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Advanced Statistics
PROJECT BUSINESS REPORT
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DSBA

ROHINI ROKDE
ADVANCED STATISTICS BUSINESS REPORT
 Contents
Problem 1
1.1 What is the probability that a randomly chosen player would suffer an injury?......2
1.2 What is the probability that a player is a forward or a winger?....................................2
1.3 What is the probability that a randomly chosen player plays in a striker position
and has a foot injury?.....................................................................................................................2
1.4 What is the probability that a randomly chosen injured player is a striker?..............2
1.5 What is the probability that a randomly chosen injured player is either a forward
or an attacking midfielder? ……………………………………………………………………………………….2

Problem 2
2.1 What are the probabilities of a fire, a mechanical failure, and a human error
respectively?....................................................................................................................................2
2.2 What is the probability of a radiation leak?.......................................................................2
2.3 Suppose there has been a radiation leak in the reactor for which the definite
cause is not known. What is the probability that it has been caused by:……………………2

Problem 3
3.1 What proportion of the gunny bags have a breaking strength less than 3.17 kg per
sq cm?................................................................................................................................................2
3.2 What proportion of the gunny bags have a breaking strength at least 3.6 kg per sq
cm.?....................................................................................................................................................2
3.3 What proportion of the gunny bags have a breaking strength between 5 and 5.5
kg per sq cm.?..................................................................................................................................2
3.4 What proportion of the gunny bags have a breaking strength NOT between 3 and
7.5 kg per sq cm.?...........................................................................................................................2
 

Problem 4
4.1 What is the probability that a randomly chosen student gets a grade below 85 on
this exam?........................................................................................................................................2
4.2 What is the probability that a randomly selected student scores between 65 and
87?......................................................................................................................................................2
4.3 What should be the passing cut-off so that 75% of the students clear the exam?.2

ADVANCED STATISTICS BUSINESS REPORT

Problem 5
5.1 Earlier experience of Zingaro with this particular client is favorable as the stone
surface was found to be of adequate hardness. However, Zingaro has reason to
believe now that the unpolished stones may not be suitable for printing. Do you think
Zingaro is justified in thinking
so?...............................................................................................3
5.2 Is the mean hardness of the polished and unpolished stones the same?...................3

Problem 6
Aquarius health club, one of the largest and most popular cross-fit gyms in the
country has been advertising a rigorous program for body conditioning. The program
is considered successful if the candidate is able to do more than 5 push-ups, as
compared to when he/she enrolled in the program. Using the sample data provided
can you conclude whether the program is successful? (Consider the level of
Significance as 5%)
Note that this is a problem of the paired-t-test. Since the claim is that the training will
make a difference of more than 5, the null and alternative hypotheses must be
formed accordingly………………………………………………………………………………………………….6

Problem 7
7.1 Test whether there is any difference among the dentists on the implant hardness. State the
null and alternative hypotheses. Note that both types of alloys cannot be considered
together. You must state the null and alternative hypotheses separately for the two types of
alloys.?..............................................................................................................................................................2

7.2 Before the hypotheses may be tested, state the required assumptions. Are the assumptions
fulfilled? Comment separately on both alloy types.? ………………………………………………………………0

7.3 Irrespective of your conclusion in 2, we will continue with the testing procedure. What do you
conclude regarding whether implant hardness depends on dentists? Clearly state your
conclusion. If the null hypothesis is rejected, is it possible to identify which pairs of dentists
differ?................................................................................................................................................................2

7.4 Now test whether there is any difference among the methods on the hardness of dental
implant, separately for the two types of alloys. What are your conclusions? If the null
hypothesis is rejected, is it possible to identify which pairs of methods differ?.............................2

7.5 Now test whether there is any difference among the temperature levels on the hardness of
dental implant, separately for the two types of alloys. What are your conclusions? If the null
hypothesis is rejected, is it possible to identify which levels of temperatures differ?...................2

7.6 Consider the interaction effect of dentist and method and comment on the interaction plot,
separately for the two types of alloys?............................................................................................................2

7.7 Now consider the effect of both factors, dentist, and method, separately on each alloy. What
do you conclude? Is it possible to identify which dentists are different, which methods are
different, and which interaction levels are different?..........................................................................2

ADVANCED STATISTICS BUSINESS REPORT

Problem 1:
A physiotherapist with a male football team is interested in studying the relationship
between foot injuries and the positions at which the players play from the data
collected.

  Striker Forward Attacking Midfielder Winger Total

Players Injured 45 56 24 20 145

Players Not Injured 32 38 11 9 90

Total 77 94 35 29 235

1.1 What is the probability that a randomly chosen player would suffer an injury?
Solution:
Players injured Total =145 and Total players is 235
Probability that a randomly chosen player would suffer an injury is 145/235,i.e
0.6170.

1.2 What is the probability that a player is a forward or a winger?

Solution:
Probability that a player is forward or a winger i.e mention in table total forward
player is 94 or total winger player is 29, so 94+29=123 and total player is mention
in the table is 235. Probability that a player is forward or a winger=123/235, i.e.
0.523.
1.3 What is the probability that a randomly chosen player plays in a striker position
and has a foot injury?
Solution:
The probability that a randomly chosen player plays in a striker position is 45 and has
a foot injury =45/77, i.e., 0.58

1.4 What is the probability that a randomly chosen injured player is a striker?
Solution: the probability that a randomly chosen injured player is a striker is
45/235=0.191

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1.5 What is the probability that a randomly chosen injured player is either a forward
or an attacking midfielder? 
Solution: the probability that a randomly chosen injured player is either a forward or
an attacking midfielder
P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(AB).
P(A U B) = P(56) + P(24) – P(56*24).

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 Problem 2:
An independent research organization is trying to estimate the probability that an
accident at a nuclear power plant will result in radiation leakage. The types of
accidents possible at the plant are, fire hazards, mechanical failure, or human error.
The research organization also knows that two or more types of accidents cannot
occur simultaneously.
According to the studies carried out by the organization, the probability of a radiation
leak in case of a fire is 20%, the probability of a radiation leak in case of a mechanical
50%, and the probability of a radiation leak in case of a human error is 10%. The
studies also showed the following;
 The probability of a radiation leak occurring simultaneously with a fire is 0.1%.
 The probability of a radiation leak occurring simultaneously with a mechanical failure is
0.15%.
 The probability of a radiation leak occurring simultaneously with a human error is 0.12%.

On the basis of the information available, answer the questions below:

2.1 What are the probabilities of a fire, a mechanical failure, and a human error
respectively?
Solution:
20/100,50/100,10/100
the probabilities of a fire is 0.2, a mechanical failure is 0.5, and a human error is 0.1.

2.2 What is the probability of a radiation leak?

Solution: the probabilities of a fire is 0.2, a mechanical failure is 0.5, and a human
error is 0.1 is a radiation leak.
0.2+0.5+0.1=0.799

2.3 Suppose there has been a radiation leak in the reactor for which the definite
cause is not known. What is the probability that it has been caused by:
 A Fire.
 A Mechanical Failure.
 A Human Error.
Solution: A Fire=0.001 A Mechanical Failure=0.0015 A Human Error=0.0012

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 Problem 3
The breaking strength of gunny bags used for packaging cement is normally
distributed with a mean of 5 kg per sq. centimeter and a standard deviation of 1.5 kg
per sq. centimeter. The quality team of the cement company wants to know the
following about the packaging material to better understand wastage or pilferage
within the supply chain; Answer the questions below based on the given
information; (Provide an appropriate visual representation of your answers, without
which marks will be deducted)

3.1 What proportion of the gunny bags have a breaking strength less than 3.17 kg per
sq cm?
Solution :Norm.cdf (3.17,5,1.5) that is 0.111
proportion of the gunny bags have a breaking strength less than 3.17 kg
per sq cm is 0.1112

3.2 What proportion of the gunny bags have a breaking strength at least 3.6 kg per sq
cm.?
Solution: 1-norm.cdf(3.6,5,1.5) that is 0.824
proportion of the gunny bags have a breaking strength at least 3.6 kg per sq cm is
0.824

3.3 What proportion of the gunny bags have a breaking strength between 5 and 5.5
kg per sq cm.?
Solution
x3=5
z3=(x3-mu)/sigma
x4=5.5
z4=(x4-mu)/sigma
p2=stats.norm.cdf(z3)
p3=stats.norm.cdf(z4)
p4=p3-p2
probability that the gunny bags have a breaking strength between 5 and
5.5 kg per sq cm. is 0.1306

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3.4 What proportion of the gunny bags have a breaking strength NOT between 3 and
7.5 kg per sq cm.?
Solution:Prob = stats.norm.cdf(3,loc=mu,scale=sigma) +1-
stats.norm.cdf(7.5,loc=mu,scale=sigma)
probability that the gunny bags have a breaking strength not between 3
and 7.5 kg per sq cm. is 1.0000

Problem 4
Grades of the final examination in a training course are found to be normally
distributed, with a mean of 77 and a standard deviation of 8.5. Based on the given
information answer the questions below.
 
4.1 What is the probability that a randomly chosen student gets a grade below 85 on
this exam?
Solution: probability that a randomly chosen student gets a grade below
85 on this exam is 0.1112

4.2 What is the probability that a randomly selected student score between 65 and
87?
Solution:probability that a randomly selected student scores between 65
and 87 is -0.8013

4.3 What should be the passing cut-off so that 75% of the students clear the exam?
 Solution: 71.26 % should be the passing cut-off so that 75% of the students clear the exam .

Problem 5
Zingaro stone printing is a company that specializes in printing images or patterns on
polished or unpolished stones. However, for the optimum level of printing of the
image the stone surface has to have a Brinell's hardness index of at least 150.
Recently, Zingaro has received a batch of polished and unpolished stones from its
clients. Use the data provided to answer the following (assuming a 5% significance
level);
 
5.1 Earlier experience of Zingaro with this particular client is favourable as the stone
surface was found to be of adequate hardness. However, Zingaro has reason to
believe now that the unpolished stones may not be suitable for printing. Do you think
Zingaro is justified in thinking so?
Solution:

ADVANCED STATISTICS BUSINESS REPORT

𝐻0= Zingaro has reason to believe now that the unpolished stones may suitable for
printing
H1= Zingaro has reason to believe now that the unpolished stones may not be
suitable for printing
P value 0.00146 is less than Significance level 0.05 hence we reject the null
hypothesis.
However, Zingaro has reason to believe now that the unpolished stones may not be
suitable for printing. Yes, Zingaro is justified in thinking so.
5.2 Is the mean hardness of the polished and unpolished stones the same?
Solution:

Problem 6
Aquarius health club, one of the largest and most popular cross-fit gyms in the
country has been advertising a rigorous program for body conditioning. The program
is considered successful if the candidate is able to do more than 5 push-ups, as
compared to when he/she enrolled in the program. Using the sample data provided
can you conclude whether the program is successful? (Consider the level of
Significance as 5%)
Note that this is a problem of the paired-t-test. Since the claim is that the training will
make a difference of more than 5, the null and alternative hypotheses must be
formed accordingly.

Problem 7
Dental implant data: The hardness of metal implant in dental cavities depends on
multiple factors, such as the method of implant, the temperature at which the metal is
treated, the alloy used as well as on the dentists who may favour one method above
another and may work better in his/her favourite method. The response is the
variable of interest.
Dental implant data: The hardness of metal implant in dental cavities depends on
multiple factors, such as the method of implant, the temperature at which the metal is
treated, the alloy used as well as on the dentists who may favour one method above
another and may work better in his/her favourite method. The response is the
variable of interest.
1. Test whether there is any difference among the dentists on the implant hardness. State
the null and alternative hypotheses. Note that both types of alloys cannot be considered

ADVANCED STATISTICS BUSINESS REPORT

 together. You must state the null and alternative hypotheses separately for the two types
of alloys.?
2. Before the hypotheses may be tested, state the required assumptions. Are the
assumptions fulfilled? Comment separately on both alloy types.? 
3. Irrespective of your conclusion in 2, we will continue with the testing procedure. What do
you conclude regarding whether implant hardness depends on dentists? Clearly state your
conclusion. If the null hypothesis is rejected, is it possible to identify which pairs of
dentists differ?
4. Now test whether there is any difference among the methods on the hardness of dental
implant, separately for the two types of alloys. What are your conclusions? If the null
hypothesis is rejected, is it possible to identify which pairs of methods differ?
5. Now test whether there is any difference among the temperature levels on the hardness
of dental implant, separately for the two types of alloys. What are your conclusions? If the
null hypothesis is rejected, is it possible to identify which levels of temperatures differ?
6. Consider the interaction effect of dentist and method and comment on the interaction
plot, separately for the two types of alloys?
7. Now consider the effect of both factors, dentist, and method, separately on each alloy.
What do you conclude? Is it possible to identify which dentists are different, which
methods are different, and which interaction levels are different?

ADVANCED STATISTICS BUSINESS REPORT