be the force if the distance between them is doubled?
Ans.a.Sir Isac Newton.
b. Gravitational constant. G = 6.67x10-11 Nm2/kg2.
c. Henry Cavendish.
d. Gravitational force will become four times greater.
e. Then gravitational force becomes 1/4th.
2. Two objects having masses 1 kg each are kept at 1 m apart. Calculate the gravitational force between
them.
Ans. F = G.m1m2/d2 = 6.67x10-11 x 1x1/12 = 6.67x10-11 N
3.Two bodies having masses 1 kg& 5 kg each are placed 1 m apart. Which is the body that experiences
more gravitational force?
Ans. Both bodies will be experienced the same gravitational force.
4. An aircraft fell down while it was flying.
a. Name the force responsible for falling down the aircraft?
b. Why doesn't the earth move towards the aircraft due to this force?
Ans.a. Force of gravity.
b. As mass of earth is much greater than that of aircraft, acceleration produced on the earth by the
aircraft is too small.
5. What is the difference between force of gravity and gravitation?
Ans. The force of attraction between earth and a body is known as force of gravity whereas the force
of attraction between any two bodies is force of gravitation.
6. The acceleration produced in a body due to the gravitational pull of earth is called acceleration due
to gravity(g)
a. Write down expression for calculating acceleration due to gravity. What does each variables in the
expression indicate?
b. What is the average value of acceleration due to gravity on the surface of earth?
c. On the surface of earth where the acceleration due to gravity is maximum?
d. What is the value of 'g' at the centre of the earth?
e. Two balls of same size and different masses are dropped from certain height. Which of them will
reach the ground first? Justify your answer.
Ans. a. g = GM/R2 G – Gravitational constant, M – Mass of the earth, R – Radius of the earth.
2
b. g = 9.8 m/s
c. At the poles.
d. Zero.
e. Both will reach the ground simultaneously. Because acceleration of freely falling body (acceleration
due to gravity) is independent of mass of the object.
7. Mass and weight are two different physical quantities.
a. What is the relation between them?
b. Name an instrument used for measuring weight.
c. What will be the weight of a body of mass 10 kg on the surface of earth?
d. What will be the mass of this body at the moon?
e. "If the body is brought to the centre of the earth, its mass will be zero” Comment to this statement.

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Ans.a. Weight is the product of mass (m) and acceleration due to gravity(g). That is, weight = mg.
b. Spring balance.
c. Weight of a body of 10 kg mass = mg = 10x9.8 = 98 N.
d. Mass at the moon is 10 kg ( because mass of an object is same everywhere.)
e. This statement is wrong. The mass of a body will be same everywhere and hence the mass of the
body at the centre of the earth will be 10 kg itself. But weight of this body at the centre will be zero.
8. It is marked as A,B,C & D in the picture of globe.
a. If mass of a body at B is 2 kg, what will be its mass at A,C&D?
b. What feature of earth is responsible for a body possessing different
weight at different places on the surface?
c. The weight of the body at A,B,C&D are different. Write them in
ascending order.
Ans.a. Mass will be 2 kg itself at all places.
b. Due to the difference in radius.
c. A,D,C,B
9. A stone falls from height is considered to be 'free fall'.
a. What is 'free fall'?
b. A body of mass 10 kg is in free fall. What will be the mass of the body while it is in free fall? What
will be its weight then?
Ans.a. When a body is falling towards earth only under the influence of gravity is called free fall.
b. As the mass of an object is constant, its mass will 10 kg itself while it is in free fall. But weight will
be zero then.
10. When a stone is projected vertically upwards with certain velocity from equator, it reaches up to
50m height. If the stone is projected with the same velocity from the pole of the earth, is there any
possibility for change in the attainable height? Justify.
Ans.As gravitational force at the pole is comparatively greater than that at the equator, retardation
produced on the stone is also greater. So attainable height from the pole will be less than 50 m.
11. A stone falling freely from certain height at the north pole takes 10 s to reach the ground. If the
same stone is dropped from the same height at the equator , will there any change in time?
Ans. As acceleration due to gravity at the equator is comparatively small, it will take more than 10 s to
reach the ground at the equator.
12. Two objects having certain masses are kept at 2 m apart. What happens to the gravitational force if
masses of the objects and separation between them are doubled?
Ans. There will not be any change in gravitational force.
13. Check whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.
a. Weight is a vector quantity.
b. The value of gravitational constant 'G' is 9.8 SI unit.
c. When a body is brought from north pole to equator, its mass will decrease.
d. If an object is brought from north pole to equator, its weight will increase.
e. Weight of a body at the centre of the earth will be zero.
f. When an object is moved from surface of the earth towards its centre, its weight will be decreased.
g. Weight of a body decreases when the body is being raised from the surface of the earth.
Ans.a. True. b. False. The value of gravitational constant 'G' is 6.67x10-11 SI unit.
c. False. The mass of an object will be same everywhere.
d.False.If an object is brought from north pole to equator, its weight will decrease.
e. True. f. True. g. True.
14. Complete the following statements.
a. It is at ...... where an objects experiences maximum weight. (poles/equator)
b. Acceleration due to gravity on the surface of moon is ......

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b. ....... is the scientist who formulated the law of universal gravitation. ( Isac Newton/Galileo)
c. ....... is the scientist who determined the value gravitational constant G (Cavendish/Galileo)
d. The average value of 'g' on the surface of earth is .......
Ans.a. At pole b. 1.62 m/s2 c. Isaac Newton d. Cavendish e. 9.8 m/s2.
15. What will be the approximate weight of a body on the moon which has 60 kgwt on the earth?
Ans. The acceleration due to gravity on the moon is only 1/6th of that on the earth. Hence weight also will be
1/6th. There fore weight on the moon = 60x1/6 = 10 kgwt
16. The gravitational force on a freely falling body by the earth is equal to the force acts on the earth by the
falling body. Then why the earth doesn't move towards the falling body?
Ans. According to Newton's second law of motion, acceleration produced on a body is inversely proportional to
its mass. Since the mass of earth is very large, acceleration produced on the earth is negligible. That is why it
doesn’t move or accelerate towards the falling object.
17. kilogram weight (kgwt)and newton (N) are the units of weight. What is the relation between the two?
Ans. 1 kgwt = 9.8 N
18. What is the weight of an object whose mass is 30 kg?
Ans. Weight = mg = 30x9.8 = 294 N

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5.WORK – ENERGY - POWER‍

Work:Work is said to be done when a body undergoes displacement in the direction of the applied force.
Measure of work depends on applied force(F) and the displacement of the object along the direction of force (s)
Work, W = F x s
Work done to raise a body of mass ‘m’ to a height ‘h’ against gravity, W = mgh
Unit of work is ‘Nm’ and it is called joule (J).
1 joule is the amount of work done to raise a body of mass 100 g through a height of 1 m.
Work may be positive or negative. It is considered as positive if the displacement is along the direction of force
and it is considered as negative if the object is displaced opposite to the direction of force.
In the figure , an object is dragged by a force F as shown in the figure. There are three
other forces experienced on the object other than the mechanical force F. They are
frictional force Fr opposite to F, Gravity Fg acts vertically downward, Normal reaction
from the ground vertically upwards. Here the work done by the force F is positive and that
done by the force Fr is negative. But the work done by gravitational force F g and normal
reaction FN are zero as there is no displacement along the direction of these two forces.
Energy: Energy is the capacity to do work. Unit of energy is same as that of work and is
joule. We make use of different forms of energy in our day to day life.
Examples:Mechanical energy, Electric energy, heat energy and chemical energy.
There are two types of mechanical energy. They are kinetic energy and potential Energy.
Kinetic Energy:Energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion is kinetic energy. Flowing water, moving
vehicle, wind etc are examples for objects having kinetic energy.
The kinetic Energy of an object depends on its mass (m) and speed (v).
Kinetic Energy, K = ½ mv2
Potential Energy: The Energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position or strain is the potential Energy
(U). Stone placed at height, water reserved in dam, compressed spring, stretched rubber band etc are examples
for the objects possessing potential energy.
Potential energy of a body of mass ‘m’ placed at height ‘h’ is, U = mgh
Work – Energy principle.
Work - Energy theorem states that work done is equal to change in kinetic Energy.
When certain force is applied on a body of mass ‘m’ moving with velocity u, its velocity is changed to v.
According to Work – Energy theorem, Work done, W = ½ mv2 - ½ mu2
Energy transformation: Energy in one form can be transformed to other form with the help of suitable
equipments. A few examples are given in the table.
Equipment Energy transformation
Generator Mechanical energy to Electrical Energy
Fan Electrical Energy to mechanical Energy
Iron Box Electrical Energy to heat energy
Electric Lamp Electrical Energy to light Energy
Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy can neither be created or destroyed. Energy can only be
transformed from one form to another. This is the Law of conservation of Energy.
Let us explain with an example.
Consider a stone at a height 'h' at rest. Now it is possessed only potential Energy. If it is allowed to fall down,
its kinetic energy will gradually increase and potential energy decrease. But at any instant while its fall the
sum of potential energy and kinetic energThat is, total energy will be a constant.
Power‍: Work done per second is power.
Power,‍P = work/time = W/t
Unit of power is J/s and is called watt (W)
Horse power (HP) is another unit of power.
1HP = 746 W

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PRACTICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

1."All manual labours are not considered as work.” Justify this statement.
Ans. Work is said to be done, only when an object is displaced under the action of force. For example, A
person standing still on a floor carrying a load on his head. He has applied force on the load against the
gravitational force, but there is no displacement to the object. So work done by the force is zero.
2.Explain the factors influencing the measure of work.
Ans. We have work done, W = Fxd. Hence work done depends on the magnitude of applied force and
displacement along the direction of force.
3. Give the unit of work.
Ans. 'Nm' is the unit of work. It is called 'joule'.
4. What are the forces experienced on a stone lying on a table?
Ans. i. Gravitational force (weight) acting vertically downward direction.
ii. Reactive force from the surface of the table in the vertically upward direction.
5. Write down an expression for work done to raise a body of mass 'm' to the height 'h' against the gravitational
force.
Ans. Work, W = mgh. Where 'g' is the acceleration due to gravity.
6. When a force of ‍ 50 N is applied continuously on a body, it is displaced 2 m along the direction of force.
Calculate the work done.
Ans. Force F = 50 N, displacement,d = 2 m. Work, W = Fxs = 50x2=100 J.
7.a. When a force of 200 N is applied continuously on a body of mass 50 kg, it is displaced 0.5 m along the
direction of force.
b. If the same body is raised to the height of 2 m, calculate the work done against gravitational force.
Ans.a.F = 200 N, s = 0.5 m. W = Fxs = 200x0.5 = 100 J.
b.W = mgh= 50x9.8x3 =1470 J
8. Work may be positive or negative. Which is the situation where work is considered as negative? Give an
example for negative work.
Ans. If the object is displaced opposite to the direction of force, the work is negative.
Work done by frictional force is always negative.
9.A stone is projected vertically up.
a. Whether the work done by the gravity on the stone is negative or positive while it is going up.
b. What about when it is falling down?
Ans. While it is moving up, displacement is opposite to the direction of gravity. So work done by the gravity is
negative.
b. When it is falling down, the displacement is along the direction of gravity and hence the work is positive.
10.“Work done by gravity may be positive or negative.” Comment to this statement..
Ans. This statement is correct. When a body is projected vertically upward direction, it is displaced opposite to
the direction of gravity. So work done by the gravity is negative. But in the case of a freely falling body, work
done by the gravity is positive as it is displaced in the direction of gravity.
11. A boy continuously applied 10 N force on a brick of mass 5 kg lying on a flat floor and it displaced to 8 m
along the direction of force. If the frictional force experienced on the brick is 4 N,
a. What is the work done by the boy? b. Calculate the work done by the frictional force.
c. What is the work done against the gravity? (Take g = 10 m/s2)
Ans.a. W = Fxs = 10x8 = 80 J. b. W = Fxs = -4x8 = -32 J
c. Since there is no displacement against the direction of gravity, work done by the boy against the gravity is
zero.
12."A person walking along a flat floor carrying a load on his head doesn't do any work" Comment to this
statement.
Ans. This statement is wrong. Here only the work done against the gravity is zero. But he has been applying a
force in the horizontal direction to move his body forward. So work has been done for this.
13.What is energy? What is its unit? Give examples for various forms of energy.
Ans.i. Energy is the capacity to do work. ii. Its unit is same as that of work and is joule.
iii. Mechanical energy, heat energy, chemical energy, electrical energy.

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14.What is meant by kinetic energy? Write expression for kinetic energy and specify each variables in it.
Ans. i.Energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion is called kinetic energy.
ii. Kinetic Energy , K = ½ mv2, m – mass of the object and v – speed.
15. i.What are the factors influencing kinetic energy of an object?
Ans.Mass and speed.
16. What will be the change in kinetic energy of an object in the following situations?
a. Mass is doubled. b. Speed is doubled.
Ans.i.a. As Kinetic energy is directly proportional to the mass, kinetic energy also is doubled when mass is
doubled.
b. But kinetic energy is quadrupled when speed is doubled as it is proportional to the square of speed.
17. State work – Energy theorem.
Ans. Work done is equal to change in kinetic energy.
18. A car of mass 1500 kg is running with a speed of 20 m/s. Find its kinetic Energy.
Ans. Kinetic Energy, K = ½ mv2 = ½ x1500x20x20= 300000 J.
19. A boy of mass 50 kg is riding a bicycle of mass 10 kg with a speed of 2 m/s. Calculate the total Kinetic
Energy.
Ans. Total mass m = 50+10=60 kg. Speed = 2 m/s
Total Kinetic Energy = ½ mv2 = ½ x 60x2x2= 120 J
20. What is potential Energy? Give a few examples for objects that possessed potential energy.
Ans.Energy possessed by a body due to its position or strain is known as potential Energy.
Stone placed at height, stretched rubber band, compressed spring, water stored in a tank etc.. are examples for
objects having potential energy.
21. Write down expression for potential energy of an object kept at height.
Ans. Petential Energy U = mgh. m – mass, g – Acceleration due to gravity, h – height.
22. In all our domestic electrical devices, energy in one form is converted to another form. Find out the energy
conversion in the following devices.
a. Electric Bulb. b. Electric motor. c. Electric Generator d. Iron box e. Electric fan.
Ans. a. Electric bulb : Electrical energy is transformed to light and heat energy.
b. Electric motor: Electrical energy is transformed to mechanical energy.
c. Electric Generator : Mechanical Energy is transformed to electrical Energy.
d. Iron box : Electrical energy is transformed to heat energy.
e. Electric fan: Electrical energy is transformed to mechanical energy.
23. State law of conservation of energy.
Ans. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. One form of energy can only be converted to another form.
24.What forms of energies does a freely falling body posses? Identify the transformation of energy during the
fall.
Ans. Kinetic Energy & Potential Energy.
Potential energy is being converted to kinetic energy.
25. "The Sun is the major source of energy that we make use of in our daily life.” Justify this statement.
Ans.(i). Hydroelectric power station: Rain water is used for producing current there. The vaporisation of sea
water by infrared radiation (heat radiation) from sun is caused rain. In this sense, the original source of
electrical energy produced in hydroelectric power station is the Sun.
(ii).Windmill‍: Heat received from the sun is responsible for the formation of wind.
(iii).Food materials‍: Chemical energy that stored in food grains, fruits, etc. is actually obtained through photo
synthesis by receiving sunlight.
(iv).Fossil Fuels‍: The major fossil fuels like petroleum and coal are formed by the transformation of the remains
of living beings. The source of chemical energy stored in the fossils are the sun itself.
26. Define power. What is its unit?
Ans: Power is the rate of doing work.
Power P = Work(W)/time(t). Unit of power is J/s and is called 'watt'.
Another unit for power is horse power (HP).

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27. A man of mass 70 kg climbs up a mountain of 30 m height in 5 minutes. Find the power.
Ans: mass, m = 70 kg height,h = 30 m time, t = 5x60 = 300 s
Power, P = W/t = mgh/t = 70x9.8x30/300 = 68.6 W
28. a. State work – energy theorem.
b. A ball of mass 200g is rolled with a speed of 2m/s and comes to stop after travelling certain distance.
Calculate the work done on the ball by frictional force.
Ans.a. Work done = change in kinetic energy.
b. Initial velocity u = 2 m/s Final velocity v = 0 mass of the ball = 200g = 0.2 kg
Initial kinetic energy = ½ mu2 = ½ x0.2x2x2 = 0.4 J
final kinetic energy = ½ mv2 = ½ x0 = 0
Work done = change in KE = 0.4 – 0 = 0.4J
29. If a man of mass 50 kg takes 60 s to climb up 20 steps each of height 15 cm, find the power.
(take g = 10 m/s2)
Ans: mass, m = 50 kg Total height,h =0.15x20 = 3 m time, t = 60 s
Power, P = W/t = mgh/t = 50x10x3/60 = 25 W
30. A stone of mass 40 kg is kept on a terrace of 12 m height.
a. What is the potential energy of the stone?
b.If it is allowed to fall down, what will be its kinetic energy when it just reaches the ground?
c. State the law which helps you to find the answer of question (b).
Ans:a. Potential Energy ,U = mgh = 40x10x12 = 4800 J.
b. Kinetic Energy,K = 4800 J. (Because when it just reaches the ground, entire potential energy is converted to
kinetic energy)
c. Law of conservation of energy: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. One form of energy can only be
converted to another form.
31.According to the law of conservation of energy, energy cannot be created. Then how energy is acquired by a
stone kept at a height or a compressed spring?
Ans.(i)The work that had done to raise the stone to the present height is stored in it as potential energy.
Similarly the work done to compress the spring is stored in it as potential energy.
32. A stone of mass 40 kg is kept on the terrace of a building 12 m height.
a. What is the potential energy of the stone?
b. If it is allowed to fall free, what will be its kinetic energy when it just reaches the ground?
c. Which is the law that help you to answer the question?
Ans:a. Potential Energy,U = mgh = 40x10x12 = 4800 J.
b. K = 4800 J. c. Law of conservation of energy.
33. According to the law of conservation of energy, Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. If so how do
a stone keeping at height and compressed spring possess acquire potential energy?
Ans.(i) The work had been done to lift the stone from the ground is stored in the stone as potential energy.
(ii). The energy consumed to deform the spring is the source of potential energy in compressed spring.
34. A bird of mass 0.5 kg is flying with certain speed keeping the height as 5m. If its potential energy and
kinetic energy are equal, find
a. Potential Energy of the bird. b. Speed of the bird. (Given g = 10 m/s2)
Ans. a.Potential Energy U = mgh = 0.5x10x5 = 25 J
b. Since kinetic energy and potential energy are equal, ½ mv2 = 25
½ x0.5xv2 = 25 Or v2 = 25x2/0.5 = 100 Then v= 10 m/s
35. A stone kept at height of 100 m possessed 200 J of potential energy. And it is allowed to fall freely. Find out
the location at which
a. Kinetic energy and potential energy becomes equal.
b. Kinetic energy becomes maximum.
c. Total energy becomes maximum.
Ans.a.At halfway between the path. ie, when it reaches at the height 50 m from the ground.
b. When it just reaches the ground.
c. Total energy remains the same throughout the fall.

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36. Fill in the blanks.

a. 1HP = ....... watt
b. The energy stored in a compressed spring is .......
c. Kinetic energy and potential energy are ......... energies.
d. Quantities having direction are vectors and that do not have direction is scalars. Work is a ....... quantity.
e. kilowatthour ‍(Kwh) is the unit of ......
Ans. a. 746 b. Potential energy. c. mechanical d. Scalar
37. Complete the pairs according to the first.
a. Nm:joule‍; J/s: ....... b. force x displacement: work; ........... : power
c. Energy: joule‍; Work : ........
Ans. a. watt. b. work/time c. joule‍.

6.CURRENT ELECTRICITY‍.
It is the movement of charges creates current. In conductors current is formed by the flow of free
electrons. But in electrolytes and gases, it is formed due to the flow of ions.
In order to have a flow of electrons through a conductor, there should be a potential difference between its
ends. The current flows from the point of high potential to the point of low potential. The unit of potential
difference is ‘volt’. Volt meter is used to measure potential difference. The current sources like generator,
dynamo or cell maintains potential difference and produce current in a circuit.
The ability of a current source to maintain the potential difference between the ends of a conductor is electro
motive force (emf). The unit of emf is also 'volt'.
Combinations of cells.
The combination of the cells is called battery. Cells can be combined in two different modes.
1. Series connection.
The arrangements of cells one by one as shown in figure
is the series connection. The total emf of this
arrangement is the sum of the emf of of individual cells.
This mode of connection is employed to make available
large current in a circuit at high voltage. When the cells
are connected in series the current through each cell will
be equal.
2. Parallel Connection.
The arrangement of the cells shown in the figure is parallel connection of
cells. The total emf available from this mode of connection is same as that
of a single cell.
Intensity of Current (I):Current or Intensity of current is the quantity
of charge that flows through a conductor in a circuit in one second.
Current, I = Q/t
Current is a scalar quantity. Its unit is coulomb/second. It is called ampere (A). Ammeter is used to measure
current. It should be connected in series in the circuit.
Ohm's Law:It is the law that relates current through a conductor and potential difference between its ends.
When temperature remains constant, the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential
difference between its ends.
That is, V/I = constant(R)
This constant is the resistance of the conductor.
Unit of resistance is volt/ampere. It is called 'ohm' and is denoted by Ω .
When the potential difference between the ends of a conductor is 1 V and if a current of 1 A flows through it,
then the resistance of the conductor is 1Ω .
Resistor:Resistors are conductors used to include a particular resistance in a circuit. The
symbol of resistor is shown.
The resistance of a conductor (resistor) depends on the nature of the substance, length and
thickness of the conductor.

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That is, Resistance R = ρL/A

Here ‍ L – length of the conductor, A – cross sectional area of the conductor and ρ – the resistivity of the
material. At a particular temperature each substance will have a definite resistivity.
The resistance of a conductor increases with length and decreases with increase in area of cross section.
The resistance of a conductor of unit length and unit
area of cross section is the resistivity of the material. It
unit is ohm metre ‍( Ωm) .
Rheostat: Rheostat is a device used to regulate the
current in a circuit by changing the resistance gradually.
inThe resistance of a uniform wire will be proportional
to its length. This principle is made use of in a
Rheostat. The picture and symbol of rheostat are shown
below.
Practice Questions.
1. Fill in the blanks.
a. The flow of electrons is responsible for current in conductors. But in electrolytes, it is due to the flow of ......
b. There should be a temperature for flowing heat from one object to other. For current flowing through a
conductor there should be ..... between the ends of the conductor.
Ans.a. ions‍.
b. potential difference.
2. It is by including source of emf, current is made possible in it.
a.Give a few examples for source of EMF.
b. What is the unit of emf?
Ans.a. cells, dynamo, generator. b. volt.
3. For proper working, each components in a circuit are to be connected properly.

a. Identify the components given above.

b. Draw a circuit which consists all of them.
Ans.a. cell‍ b: lamp c: ammeter.‍ d. voltmeter e. switch.

4. There are three cells of ems 1.5V and a lamp in the circuit.
a. How are the cells connected in the circuit?
b. What is the voltage likely to be available for the lamp?
c. Suppose 3A current flows through the lamp now. If one of the
cells is removed from the circuit what will be the current then?
Ans.a. in parallel.
b. 1.5V (When cells are connected in parallel, effective voltage will
be same as that of a single cell)
c. 3A (When cells are connected in parallel, current will be same as that from a single cell whatever be the
number of cells in the combination)
5.a. Revi has 4 cells having emf 1.5 V each. Which mode of connection is to be employed for getting 6V emf
from the the cells? (parallel/series)
b. If a 12Ω resistor is connected in this circuit, what will be the current?
c. Name the law used to calculate current.

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Ans.a. series.
b. I = V/R = 6/12 = 0.5A c. Ohms law.
6. Current in a circuit is 2A.
a. Name the device used to measure current.
b. Calculate the charge flowing through this circuit in each second.
Ans.a. Ammeter‍.
b. We have Electric current is the rate of flow of charge. Since the current in the circuit is 2A, 2C charge will
be flowed in each second.
7. 2C charge is flowing through a conductor in 10 seconds. Calculate current.
Ans. I = Q/t = 2/10 = 0.2A
8. The current through a conductor will be proportional to potential difference between its ends.
a. What is called this law?
b. What is known as the proportional constant of potential difference and current?
Ans.a. Ohms law. b. Resistance of the conductor.
9. Complete the second pair according the first pair.
a. C/s : ampere‍; V/A: …..
b. electric charge: coulomb; potential difference: ……
c. Electric current:ammeter‍; potential difference: …….
Ans.a. ohm b. volt c. volt meter.
10. It is given potential difference between the ends of a conductor and corresponding current in the table.
voltage(V) Current (I)
12 1
----A----- 2
6 ------B-----
a. Fill the blanks in the table.
b. What is the resistance of the conductor?
c. Give the symbol of resistor.
Ans.a. A = 24 B=½ b. R = V/I = 12/1 = 12 Ω
11. A,B and C are iron wires of different size. Thickness of A&B are same but length is different. And the
lenght of A & C are equal
but thickness is different.

a.Of the wires A and B,

which will have high
resistance?
b. From the first two
circuits, find the lamp
which likely to glow with more brightness? Why?
c. From the circuits 1&3, identify the lamp having more brightness. Justify the answer.
Ans.a. Since A is longer than that of B, resistance of A will be greater.
b. Current will be higher in the circuit.2, because its resistance is small. Hence the lamp in the circuit.2 will
glow with more brightness.
c. Since the wire in the circuit.3 is thicker than that in A, resistance in the circuit.3 will be less than that of
circuit.1. Therefore brightness will be more in the circuit.3.
12.Length and thickness of a conductor are two factors influencing its resistance. Write down two more factors
that influence resistance of a conductor.
Ans. nature of the substance and temperature.
13. Resistance of a conductor depends on its temperature. What is the relation between resistance and
temperature of a conductor?
Ans. Resistance increases with temperature.

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14. a. Identify the device shown in the figure.

b. Give its symbol.
c. What is the use of this device?
Ans.a. Rheostat.

c. It is used to regulate current in a circuit by changing the resistance.

15. Resistivity is the resistance of a conductor of unit length and unit area of cross section.
a. What is the unit of resistivity?
b. If a uniform wire is cut into half, what will be the change in its resistance?
c.What happens to its resistivity?
Ans.a. ohm metre.‍(Ωm)
b. Resistance will be halved.
c. There is no change in its resistivity.
16. XY is a uniform nichrome wire of high resistance.
a. What is the unit of resistance?
b. The end J is made to contact at P first and then at Y. When
does the lamp glow with more brightness? Justify your answer.

Ans.a. ohm (Ω)

b. Brightness will be greater when it touches at P. Because when it touches at P, only half of the resistance wire
includes in the circuit and hence resistance in the circuit will be small.
17. AB is a metal wire. What will happen to the brightness of the lamp, if the wire is getting heated? Why?
Ans. When it is heated, its resistance will be increased and hence brightness of the lamp will decrease.
18. "In parallel connection of cells, current will not be changed even if
the number of cells are increased"
a. Is the statement true?
b. If yes what is the use of this type of arrangement?
Ans.a. The statement is true.
b. When we need large current for longer time, parallel combination of
sufficient number of cells is more convenient.
19. a. Identify the component marked as X in the circuit.
b. Redraw the circuit by including an ammeter and a voltmeter.
Ans.a. Resistor.

20.Identify the following device/tools related to electric current or circuit. And Write down their use.

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Ans.a. Multimeter: For measuring voltage, current and resistance. It is also used to check whether a circuit is
open or closed.
(b): Electric tester: It is used to check the presence of current. And it can also be used as screw driver.
(c): Soldering Iron: It is used to solder the ends of wires and electronic components in a circuit.
(d). Clamp Ammeter: It is used to measure current in a circuit without connecting
wires or devices in the circuit.
21. a. Calculate the current in the circuit.
b. State the law used to calculate current.
Ans.a. Current, I = V/R = 6/3 = 2A
b. When temperature remains constant, the current through a conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference between its ends.
22. In the circuit, AB is a nichrome wire and the current in the circuit is 2A.
a. What is the resistance of the wire AB?
b. If the wire AB is stretched to double its length,
i. what will be the resistance then?
ii. what will be the current?
Ans. a. Resistance R = V/I = 6/2 = 3 Ω
b.i. When it is stretched, its length will be doubled and thickness will be halved. Therefore the resistance will be
increased to four times.
So the new resistance = 4x3 = 12 Ω
ii.Current, I = V/R = 6/12 = ½ A
23. There are two Dry cells and a resistor in the
circuit. Emf of the cell is 1.5V .
a. How are the cells connected in the circuit?
b. What will be the voltage available across the
resistor?
c. Calculate the current in the circuit.
Ans.a. in series.
b. V = 1.5 +1.5 = 3V
c. Current, I = V/R = 3/1.5 = 2A

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7.Wave motion
Wave motion.
Wave motion is the propagation of disturbances, produced in one part of a medium to the other parts by the
vibration of its particles.
Water wave, light wave, sound wave etc are examples for wave motion. All waves do not need medium for
propagation. The waves which need a medium for propagation are mechanical wave. Water waves and sound
waves are mechanical waves.
Mechanical waves are classified into two, namely transverse
waves and longitudinal waves.
Transverse waves:- The waves in which the particles of the
medium vibrate in a direction perpendicular to the direction of
propagation of the wave is called transverse wave.
Waves formed on water surface is a transverse wave.
Characteristics of waves‍
1. Amplitude(a):
The maximum displacement of a particle from its mean position is
amplitude. It is denoted by the letter 'a'.
2.Period(T): It is the time taken for a particle to make one complete
vibration.
3. Frequency(f): Frequency is the number of vibrations in one second.
Frequency, f = n/t where n – number of vibrations and t is the time
taken for n vibrations.
It is also equal to, f = 1/T. Unit of frequency is herts (Hz).
4. Wavelength (λ)
Wavelength is the distance advanced by the wave by the time a particle completes one vibration. Its unit is
metre.
5. Speed of the wave (v): It is the distance travelled by the wave in one second.
Speed of the wave, v = fλ . Unit of speed is m/s.
Crests and Troughs.
The graphic representation of a transverse wave is given. In the
figure the elevated portions from mean positions are crests and the
depressed portions are are troughs. In this figure A and E are crests
and C&G are troughs.
The distance from one crest to the adjacent crest or the distance
from one trough to the adjacent trough is the wavelength of
transverse wave.
Relation between wavelength and frequency.
For a wave of constant speed, frequency and wavelength is inversely proportional.
Longitudinal Wave
Longitudinal wave is a wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate in a direction parallel to the direction
of the propagation of the wave. Sound wave is an example for longitudinal wave. The compressions(C) and
rarefactions (R) in the medium are responsible for the propagation of a longitudinal wave through a medium.
The distance between two successive compressions or two successive rarefaction is the wave length of a
longitudinal wave. The propagation of sound through air is pictured below. The letters 'C' & 'R' indicate the
compressions and rarefactions respectively.

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Speed of Sound:
Sound travels through solid,liquid and gaseous medium. But the speed is different in different media. It is
through solid, sound travels with greatest speed. And it is least in gases. Speed of sound also depends on
temperature. Speed of sound increases with temperature of the medium.
Reflection of Sound.
Sound reflects like light when hits on surfaces. The rate of reflection is greater from smooth surfaces.
Multiple reflection of sound.
Sound getting reflected repeatedly from different objects is multiple reflection.
Multiple reflection of sound is made use of in Megaphone, Hone, Stethoscope, musical instruments like
trumpets, shehanai etc.
Reverberation.
The booming of sound due to multiple reflection of sound from various objects in a hall is called Reverberation.
Persistence of audibility is responsible for reverberation. The sensation of hearing produced by a sound is
retained for a period 0.1 s . This characteristics of ear is called persistence of audibility.
Echo.
Echo is the phenomenon of hearing a sound by reflection from a surface after hearing the original sound. Echo
is felt only if the distance from the source to the reflecting surface is 17 m.
Acoustics of building.
It is the branch of science that deals with the conditions to be fulfilled in the construction of a building for clear
audibility. Giving curvature to the ceiling , using sound board, making rough the walls, using carpets and
curtains etc are methods being employed in this respect.
Ultrasonic Sound.
Audible limit of human beings is from 20 Hz to ‍ 20000 Hz. The sound of frequency greater than 20000Hz is
called Ultrasonic sound.
Uses of Ultrasonic sound.
i. It is used to clean spiral tubes, machine parts etc than cannot be cleaned directly using articles like brush.
Object to be cleaned is dipped in a suitable solution and Ultrasonic waves are passed through the solution. The
highly vibrating solution detaches grease, dust etc from the object.
ii. It is used to detect cracks and flaws in large metal blocks.
iii. Ultrasonic waves are used in Echocardiography and Ultrasonography which are the tools for diagnosis and
treatment.
iv. Ultrasonic sound is used in SONAR which is used to measure depth
of ocean.
The Ultrasonic waves that are sent from the water surface gets reflected
from the bottom of the sea. The distance from the surface of water to
the bottom bed of the sea can calculated from the time of travel.
Let ‘h’ be the depth of ocean, ‘t’ be the time and 'v' be the speed of
sound through sea water,
then, 2h = vt Or h = vt/2
Seismic Waves..
Seismic waves form as a result of Earth's Quakes and volcanic
eruptions. They originate from epic centre of earth quake. Seismology
is the study of seismic waves. It is in Richter scale, the intensity of
Earth Quake is measured. Seismic waves are classified into three; namely Primary Waves (P waves),
Secondary waves (S waves) and Surface waves. Of these waves, Primary wave is the fastest wave.
There are two kinds of surface waves. They are Rayleigh waves and Love waves. Surface waves are the reason
for major damages caused by Earthquake. The amplitude of the waves obtained using seismograph determines
the intensity of an Earthquake.
Tsunami is series of Gigantic waves forms in water as a result of underwater Earthquakes. It causes large scale
destructions in coastal regions. DART is the system that gives warning about Tsunami.

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7. Waves: Practice Questions & Answers.

1. 1.The period of a wave is 0.2 s. Find its frequency.
Ans. frequency f = 1/T = 1/0.2 = 10/2 = 5 Hz
2. Some features of a wave are given.
i. have Compressions and Rarefactions..
ii. particles of the medium vibrates parallel to the direction of the wave.
a. Identify the wave. b. Give one example for such wave.
Ans.a. Longitudinal Wave. b. Sound.
3. Calculate the speed of the wave of frequency 10Hz and wavelength 2m.
Ans. Speed of the wave, v = fλ = 10x2 = 20m/s
4. It is depicted the propagation of a wave through a medium.
a. What kind of wave is this?
b. What do C& R represent in the picture?
c. The distance from one C to the next C is ...... of the wave.
(amplitude/frequency/wavelength)
Ans.a. Longitudinal wave.
b. C – Compression. R- Rarefaction.
c. Wavelength.
5. Write down the two major differences between Longitudinal Wave and Transverse wave.
Transverse wave. Longitudinal Wave
Particles of the medium vibrates perpendicular Particles of the medium vibrates parallel to the
to the direction of the wave. direction of the wave.
Have Crest and Troughs. Have Compressions and Rarefactions.

6. The wave shown in the figure travels 24 m in 0.5 s.

a. In the picture, the points marked as ‍A,E&I are .... of the waves.
(Compressions/ Rarefactions/Crests/Troughs)
b. Locate two pints which are in the same state of vibration as that of C.
c. Find three points in the mean
position which are in the same
state of vibration.
d. Find wavelength and
amplitude of the wave.
e. Calculate the frequency of the
wave.
f. What is the speed of the
wave?
Ans.a.Crests. b. G&K . c. B,F&J OR ‍D,H&L
d. Wavelength = 8m Amplitude = 2 cm
e. Frequency, f = n/t = 3/0.5 = 30/5 = 6Hz.
f. Speed of the wave, v = fλ = 6x8 = 48 m/s
7. The rate of reflection at rough surface is ....... (more/less)
Ans. less.
8. What feature of sound is made use of in stethoscope?
Ans. Multiple reflection.
9. Give a few examples for the devices in which multiple reflection of sound is made use of.
Ans. Stethoscope, hone‍,megaphone, trumpet, sound board.
10. What is reverberation?
Ans. Reverberation is the persistence of sound as a result of multiple reflection.
11. A sound reaches our ears retains there for a short interval of time.
a. What is called this characteristics of ear? b. How long does it retain?
Ans.a. Persistence of vision. b. 1/10 s

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12. Echo is the phenomenon of hearing a sound after hearing the original sound.
a. Which phenomenon of sound is responsible for this?
b.What should be the minimum distance between listener and reflecting surface if sound travels through air?
c. What will be the change in this distance if sound travels through water?
Ans.a. Reflection of sound. b. 17 m c. Greater than 17m.
13. What is acoustics of building?
Ans. It is the branch of science that deals with the conditions to be fulfilled in the construction of a building for
clear audibility.
14. What all the things can we do in halls for getting clear audibility?
Ans. Makes the wall rough, use carpets at the floor, use folded curtains on the walls.
15. What is the audible limit of human beings?
Ans. From 20 Hz to ‍ 20000Hz .
16. What is known as ultrasonic sound?
Ans. Sound with a frequency greater than 20000Hz is called ultrasonic sound.
17. What is called the sound having frequency above 20000Hz?
Ans. Ultrasonic sound.
18. Ultrasonic sound can be used to take image of heart. What is called this?
Ans. Echo cardiography.
19. What is SONAR ? Identify the wave used in this device.
Ans. SONAR is a device used to measure depth of ocean. Ultrasonic waves are used in this device.
20. Give a few uses of ultrasonic wave.
Ans. It is used in SONAR, Echo cardiography, ultrasonography. It is also used to detect cracks and flaws in
large metal blocks.
21. Give two examples for the utilisation of ultrasonic wave in medical field.
Ans.Echo cardiography and Ultrasonography.
22. Ultrasonic waves from a ship hits a rock at the bottom of the sea and comes back after 0.4s. Calculate the
distance to the rock from the ship. Speed of sound through sea water is 1520 m/s.
Ans. time taken for to and fro journey ,t = 0.4 s
Speed of the wave,v = 1520 m/s
total distance travelled by the wave, s = vt = 1520x0.4 = 608 m
Distance to the rock from the ship = s/2 = 608/2 = 304 m
23. The after effects of of Earth quake, Volcano etc at one region causes disaster in other regions also.
a. Name the waves responsible for this.
b. What is used to measure intensity of this wave?
Ans.a. Seismic waves..
b. Richter scale.
24. The study of seismic wave is known as seismology.
a. Which are the various seismic waves?
b. Of these which has highest speed?
Ans.a.Primary waves‍(P – waves), Secondary waves‍(S – Waves‍), surface waves.
b. Surface waves.
25. Two kinds of surface waves formed at the time of Earth quake are responsible for the major disaster. Name
the two waves.
Ans. Rayleigh waves and Love waves.
26. Limit of audibility to human beings is 20Hz to 20000Hz. If so what will be the limit of wavelength of sound
waves that are audible to human beings? (speed of sound in air = 340 m/s)
Ans. λ1 = 340/20000 = 0.017 m λ2 = 340/20 = 17 m
That is, the sound waves having wavelengths from 0.017m to 17 m is will be audible to human beings.
27. Wavelength of a sound having frequency 2kHz is 35 cm. How much time will it take to travel 100 m?
Ans. Speed of the wave,v = fλ = 2x1000x0.35 = 700m/s
Time required to travel 1500m , t = s/v = 1500/700 = 2.1 s
28. The speed of a sound wave is 340 m/s and its wavelength is 34m. Is it audible to human beings? Justify
your answer.

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Ans. Frequency of the wave, f = v/λ = 340/34 = 10 Hz.

Since the frequency is less than 20Hz (less than audible limit) it is inaudible to human beings.
29. Calculate the frequency of the wave having wavelength of 1.5 km and speed 340 m/s.
Ans. Frequency of the wave, f = v/λ = 340/1500 = 0.23 Hz.
30. In auditoriums,curved sound boards are placed behind the screen. What is the need of this?
Ans.It helps to reach sound everywhere in the hall by the multiple reflection of sound.
31. Fill the second pair according to the first.
a. sound: longitudinal wave; waves on water surface: ..........
b. Transverse wave: Particles are vibrated perpendicular to the direction of wave; Longitudinal wave: ……
c. amplitude: metre‍; frequency: …….
d. Stethoscope: Multiple reflection; Snar‍: …….
Ans.a. Transverse wave
b. Particles are vibrated parallel to the direction of wave
c. hertz. d. reflection.

2023-24

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