DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY-DASMARIÑAS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY

ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM

THERMODYNAMICS
MODULE 1

BY:

ENGR. EDARDO L. ALASCO

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. MODULE 1 – TWO PHASE SYSTEM / STEAM TABLE AND CHARTS

1.1 GOSPEL READING

1.2 INTRODUCTION

1.3 TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES

1.4 TWO-PHASE SYSTEM

1.4.1 TERMINOLOGIES

1.4.2 PROPERTIES OF STEAM

1.4.3 PROPERTIES OF WET STEAM

1.4.4 STEAM TABLES

1.4.5 Ts DIAGRAM

1.4.6 hs OR MOLLIER DIAGR

1.1 GOSPEL READING

Let us put ourselves in the presence of God..

In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit..

Proverbs 2:6 and 10, “For the Lord gives wisdom, and from His mouth come

knowledge and understanding. For wisdom will enter your heart, and knowledge

will be pleasant to your soul”

St. John Baptist de la Salle..pray for us.. Live Jesus in our hearts..Forever
 1.2 INTRODUCTION

Behavior of Two-Phase Systems.

The definition of a phase, as given by SB&VW, is ``a quantity of matter that is

homogeneous throughout.'' Common examples of systems that contain more than one

phase are a liquid and its vapor and a glass of ice water. A system which has three

phases is a container with ice, water, and water vapor.

We wish to find the relations between phases and the relations that describe the

change of phase (from solid to liquid, or from liquid to vapor) of a pure substance,

including the work done and the heat transfer. To start we consider a system consisting

of a liquid and its vapor in equilibrium, which are enclosed in a container under a

moveable piston, as shown in Figure 8.1. The system is maintained at constant

temperature through contact with a heat reservoir at temperature T , so there can be

heat transfer to or from the system.

[] [] []
Figure 8.1: Two-phase system in contact with constant temperature heat reservoir
 Figure 8.2: P- T relation for a liquid-vapor system

For a pure substance, as shown in Figure 8.2, there is a one-to-one correspondence

between the temperature at which vaporization occurs and the pressure. These values

are called the saturation pressure and saturation temperature.

This means there is an additional constraint for a liquid-vapor mixture, in addition to

the equation of state. The consequence is that we only need to specify one variable to

determine the state of the system. For example, if we specify T, then P is set. In

summary, for two phases in equilibrium, P = P(T). If both phases are present, any

quasi-static process at constant T is also at constant P.

Let us examine the pressure-volume behavior of a liquid-vapor system at constant

temperature. For a single-phase ideal gas we know that the curve would be Pv =

constant . For the two-phase system the curve looks quite different, as indicated in

Figure 8.3.
 Figure 8.3: Pv diagram for two-phase system showing isotherms

Several features of the figure should be noted. First, there is a region in which liquid

and vapor can coexist, bounded by the liquid saturation curve on the left and the vapor

saturation curve on the right. This is roughly dome-shaped and is thus often referred to

as the ``vapor dome.'' Outside of this regime, the equilibrium state will be a single

phase. The regions of the diagram in which the system will be in the liquid and vapor

phases respectively are indicated. Second is the steepness of the isotherms in

the liquid phase, due to the small compressibility of most liquids. Third, the

behavior of isotherms at temperatures below the ``critical point'' (see below) in

the region to the right of the vapor dome approach those of an ideal gas as

the pressure decreases, and the ideal gas relation is a good approximation in

this region.

The behavior shown is found for all the isotherms that go through the vapor dome.

At a high enough temperature, specifically at a temperature corresponding to the

pressure at the peak of the vapor dome, there is no transition from liquid to vapor and

the fluid goes continuously from a liquid-like behavior to a gas-type behavior. This

behavior is unfamiliar, mainly because the temperatures and pressures are not ones

that we typically experience; for water the critical temperature is and the

associated critical pressure is 220 atmospheres.

There is a distinct nomenclature used for systems with more than one phase. In

this, the terms ``vapor'' and ``gas'' seem to be used interchangeably. In the zone where

both liquid and vapor exist, there are two bounding situations. When the last trace of

vapor condenses, the state becomes saturated liquid. When the last trace of liquid

evaporates the state becomes saturated vapor (or dry vapor). If we put heat into a

saturated vapor it is referred to as superheated vapor. Nitrogen at room temperature

and pressure (at one atmosphere the vaporization temperature of nitrogen is 77 K) is a

superheated vapor.

Figure 8.4: Constant pressure curves in Tv coordinates showing vapor dome

Figure 8.4 shows lines of constant pressure in temperature-volume coordinates.

Inside the vapor dome the constant pressure lines are also lines of constant
temperature. It is useful to describe the situations encountered as we decrease the

pressure or equivalently increase the specific volume, starting from a high pressure, low

specific volume state (the upper left-hand side of the isotherm in Figure 8.3). The

behavior in this region is liquid-like with very little compressibility. As the pressure is

decreased, the volume changes little until the boundary of the vapor dome is reached.

Once this occurs, however, the pressure is fixed because the temperature is constant.

As the piston is withdrawn, the specific volume increases through more liquid

evaporating and more vapor being produced. During this process, since the expansion

is isothermal (we specified that it was), heat is transferred to the system. The specific

volume will increase at constant pressure until the right hand boundary of the vapor

dome is reached. At this point, all the liquid will have been transformed into vapor and

the system again behaves as a single-phase fluid. For water at temperatures near room

temperature, the behavior would be essentially that of a perfect gas in this region. To

the right of the vapor dome, as mentioned above, the behavior is qualitatively like that of

a perfect gas.

Figure 8.5: Specific volumes at constant temperature and states within the vapor dome in a
liquid-vapor system
 Referring to Figure 8.5, we define notation to be used in what follows. The

states and denote the conditions at which all the fluid is in the liquid state and the

gaseous state respectively.

The specific volumes corresponding to these states are

For conditions corresponding to specific volumes between these two

values, i.e., for state , the system would exist with part of the mass in a

liquid state and part of the mass in a gaseous (vapor) state. The average

specific volume for this condition is

We can relate the average specific volume to the specific volumes for liquid and

vapor and the mass that exists in the two phases as follows. The total mass of the

system is given by

The volume of the system is

The average specific volume, , is the ratio of the total volume to the total mass of the

system

The fraction of the total mass in the vapor phase is called quality, and denoted by :

In terms of the quality and specific volumes, the average specific volume can be

expressed as

In reference to Figure 8.6, , .

Figure 8.6: Liquid vapor equilibrium in a two-phase medium

Reference:

https://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node61.html
1.3 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES:

By the end of this course, students are expected to:

TLO1. Review the properties of steam

TLO2. Determine properties of steam using tables and charts

TLO3. Solve problems related to steam properties using Steam Tables and charts.

1.4 Two Phase System.

1.4.1 Terminologies:

A. Saturated temperature, 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 – the exact temperature the liquid boils

for a particular pressure.

B. Saturated pressure, 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 – the exact pressure the liquid boils

for a particular temperature.

C. Saturated liquid – a liquid at its saturated temperature and pressure.

D. Saturated vapor – a vapor at its saturated temperature and pressure.

F. Quality, x - a fraction or percentage by mass that is vapor.

Ex. For a 1 kg. of a wet substance of 80% quality, 0.8 kg is vapor

and 0.2 kg is liquid.

G. Percentage moisture, y - a fraction or percentage by mass that is

liquid.

Ex. For a 1 kg. of a wet substance of 80% percentage moisture, 0.2

kg is vapor and 0.8 kg is liquid.

H. Wet vapor – a mixture of vapor and liquid

I. Superheated vapor – a vapor whose actual temperature is greater

than the saturated temperature corresponding to the given

pressure.

J. Degree superheat, oSH – difference in temperature between the

actual temperature and the saturated temperature corresponding to

the given pressure.

K. Compressed liquid - a liquid whose actual pressure is greater

than the saturated pressure corresponding to the given

temperature.

L. Subcooled liquid - a liquid whose actual temperature is lower

than the saturated temperature corresponding to the given

pressure.

1.4.2 Properties of Steam:

A. Specific volume, v – volume per unit mass

𝑣𝑓 - specific volume of a saturated liquid

𝑣𝑓𝑔 – specific volume change when one unit mass of saturated

liquid is evaporated to saturated vapor.

𝑣𝑔 - specific volume of a saturated vapor

and 𝑣𝑓𝑔 = 𝑣𝑔 - 𝑣𝑓
B. Specific enthalpy, h – total heat content of steam

ℎ𝑓 - specific enthalpy of a saturated liquid

ℎ𝑓𝑔 – specific volume change when one unit mass of saturated

liquid is evaporated to saturated vapor.

- latent heat of vaporization

ℎ𝑔 - specific enthalpy of a saturated vapor

and ℎ𝑓𝑔 = ℎ𝑔 - ℎ𝑓

C. Specific internal energy, u – energy within the molecules of the

substance. This energy is in the form of vibrations and motions of

the particles internal to the molecular structure as well as the

motion of the molecules itself.

𝑢𝑓 - specific internal energy of a saturated liquid.

𝑢𝑓𝑔 –specific internal energy change when one unit mass of

saturated liquid is evaporated to saturated vapor.

𝑢𝑔 - specific internal energy of a saturated vapor.

and 𝑢𝑓𝑔 = 𝑢𝑔 - 𝑢𝑓

D. Specific entropy, s – it is a measure of microscopic disorder of

 a substance

𝑠𝑓 - specific entropy of a saturated liquid.

𝑠𝑓𝑔 – specific entropy change when one unit mass of

saturated liquid is evaporated to saturated vapor.

𝑠𝑔 - specific entropy of a saturated vapor.

and 𝑠𝑓𝑔 = 𝑠𝑔 - 𝑠𝑓

Note: Subscript “ f “ refer to saturated liquid condition

Subscript “ fg “ refer to transition from saturated liquid to saturated

Vapor.

Subscript “ g “ refer to saturated vapor condition.

1.4.3 Properties of Wet Steam:

For a wet steam: using x, quality of wet steam

u = 𝑢𝑓 + x 𝑢𝑓𝑔

h = ℎ𝑓 + x ℎ𝑓𝑔

s = 𝑠𝑓 + x 𝑠𝑓𝑔

v = 𝑣𝑓 + x 𝑣𝑓𝑔

likewise, using y, percentage moisture of wet steam

u = 𝑢𝑔 - y 𝑢𝑓𝑔

h = ℎ𝑔 - y ℎ𝑓𝑔

s = 𝑠𝑔 - y 𝑠𝑓𝑔
 v = 𝑣𝑔 - y 𝑣𝑓𝑔

1.4.4 Steam Table

Table 1: Saturated condition , given temperature

Table 2: Saturated condition, given pressure

Table 3: Superheated vapor

Table 4 Compressed liquid

1.4.5 T-s diagram

1.4.6 h-s diagram
Example 1. Given: P = 4 MPa , saturated

Required: T, h, u, s and v

Solution: From Table 2:

a) T = 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 ]𝑃=4 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 250.40oC

𝑲𝑱
h = ℎ𝑔 ]𝑃= 4 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 2801.4
𝒌𝒈

𝑲𝑱
u = 𝑢𝑔 ]𝑃= 4 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 2602.3
𝒌𝒈

𝑲𝑱
s = 𝑠𝑔 ]𝑃= 4 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 6.0701 𝒌𝒈 𝑲

𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑚3 𝒎𝟑
v = 𝑣𝑔 ]𝑃= 4 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 49.78 = 49.78 x 10 -3 = 0.04978
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝒌𝒈
b) T s diagram:
Actual Ts diagram
c) hs diagram
Example 2. Given: P = 4 MPa

x = 80 %

Required: T, h, u, s and v

Solution:

a) Steam Table:

The steam is wet, hence

T = 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 ]𝑃=4 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 250.40oC

𝑲𝑱
h = ℎ𝑓 + x ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 1087.31 + ( 0.80 ) (1714.1 ) = 2,458.58
𝒌𝒈

or if x = 80 % , then y = 20 %

𝑲𝑱
h = ℎ𝑔 - y ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 2801.4 - ( 0.20 ) ( 1714..1 ) = 2,458.58
𝒌𝒈

𝑲𝑱
u = 𝑢𝑓 + x 𝑢𝑓𝑔 = 1082.31 + ( 0.80 ) ( 1520 ) = 2,298.31
𝒌𝒈

𝑲𝑱
or u = 𝑢𝑔 - y 𝑢𝑓𝑔 = 2602.3 - ( 0.20 ) ( 1520 ) = 2,298.31
𝒌𝒈

𝑲𝑱
s = 𝑠𝑓 + x 𝑠𝑓𝑔 = 2.7964 + ( 0.80 ) ( 3.2737) = 5.41536
𝒌𝒈 𝑲

𝑲𝑱
or s = 𝑠𝑔 - y 𝑠𝑓𝑔 = 6.0701 - ( 0.20 ) ( 3.2737 ) = 5.41536
𝒌𝒈 𝑲

𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔
v = 𝑣𝑓 + x 𝑣𝑓𝑔 = 1.2522 + ( 0.80 ) ( 49.78 – 1.2522 ) = 40.074
𝒌𝒈

𝒎𝟑
= 40.074 x 10 -3 𝒌𝒈

𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔
or v = 𝑣𝑔 - y 𝑣𝑓𝑔 = 49.78 - ( 0.20 ) ( 49.78 – 1.2522 ) = 40.074
𝒌𝒈

𝒎𝟑
= 40.074 x 10 -3 𝒌𝒈
b). T s diagram
Actual Ts diagram:
c) h s diagram
Example 3. Given: P = 0.4 M

𝑲𝑱
s = 6. 5
𝒌𝒈 𝑲

Required: T, h , u and v

Solution:

a) Steam Table

To check the condition of steam:

𝑲𝑱
𝑠𝑔 ]𝑃=0.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 6.8959
𝒌𝒈 𝑲

𝑲𝑱
since 𝑠𝑔 ]𝑃=0.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 which is 6. 5 𝒌𝒈 𝑲 → the steam is wet

To illustrate:

to solve for the quality, x

s = 𝑠𝑓 + x 𝑠𝑓𝑔 ]𝑃=0.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎

 𝑠 − 𝑠𝑓
x = x 100
𝑠𝑓𝑔

6.5 −1.7766
x = x 100 = 92.27 %
5.1193

T = 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 ]𝑃=0.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 143.63oC Ans.

h = ℎ𝑓 + x ℎ𝑓𝑔 ]𝑃= 0.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑲𝑱
h = 604.74 + ( 0.9227 )( 2133.8 ) = 2,573.60 𝒌𝒈 Ans

u = 𝑢𝑓 + x 𝑢𝑓𝑔 ]𝑃=0.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑲𝑱
u = 604.31 + ( 0.9227 )( 1949.3 ) = 2,402.93 Ans
𝒌𝒈

v = 𝑣𝑓 + x 𝑣𝑓𝑔 ]𝑃=0.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 𝑣𝑓 + x (𝑣𝑔 − 𝑣𝑓 )]𝑃=0.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎

v = 1.0836 + ( 0.9227 )( 462.5 -1.0836 ) = 426.83 𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔

𝒌𝒈

𝒎𝟑
= 426.83 x 10 -3 Ans
𝒌𝒈
b) T s diagram
Actual T s diagram:
c) h s diagram
Example 4. Given: P = 2 MPa

T = 300oC

Required: h, u, s , v and oSH

Solution:

To check the condition of steam:

𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 ]𝑃=2 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 212.42 oC < 𝑇𝑎𝑐𝑡 which is 300oC → the steam is
superheated
 From Table 3, @ 2 MPa

𝑲𝑱
h = 3023.5 Ans.
𝒌𝒈

𝑲𝑱
u = 2772.6 Ans.
𝒌𝒈

𝑲𝑱
s = 6.7664
𝒌𝒈 𝑲

𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒎𝟑
v = 125.47 = 125.47 x 10 -3 Ans
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈

oSH = 𝑇𝑎𝑐𝑡 - 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 300 – 212.42 = 87.58oC Ans.

Actual Ts diagram:
Actual hs diagram

Example 5. Given: T = 200 oC

𝑲𝑱
h = 2850.1
𝒌𝒈

Find: P , u , s , v , oSH

Solution:

To check the condition of steam:

𝐾𝐽 𝐾𝐽
ℎ𝑔 ] 𝑇=200𝐶 = 2793.2 𝑘𝑔 < ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑡 which is 2850.1 → the steam
𝑘𝑔
is superheated
 𝑲𝑱
From Table 3: @ T = 200oC and h = 2850.1 ( page 32 )
𝒌𝒈

P = 0.6 MPa Ans

𝑲𝑱
u = 2638.9 Ans.
𝒌𝒈

𝑲𝑱
s = 6.9665 Ans.
𝒌𝒈 𝑲

𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒎𝟑
v = 352 = 352 x 10 -3 Ans.
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈

oSH = 𝑇𝑎𝑐𝑡 - 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 ]𝑃= 0.6 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 200 - 158.85 = 41.14 oC Ans.

Actual Ts diagram:
hs diagram
Actual hs diagram:

Example 6. Given: P = 0.6 MPa

T = 257 oC

Required: h

Solution: To check the condition of steam, 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 ]𝑃=0.6𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 158.85 oC

since , 𝑇𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 > 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 ]𝑃=0.6𝑀𝑃𝑎 → the steam is superheated

 From Table 3, at P = 0.6 MPa, there is no 257 oC

For h,

Let x = h] 𝑇=257 𝐶

T h

250 2957.2

257 h] 𝑇=257 𝐶

260 2978.2

by interpolation

260−257 2978.2−𝑥
=
260−250 2978.2−2957.2

3 2978.2−𝑥
=
10 21

3 ( 21)
2978.2 - x = 10

X = 2971.9

𝑲𝑱
hence, h] 𝑇=257 𝐶 = 2978.2 – 6.3 = 2971.9 Ans.
𝒌𝒈

Ts diagram:
Actual Ts diagram:
hs diagram

Actual hs diagram:
Example 7 Given: P = 0.355 Mpa

T = 204oC

Required: s

Solution:

To test the condition of steam: , 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 ]𝑃=0.355𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 139.38 oC (Table 2)

since , 𝑇𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 > 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 ]𝑃=0.355𝑀𝑃𝑎 → the steam is superheated

From Table 3, there is no 0.355 MPa and 204 oC,

0.355 MPa is between 0.34 MPa and 0.36 MPa, and 204 oC is between 200 oC

and 210 oC

@ 0.34 MPa, solving for s

Let x = s] 𝑇=204 𝐶

T s

200 7.2505

204 s] 𝑇=204 𝐶

210 7.2938

210−204 7.2938−𝑥
=
210−200 7.2938−7.2505
 6 7.2938−𝑥
=
10 0.0433

6 (0.0433)
7.2938 – x = 10

x = 7.2938 – 0.02598 = 7.26782

𝐾𝐽
s] 𝑇=204 𝐶 = 7.26782
𝑘𝑔 𝐾

@ 0.36 MPa, solving for s

Let x = s] 𝑇=204 𝐶

T s

200 7.2225

204 s] 𝑇=204 𝐶

210 7.2659

210−204 7.2659−𝑥
=
210−200 7.2659−7.2225

6 7.2659−𝑥
=
10 0.0434

6 (0.0434)
7.2659 – x = 10

x = 7.2659 – 0.02604 = 7.23986

𝐾𝐽
s] 𝑇=204 𝐶 = 7.23986
𝑘𝑔 𝐾
 hence, @ t = 204 oC

Let x = s]𝑃=0.355 𝑀𝑃𝑎

P s

0.34 7.26782

0.355 s]𝑃=0.355 𝑀𝑃𝑎

0.36 7.23986

0.36−0.355 7.23986−𝑥
=
0.36−0.34 7.23986−7.26782

0.005 7.23986−𝑥
=
0.02 −0.02796

0.005 (−0.02796)
7.23986 – x =
0.02

x = 7.23986 – (-0.00699) = 7.24685

𝑲𝑱
hence, s]𝑇=204𝐶
𝑃=0.355 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 7.24685 (by triple interpolation) Ans.
𝒌𝒈 𝑲

Ts diagram:
Actual Ts diagram
hs diagram:
Actual hs diagram:
REFERENCES

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