& To find the weight of a given body using parallelogram law of vectors. APPARATUS Parallelogram law of forces apparatus (Gravesand’s apparatus), plumb line, two hangers with slotted weights, a body (a wooden block) whose weight is to be determined, thin strong or thread, white drawing paper sheet, drawing pins, mirror strip, sharp pencil, half metre scale, set squares, protractor. THEORY If the body of unknown weight S suspended from middle hanger, balances weights P and @ suspended from other two hangers, then P + @ +S =o or S= YP? +Q? +2PQ cos 0 wn) ‘The unknown weight can be calculated from equation (1). (© Scanned with OKEN Scanner\ECTOR ADDITION 19 Fig, Gravesand’s apparatus PROCEDURE Setup the Gravesand's apparatus with ts board vertical, (tested with the help of pm Tine). ‘Toot that pulleys P, and P, are frictionless, Oil them, if necessary. Fis the white drawing paper sheets on the board with the help of drawing pins ‘Toke thave pisos of strong thread and te their one end together to make knot 0, This knot becomes junction ofthe three threads. From the other ends oftwo threads ties hanger with some slotted weights in each These From ae peights Pand Q. From the ater end of third thread tie he given body S- an ehreade wth weights Pand @ over the pulleys and lt the third thread with given body S, stay vertical in the middle of the bourd. rhea he weights P and @ ores) sich that thesunetion O stayin equilibrium sighy ‘below the middle ofthe paper. ‘The weights P, @ and wooden block S actas three forces Ps @ ana § acting along the thoes threads at the junction 0. The forces are i equilibrium, © Scanned with OKEN Scanner10, nL. 12, 18, u 16, 16. a. 18, 19. \ COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHYSICS yp See that all the weights hang freely and none of them touches the board or the table, Mark the positi turb weights P and @ and leave them. Note position of junetion 0. It must be very close to earlier position. (Ifnot, oi to remove friction.) of junction O on the white paper sheot by a sharp pencil the pulleyy Keeping mirror strip lengthwise under each thread, mark the postion ofthe ends ofthe ‘mage of thread in the mirror, covering the image by the thread (this removes parallax erzor), The position are P, P, for thread of weight P, Q, and Q, for thread of weight and S, 8, for throad of weight S as shown in figure, ‘Fig, Determination of weight ofa wooden block Remove paper from the board. With the help ofa half metre scale draw lines throu Uhrough points @, and Q, to repre ‘These lines must meet at point O. ‘Taking a scale, 1m Q= 150g, igh points P, and P, to represent P, sent @ and through points $, and $, to represent S. em to represent P= 150 g and Complete parallelogram OACB using set squares and join OC. It represents R. Measure OC. It comes to be 3.9 em, For different sets of observation, change Pand @ suitably. Find weight of the wooden block by a spring balance, © Scanned with OKEN Scanner\ECTOR ADDITION a RVATION Least count of spring balance = ou Zero ror of spring balance =... g Weight of unknown body by pring balance Scale. Let 1em=50 cow Tita waist fen omen | Pee met | ® | @ | on 7 on | 0 | feet | mets bad eu) | euw | com | com | com | eur | cud | om | ew xy | 10 | 450 [8 | a] as] 195] 195 | 20) 5 (ote, Observation 1 is given as sample) CALCULATIONS 00=8.9 em, R=50%3.9= 195 ¢ ‘Unknown weight, $= 195 g. Moan unknown weight, $= S++) = 195 ¢ Weight by spring’balance = 200 & Difference = 5 ¢ RESULT ‘The unknown weight of given body = 195 & ‘The error is within the limits of experiment error PRECAUTIONS, . ‘The board should be stable and vertical. . The pulleys should be frictionless. ‘The hangers should not touch the board or table 1 2. 8. 44 Junction O should be in the middle of the paper sheet 5 6 Points should be marked only when weithts are at rest Points should be marked with sharp pencil 7. rows should be marked to show direction of ores 8. A proper scale should be taken to make fairly big parallelogram. ee © Scanned with OKEN ScannerSe annnnneeeemeserssssssemeees SOURCES OF ERROR 1. Pulleys may have friction. 2, Weights may not be accurate. 3. Points may not be marked correctly. 4, Weight measured by spring balance may not be much accurate. —_—_ © Scanned with OKEN Scanner