PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Asingan, Pangasinan
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL EDUCATION

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

INTRODUCTION

Much has changed since time immemorial. Human beings have encountered many changes over the
last century especially in their social relationships and social structures, of these changes, one can say that
globalization is a very important change, if not, the most important. (Bauman, 2003)
So what is Globalization? This question is probably an easy one to answer, however, many scholars
gave and tried to formulate its definition. This resulted into different contradicting views about the concept. It
cannot be contained within specific time frame, all people, and all situations (Al-Rhodan, 2006).aside from
this, globalization encompasses a multitude of process that involves the economy, political systems, and
culture. Social Structure, therefore, are directly affected by globalization.
Some view globalization as a positive phenomenon.
Thomas Larsson (2001)( Swedish journalist)-saw globalization as “a process of world shrinkage, of
distances getting closer, things moving closer”. It pertains to the increasing ease with which somebody on one
of the world can interact, to mutual benefit with somebody on one the other side of the world”.
On the other hand some see globalization as occurring and with regression, colonization, and
destabilization.
In the mid-1990s, MARTIN KHOR, the former president of the Third World Network(TWN) in
Malaysia, once regarded globalization as colonization.

The Task of Defining Globalization

Literature on the definitions of globalization revealed that definitions could be classified as either.
a.) Broad and inclusive
Ex. Ohmae in 1992-“globalization means that onset of the borderless world”
b.) Narrow and exclusive-are better justified but can be limiting, in the sense that their application
adhere to only particular definitions.
Ex. Robert Cox’s- “ the characteristics of globalization trend include the internationalizing of
production, the ne international division of labor, new migratory movements from the South to
North, the new competitive environment that accelerates these processes, and the internationalizing
of the state…making states into agencies of the globalizing world”.
A more recent definition was given by RITZER(2015),-“globalization is a transplanetary process or set
of process involving increasing liquidity and the growing multidirectional flows of people, objects, places, and
information as well as the structures they encounter and create that are barriers to, or expedite, those flows….”

Generally, this definition assumes that globalization could bring either or both integration and/or
fragmentation. Although things flow easily in a global world, hindrances or structural blocks are also present.
These blocks could slow down one’s activity in another country or could even limit the places a person can
visit.

If so, why are we going to spend studying this concept? How can we appreciate these definitions? How
can these help us understand globalization?

First, the perspective of the person who defines globalization shapes its definition. ARJUN
APPADURAI- “ globalization is a ‘world of things’ that have different speeds, axes, points of origin and

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termination, and varied relationships to institutional structures in different regions, nations, or societies”(as
cited in Chowdhury, 2006,p.137).Example, if one sees globalization as positive, the person can say that it is a
unifying force. On the other hand, if it is deemed as creating greater inequalities among nations, globalization
is negatively treated.

Second, to paraphrase the sociologist CESARE POPPI: Globalization is the debate and the debate is
globalization. As Poppi wrote:” The literature stemming from the debate on globalization has grown in the last
decade beyond any individual’s capability of extracting a workable definition of the concept. In the sense, the
meaning of the concept is self-evident, in another, it is vague and obscure as its wide and constantly shifting.
Perhaps, more than any other concept, globalization is the debate about it” ( as cited in Kumar,2003, p.95).

Third, globalization is reality. It is changing as human society develops. It has happened before and is
still happening today. It has happened before and is still happening today. We should expect it to continue to
happen in the future.

Metaphors of globalization

In order for us to better understand the concept of globalization we utilize metaphors. Metaphors make use of
one term to help us better understand another term.

Solid and liquid

Solidity –also refers to barriers that prevent or make difficult the movement of things. Furthermore solid can
be natural or manmade.

Liquidity – liquid, as a state of matter, takes the shapes of its container, moreover, liquid is not fixed. Liquidity
therefor, refers to the increasing ease of movement of people things, information, and places in the
contemporary world.

Flows – are the movement of people, things, places and information brought by the growing “porosity” of
global limitations.

We have established the many definitions of and issues in defining globalization and the metaphors that we
can use to understand easily the concept. We have also looked into its origin and history.

Theories of Globalization

Homogeneity – refers to the increasing sameness in the world as cultural inputs, economic factors, and
political orientations of societies expand to create common practices, same economies, and similar forms of
government.
Homogeneity in culture is often linked to cultural imperialism- means, a given culture influences other
cultures.
Ex. Christianity dominant brought to us by the Spaniards
Americanization- which was defined by Kuisel (1993) as “ import by non-Americans of products, images,
technologies, practices, and behavior that are closely associated with America/Americans “(p.96)
In terms of economy, there is recognition of the spread of neoliberalism, capitalism, and the market
economy in the world (Antonio, 2007)
Global economy crises are also products of homogeneity in economic globalization.
STIGLITZ(2002) for instance, blamed the International Monetary Funds “one-size-fits all” approach which
treats every country in the world as the same. In the end rich countries, become advantageous in the world
economy at the expense of poor countries, which leads to increased inequality among nations.

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 The POLITICAL REALM-also suffers homogenization if one takes into account the emerging similar
models of governance in the world.
BARBER (1995).-said that “McWorld” is existing. It means only one political orientation is growing in today’s
societies.
The global flow of media is often characterized as MEDIA IMPERIALISM. Tv, music, books, and
movie are perceived as imposed on developing countries by the West (Cowen, 2002). Media imperialism cc

undermines the existence of alternative global media originating from developing countries, such as the AL
JAZEERA ( Bielsa, 2008) and the Bollywood ( Larkin,2003), as well as the influence of the local and regional
media. Global media are dominated by a small number of large old corporations. As McChesney(1999) put it,
this is being “ extended from old media to new media”(p.)such as Facebook, Twitter, Google, and Apple’s
iTunes.
As a result, in the long run, the Internet could end up being less deverse and competitive. Independent Media
Center, associated with the alter-globalization movement, helps to counter this trend. It dissemanates
information to facilitate global participation of activist. Hactivists extend activism to the internet by hacking into
computer programs to promote a particular cause.(Juris,2005).
Ritzer (2008)- claimed that, in general, the contemporary world is undergoing the process of Mcdonaldization. It is a
process by which Western societies are dominated by the principles of fast food restaurants.McDonaldization involves
the global spread of rational systems, such as efficiency, calculability, predictability and control.
Ritzer -pointed out that this pocess is “ extended to other businesses, sectors, and geographic areas”.(p.169).
Globalization is contrast to glocalization, is a process wherein nations, corporations, etc.impose themselveson geographic
areas in order to gain profits, power, and so on (Ryan, 2007).
Ritzer- also espoused out the idea that globalization can also be seen as a flow of “nothing” as opposed to “something”
involving the spread of non-places, no-things, non-people, non-services.

Heterogeneity – pertains to the creation of various cultural practices, new economies and political groups
because of the interaction of elements from different societies in the world. It is also associated cultural
hybridization.
-refers to the differences because of their lasting differences or of the hybrids or combinations of cultures that
can be produce through the different transplanetary processes.
- A more specific concept is “Glocalization” coined by Roland Robertson in 1992. To him, as Global
forces interact with local factors or a specific geographic area, the “glocal” is being produced.Economic
issues are not exempted from heterogeneity.
- As Ritzer mentioned “Jihad” it refers to the political groups that are engaged in an “intensification of
nationalism and that leads to greater political heterogeneity throughout the world.

Dynamics of Local and Global Culture

Global flows of culture tend to move more easily around the globe than ever before, especially through
non-material digital forms. There are three perspectives on global cultural flows. These are differentialism,
hybridization, and convergence.

Cultural Differentialism
- Emphasizes the fact that cultures are essentially different and are only superficially affected by global
flows. The interaction of culture is deemed to contain the potential for “catastrophic collision”.
- Samuel Huntingston theory on the clash of civilizations proposed on 1996 best exemplified this
approach.
- According to him, after Cold War, political-economic differences were overwhelmed by new fault
lines, which were primarily cultural in nature. Increasing actions among different “civilization” ( such
as the Sinic, Islamic, Orthodox, and Western) would lead to intense clashes, especially the economic
conflicts between the Western and Sinic civilizations and bloody political conflict between the Western
and Islamic civilizations. This theory has been critiqued for a number of reasons, especially on its
portrayal of Muslims as being “pone to violence”.
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Cultural Hybridization
- Emphasizes the integration of local and global cultures (Cvetkovich and Kellner, 1997).
- Globalization is considered to be creative process which gives rise to hybrid entities that are not
reducible to either the global or the local.
- A key concept is “glocalization” or the interpenetration of the global and local resulting in unique
outcomes in different geographic areas(Giulanotti and Robertson, 2007,p.133)
- Appadurai’s “scapes” in 1996, where global flows involve people, technology, finances, political images,
and media and the disjunctures between them, which leads to the creation of cultural hybrids.

Cultural Convergence
- Stresses Homogeneity introduced by Globalization, cultures are deemed to be radically altered by
strong flows, while cultural Imperialism happens when one culture imposes itself on and tends to
destroy at least parts of another culture. One important critique of cultural imperialism is John
Tomlinson’s idea of “deterritorialization” of culture. Deterritorialization means that it is much more
difficult to tie culture to a specific geographic point of origin.
Turner (2007)-cited the case of Islamic revivalism in Asia which “ is related to the improvement in transportation that
has allowed many Muslims to travel to Mecca, and return with reformist ideas”.

Ummah- a community of believers.

The Globalization of Religion

Globalization has played a tremendous role in providing a context for the current revival and the resurgence of
religion. Today, most religions are not relegated to the countries where they began.

“Accelerated globalization of recent times has enabled co-religionists across the planet
to have a greater direct contact with one another, Global communications, global organizations,
global finance , and the liked have allowed ideas of the Muslims and the universal Christian
Church to be given concrete shape as never before.” – Scholte, 2005

Turner (2007)-cited the case of Islamic revivalism in Asia which “is related to the improvement in transportation that has
allowed many Muslims to travel to Mecca, and return with reformist ideas”.

Ummah- a community of believers.

Globalization transforms the generic “religion” into a world-system of competing and conflicting
religions. This process of institutional specialization has transforms local, diverse and fragmented cultural
practices into recognizable systems of religion. Globalization has, therefore, had the paradoxical effect of
making more self- conscious of themselves as being “world religions”.-As Turner (2007) explained.

“At the same time as being pursued through global channels, assertions of religion identity have, like
nationalist striving, often also been partly a defensive reaction of globalization.”-Scholte (p.245).

“Transplenatary relations have helped to stimulate and sustain some renewals of anti-rationalist faith,
but global network have more usually promoted activities involving rationalist knowledge. Contemporary
revivalist movements have largely replayed a long-term tendency certain religious circles have from to me to
time revolted against modern secularism and scientism” –Scholte (2005,p.261).

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 “Globalization is not only seen as a rival of Islamic ways, but also as an alien force divorced from
Muslim realities. Stressing the negative impact of the loose morals of Western life is a daily features of airwaves
in the Middle East”(p.130)

“Promoting and engaging with it on core and its meaning is the accepting and promoting Western
cultural values and their dominance”(p.131).

Globalization and regionalization

The process reemerged during the 1980’s and heightened after the end of the Cold War in the 1990’s.At first,
it seems that these two are contradicting- the very nature of globalization is, by definition, global while
regionalization is naturally regional. The regionalization of the world system and economic activity undermines
the potential benefits coming out from liberated global economy.

In a 2007 survey, the Financial Times reveled that majority of Europeans consider that globalization brings
negative effects to their societies. (As cited in Jacoby and Meunier, 2010)
“Uncovered globalization”- the treat to be encountered
Managed Globalizations – it refers to all attempts to make globalization more palatable to citizens.
International relation such as:
Association of South East Asian Nation (ASEAN) European Union (UE),The South American trade bloc
,Mercosur.

“The new regionalism is not a barrier to political globalization but, on the contrary, entirely compatible
with it-if not an indirect encouragement”- Hel et al. (2005,p.77).

“One (global) world/many (regional) worlds relationship” regional developments is one part of the
world have affected and fueled regionalization everywhere else in a sort of contagion or domino effect. This, in
effect, along the regionalization process is global in nature. Therefore, is intimately linked on globalization
since it is part of it and it builds on it.-Hunrell (2007).

The argument concerning the relation between regionalization and globalization is perfectly summarized in
this claim:
The age of the economic globalization has also been the age of regionalization, and much as the
analysis of the new regionalism has been devoted to the links between the two tendencies’ Thus, the
regionalism is seen as critical part of the political economy of globalization and the strategies that states (and
other actors) have adopted in the face of globalization…The emergence of regionalism needs to be understood
within the global restructuring of power and production. The many worlds are very closely intertwined with the
character and fate of the one. The core driving force is global even if the manifestation is regional.-
(Hunrell,2007, p.4)

Globalization “goes back to when humans first put a boat into the sea” (Sweeney, 2005, p. 203). We can
understand globalization as “the increased flows of goods., services, capita, people, and information across
borders.” (Jacoby and Meunier, 2010, p.1)

Region – According Mansfield and Milner (1999) is a group of countries in the same geographically specified
area”

Regionalization – according to Hurrell (2007) defined regionalization as the “societal integration and the often
undirected process of social and economic interaction”.
EX. ASEAN and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO).

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Regionalism – the formal process of intergovernmental collaboration between two or more states. (Ravenhill
2008)

Hutington (1996) , on the contrary, believed that culture and identity guide regionalization. As he pu it “in the
post-Cold War world, states increasingly define their interests in civilizational terms.” For him, culture and
identity are civilizations. He identified nine major civilizations: Western, Latin American, African, Islamic,
Sinic, Hindu, Orthodox, Buddhist, and Japanese.
Economic motivation- is arguably the main motivation behind contemporary regionalization.
Ex. Investment group or transnational corporation (TNs)(De Martino and Grabel, 2003).

Chanda (2007) mentioned that commerce, religion, politics and warfare are the urges of people toward a
better life. These are respectively connected to four aspects of globalization and they can be traced all
throughout history: Trade, Missionary Work, adventures and conquest.

Cycles
- For some, globalization is a long term cyclical process and thus, finding its origin will be a daunting
task. It is the Notion to suspect that this point of Globalization will soon disappear and reappear.

Epoch
- Ritzer (2015) cited Therborn’s (2000) ix great epochs of globalization. These are also called “waves”
and each has its own origin. The following are the sequential occurrence of the epochs.
1. Globalization of Religion (Fourth to seventh centuries)
2. European colonial conquest (late fifteenth century)
3. Intra-European wars (late eighteenth to early nineteenth centuries)
4. Heyday of European Imperialism (mid-nineteenth century to 1918)
5. Post world war II period
6. Post-cold war period
Events
- Specific events are also considered as part of the fourth view in explaining the origin of globalization. If
this is the case, hen several points can be treated as the start of Globalization.
Ex. Argued that Roman conquests centuries before Christ were its origin. Gibbon,1998).
In an issue of the magazine the ECONOMIST (2006, January 12).-it considered the rampage
of the armies GENGHIS KHAN into Eastern Europe in the thirteenth century.
ROSENTHAL(2007)- gave premium to voyages of discovery-CHRISTOPHER
COLUMBUS’s discovery of the America in 1942,VASCO GAMA in Cape of Good Hope in
1498, and FERDINAND MAGELLAN’s completed circumnavigation of the globe in 1522.

Recent events could also be regarded as the beginning of globalization with the reference to specific technological
advances in transportation, communication.

 The first transatlantic telephone cable in 1956,

 the first transatlantic television broadcasts in 1962, the founding of the modern internet in 1988,
 and the terrorist attacks on the Twin Towers in New York (2001).

Broader, More Recent Changes

Global changes comprised the fifth view. These broad changes happened in the last haft of the 20 Th
Century. Scholars pointed to these three notable changes as the origin of globalization that we know today.
1. The emergence of United States as the global power (post-World War II).
2. The emergence of Multinational corporations ( MNCs)
3. The demise of the Soviet Union and the End of the Cold War

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Global Demography
- Demographic transition is a singular historical period during which mortality and fertility rates decline
from high to low level in a particular country or region.
-

- The transition started in mid or late 1700’s in Europe. During that time, death rates and fertility began
to decline. High to low fertility happened 200 years in France and 100 years in the United States.
- It was only in the 20th century that mortality decline in Africa and Asia, with the exemption of Japan.
- According to Maddison (2001) life expectancy in India was only 24 years in the early century while the
same life expectancy occurred in China in 1929 until 1931, Fertility decline in Asia did not begin until
the 1950’s and so on.in the case of Japan, it was until the 1930’s that “total fertility rate did not drop
below five births per woman” (Shigeyuki et al, 2002, p. 2015)
- This resulted in rapid population growth after the Second World War, affecting the age structure of
Asia and developing world.
- A remarkable effect of the demographic transition as Shigeyuki et al.(2002) stated, is “the enormous
gap in life expectancy that emerged between Japan and the West on the one hand and the rest of the
world on the other”
-1820, the life expectancy at birth of Japan and the West was 12 years greater than of the other
countries.
-1900, increased by 20 years
-1900-1950, there was an improvement in life expectancy all throughout the world, the gap had
reached 22 years.
-1999 the gap declined to 14 years
- During the 19th century Europe and the West had an increased in share in the world’s population,
from 22.0% to 33.0%, while Asia and Oceania’s contribution dropped 69.0% to 57.7%.
- India and China suffered from economic stagnation and decline during that time.
- Reverse global population during 20th century as Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Oceania had
high levels of population growth rates.
- According to Shigeyuki et al. (2002), population growth shows a more remarkable shift:
between 1820-1980, 69.3% of the world’s population growth occurred in Europe and Western
offshoots.
- Between 1950 and 2000, however only 11.7% occurred in that region.
- The unite nation projected that population growth will be shifted toward Africa. It is estimated that by
2150, the regions’ share to the world population will be almost 20%, relatively much greater than its
share in 1820 (7%) and in 1900 (6%).
- Also in 2150, there will be a project increase of two billion if we combined the population of Asia, Latin
America, and Oceania.
- In terms of age structure, the overall trend in Japan and the West was downward until 1950.Thier
dependency ratio was close to 0.5.It only increased, although temporary, when the baby boom after the
Second World War II occurred. Japan’s dependency ratio, however, increased between 1888-1920.Its
dependency ratio was higher than the West between 1920 and early 1950’s. It dropped in 1970 and
later since its precipitous decline in childbearing during the 1950s and low fertility rates in recent years.
- The developing countries like India and the Philippines had higher dependency ratios than the West
in 1900. A great increase in dependency ratio was caused by the decline in infant and child mortality
and high levels of fertility, with its peak around 1970.
- Dependency ratios started to disappear because there is a decline in global birth rate. Furthermore,
the gap in fertility between the West and the less develop countries became smaller by the 21 st century.
Over the next 10 years, the cases of dependency ratios of these two areas in the world will be reversed
(Shigeyuhi et al., 2002). The aging of population will cause a rise in dependency ratio, starting in the
West.

Global Migration

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 - The nuances of the movements of the people around the world can be seen through the categories of
migrants – “vagabonds” and “tourists” (Bauman, 1998)
- Vagabonds are on the move “because they have to be” they are not faring well in their home countries
and are force to move in the hope that their circumstances will improve.
- Tourist on the other hand, is on the move because they want to be and because they can afford it.
- According to Kritz (2008), those who migrate to find worked are involved in labor migration. Labor
migration is driven by “push’ factors (e.g., lack of employment opportunities in home countries) as well
as “pull” factors (work available elsewhere.)
Labor migration- mainly involves the flow of less-skilled and unskilled workers, as well as illegal immigrants
who live on the margins of the host society ( Landler, 2007).

Shamir (2005)-discussed that the state may seek to control migration because it involves the loss of a part of
the workforce. An influx of migrants can lead to conflicts with local residents.

Moses (2006)- concern about terrorism also affects the desire of the state to restrict population flows.

Ritzer, (2015)- migration is traditionally governed either by “ push” factors such as political persecution,
economic depression, war, and famine in the home country or by “ pull” factors such as a favorable
immigration policy, a labor shortage, and a Global factors, which facilitate easy access to information about the
country of destination, also exert a significant influence.

Countries with illegal immigrants

Great Britain, Switzerland, and Greece as well as countries in Asia.
Malkin (2007)- according to him Philippines is one of the leaders when it comes to the flow of remittances
($14.7 billion), next to India ($24. 5 billion) and China $21.1 billion).

Immanuel Wallerstein
- Globalization represents the triumph of a capitalist world economy tied together by a global dividision
of labour.

David Harvey
- The compression of time and space

Martin Albrow
- All those processes by which the people of the world are incorporated into a single world society.

Anthony Giddens
- Globalization can thus be defined as the intensification of worldwide of worldwide social relations
which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many
miles away and vice versa.

Arjun Appadurai
- The critical point is that both sides of the coin of global cultural process today are products of the
infinitely varied mutual contest o sameness and difference on stage characterized by radical
disjunctures between different sorts of global flows and the uncertain landscapes created in and
through these disjunctures.

Peter Dicken
- Globalization is qualitatively different from internationalization.. it represents more advanced and
complex form of internationalization which implies a degree of functional integration between
internationall dispersed economic activities.

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Kenichi Ohmae
- Globalisation means the onset of a borderless world.

Rolan Robertson
- Refers both to the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a
whole.

Robert Cox
- The characteristics of the globalisation trend include the internationalizing of production, the new
internationalizing of production, the new international division of labour, new migratory movements
from south to north, the new competitive environment that accelerates these processes, and the
internationalizing of the state.. Making states into agencies of the globalizing world.

Mike Featherstone
- The process of globalization suggests simultaneously two images of culture.

Hans-Henrik Holm and georg Sorensen

- The intensification of economic, political, social and cultural relations across borders.

Rosabeth Moss Kanter

- The world is becoming a global shopping mall in which ideas and productsare available everywhere at
the same time.

Martin Khor
- Globalization is what we in the third world have for several centuries called colonization.

Robert Spich
- It is a mind-set, an idea set, an ideal visualization, a popular metaphor and, finally, a stylized way of
thinking about complex international development.

David Steingard and dale Fitzgibbons

- Globalization as an ideological construct devised to satisfy capitalism’s need for a new markets and
labour sources and propelled by the uncritical ‘sycophancy” of the international academic business
community.

THE TWENTIETH CENTURY was a turbulent era, marked by two violent global conflicts, a bitter
ideological struggle between two dominant world powers, explosive developments in the realm of science, and
dramatic social change. When it began, the vast majority of the world’s peoples lived on farms, and the horse
was still the most common means of transportation. As it ended, human beings had trod on the moon and
lived in a world increasingly defined by urban sprawl and modern technology.

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain

Why the Industrial Revolution broke out in Great Britain rather than in another part of the
World has been a subject for debate among historians for many decades.
First, improvements in agriculture during the eighteenth century had led to a significant increase in
food production.
A second factor was the rapid increase in national wealth. Two centuries of expanding trade had
provided Britain with a ready supply of capital for investment in the new industrial machines and the factories
that were required to house them.

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The Invention of Electricity was a major new form of energy that proved to be of great value since it could be
easily converted into other forms of energy, such as heat, light, and motion, and moved relatively effortlessly
through space by means of transmitting wires.

The Internal Combustion Engine The development of the internal combustion engine had a similar effect.
The processing of liquid fuels---petroleum and its distilled derivatives---made possible the widespread use of
the internal combustion engine as a source of power in transportation.

Trade and Manufacturing - the growth of industrial production depended on the development of markets for
the sale of manufactured goods. Competition for foreign markets was keen, and by 1870, European countries
were increasingly compelled to focus on promoting domestic demand.

The First Department Store - In the middle of the nineteenth century, a new way to promote the sale of
manufactured goods first appeared in Europe—the department store. First of its kind was Au Bon Marche
founded by the onetime traveling salesman Aristide Boucicaut in 1872.

Toward a World Economy

The economic developments of the late nineteenth century, combined with the transportation
revolution that saw the growth of marine transport and railroads, fostered a true world economy.

Changing Roles for Women - The position of women during the Industrial Revolution was also changing.

REFERENCES:

Aldama, Prince Kennex Reguyal (2018) The Contemporary World. Quezon City: REX Book Store, Inc.

Brazalote et.al. (2019) The Contemporary World: Outcome-Based Module. Quezon City: C & E Publishing,
Inc.

Claudio, Lisandro, et.al. The Contemporary World.C&E Publishing Bookstore.

Steger, Manfred B., Paul Battersby, and Joseph M. Siracusa, eds. 2014.The SAGE Handbook of
Globalization. Two volumes. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.

“Excellence is a won by training and habituation. We do not act rightly because we have
virtue of excellence, but we rather have those because we have acted rightly. We are what we
repeatedly do. Excellence then is not an act but a habit.” -Aristotle 

Prepared by:

MR. MICHAEL JERVIN S. LEAÑO

Instructor I, College of Education

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