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    DIP3-Image Enhancement (Histogram Processing)

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    Maggie
    The document discusses image enhancement techniques in digital image processing. It introduces concepts like histogram processing and equalization to improve image contrast and visibility. Histogram equalization works by spreading out the most frequent intensity values in an image's histogram to increase contrast. This flattens and stretches the histogram across the full range of intensities to enhance image details.

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    DIP3-Image Enhancement (Histogram Processing)

    Uploaded by

    Maggie
    28 views32 pages
    The document discusses image enhancement techniques in digital image processing. It introduces concepts like histogram processing and equalization to improve image contrast and visibility. Histogram equalization works by spreading out the most frequent intensity values in an image's histogram to increase contrast. This flattens and stretches the histogram across the full range of intensities to enhance image details.

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    The document discusses image enhancement techniques in digital image processing. It introduces concepts like histogram processing and equalization to improve image contrast and visibility. Histogram equalization works by spreading out the most frequent intensity values in an image's histogram to increase contrast. This flattens and stretches the histogram across the full range of intensities to enhance image details.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    28 views32 pages

    DIP3-Image Enhancement (Histogram Processing)

    Uploaded by

    Maggie
    The document discusses image enhancement techniques in digital image processing. It introduces concepts like histogram processing and equalization to improve image contrast and visibility. Histogram equalization works by spreading out the most frequent intensity values in an image's histogram to increase contrast. This flattens and stretches the histogram across the full range of intensities to enhance image details.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 32

    Digital Image Processing

    Image Enhancement
    (Histogram Processing)
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    Contents
    Over the next few lectures we will look at
    image enhancement techniques working in
    the spatial domain:
    – What is image enhancement?
    – Different kinds of image enhancement
    – Histogram processing
    – Point processing
    – Neighbourhood operations
    3
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    A Note About Grey Levels
    So far when we have spoken about image
    grey level values we have said they are in
    the range [0, 255]
    – Where 0 is black and 255 is white
    There is no reason why we have to use this
    range
    – The range [0,255] stems from display technologes
    For many of the image processing
    operations in this lecture grey levels are
    assumed to be given in the range [0.0, 1.0]
    4
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    What Is Image Enhancement?
    Image enhancement is the process of
    making images more useful
    The reasons for doing this include:
    – Highlighting interesting detail in images
    – Removing noise from images
    – Making images more visually appealing
    5
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    Image Enhancement Examples
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    Image Enhancement Examples (cont…)
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    Image Enhancement Examples (cont…)
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    Image Enhancement Examples (cont…)
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    Spatial & Frequency Domains
    There are two broad categories of image
    enhancement techniques
    – Spatial domain techniques
    • Direct manipulation of image pixels
    – Frequency domain techniques
    • Manipulation of Fourier transform or wavelet
    transform of an image
    For the moment we will concentrate on
    techniques that operate in the spatial
    domain
    10
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    Image Histograms
    The histogram of an image shows us the
    distribution of grey levels in the image
    Massively useful in image processing,
    especially in segmentation
    Frequencies

    Grey Levels
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    Histogram Examples
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    Histogram Examples (cont…)
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    Histogram Examples (cont…)
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    Histogram Examples (cont…)
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    Histogram Examples (cont…)
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    Histogram Examples (cont…)
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    Histogram Examples (cont…)
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    Histogram Examples (cont…)
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    Histogram Examples (cont…)
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    Histogram Examples (cont…)
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    Histogram Examples (cont…)
    A selection of images and
    Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

    their histograms
    Notice the relationships
    between the images and
    their histograms
    Note that the high contrast
    image has the most
    evenly spaced histogram
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    Contrast Stretching
    We can fix images that have poor contrast
    by applying a pretty simple contrast
    specification
    The interesting part is how do we decide on
    this transformation function?
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    Histogram Equalisation
    Spreading out the frequencies in an image
    (or equalising the image) is a simple way to
    improve dark or washed out images
    The formula for histogram
    equalisation is given where sk  T (rk )
      pr ( r j )
    – rk: input intensity k

    – sk: processed intensity


    j 1
    – k: the intensity range

    
    (e.g 0.0 – 1.0) k nj
    – nj: the frequency of intensity j
    – n: the sum of all frequencies j 1 n
    24
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    Equalisation Transformation Function
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    Equalisation Examples
    1
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    Equalisation Transformation Functions

    The functions used to equalise the images in


    Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

    the previous example


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    Equalisation Examples
    2
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    Equalisation Transformation Functions

    The functions used to equalise the images in


    Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

    the previous example


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    Equalisation Examples (cont…)
    3

    4
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    Equalisation Examples (cont…)
    3

    4
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    Equalisation Transformation Functions

    The functions used to equalise the images in


    Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

    the previous examples


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    Summary
    We have looked at:
    – Different kinds of image enhancement
    – Histograms
    – Histogram equalisation

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