Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items

of Work

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ESTIMATION AND COSTING
Determination of Quantities of different Items of
Work in Construction

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KIRAN S R
Lecturer in Civil Engineering
Government Polytechnic College
KIR
DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Government of Kerala

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 1/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Contents

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1 Introduction

2 IS 1200

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3 Items & its Units

4 Long wall–Short wall Method

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5 Centreline Method

6 More about Items of Work

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 2/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Introduction
Why do we determine Quantities?

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KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 3/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Introduction
Why do we determine Quantities?

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We know that, Cost of an item of work is determined from:
Quantity x Rate = Cost
Quantity:
the amount or number of a material estimated by spatial
measurement.
expressed in Length, Area or Volume, determined by standard

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mensuration procedures/formula.
Rate:
Cost of unit quantity of an item.
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Referenced from Delhi Schedule of Rates (DSR) or Local Market
Rates (LMR).
Therefore, it is mandatory to determine quantites, for estimation of
cost.
For preparing Detailed Estimate, it is a necessity for the Estimator
to determine the quantities of each item of work involved in the
project.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 3/89
 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Introduction

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Basic Steps involved in Quantification of Items:
1 All items relevant to the work shall be identified from following
sources:
building plans, detailed architectural & structural drawings,
preliminary lay-out drawings of the various services,

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detailed specifications etc.
2 Further, each item of the project should be broken down into its
parts and its dimensions (Length, Breadth, Height, Diameter etc.)
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measured.
3 Quantities (in terms of running metres, area or volume) are then
determined using standard formulas of mensuration, in tabular
form, as shown below.

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 4/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Introduction

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KIR
In booking dimensions, the order shall be consistent and in the
sequence of Length (L), Width (B) and Height/depth/thickness (H).

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 5/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

IS 1200

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IS 1200 (Indian Standard Methods of Measurement of Building and
Civil Engineering Works) was published by Bureau of Indian
Standards, with the intend to bring uniformity in the methods of

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measurement of Civil Engineering works and to standardize the
same.
Therefore, the methods of measurement and determination of
quantities shall strictly adhere to IS 1200.
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IS 1200 has 28 parts – one for each item of work. A list of all parts
is given herewith.

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 6/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Parts of IS 1200
Part 1: Earthwork

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Part 2: Concrete works
Part 3: Brickwork
Part 4: stone masonry
Part 5: Form work
Part 6: Refractory work

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Part 7: Hardware
Part 8: Steel work and iron work
Part 9: Roof covering (including cladding)
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Part 10: Ceiling and linings
Part 11: Paving, floor finishes dado and skirting
Part 12: Plastering and Pointing
Part 13: Whitewashing, colour washing, distempering and painting
of building surfaces
Part 14: Glazing
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 7/89
 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Parts of IS 1200

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Part 15: painting, polishing, varnishing etc
Part 16: laying of water and sewer lines including appurtenant items
Part 18: demolition and dismantling
Part 19: Water Supply, Plumbing and Drains
Part 20: laying of gas and oil pipelines

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Part 21: wood-work and joinery
Part 22: materials
Part 23: piling
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Part 24: well foundations
Part 25: tunneling
Part 26: Acid resistant lining
Part 27: Earthwork done by mechanical appliances
Part 28: Sound insulation works

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 8/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Items & its Units

Consider the following plan of a proposed building (a load bearing

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structure). Study the figure carefully. Identify all relevant items of
work and units of measurement.

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KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 9/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Items & its Units

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AN
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 10/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Items & its Units

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1 Earthwork in excavation (m3 )
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KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 10/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Items & its Units

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1

2
Earthwork in excavation (m3 )
PCC 1:4:8 in foundation (m3 ) AN
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 10/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Items & its Units

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1

2
Earthwork in excavation (m3 )
PCC 1:4:8 in foundation (m3 ) AN
KIR
3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and
basement (m3 )

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 10/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Items & its Units

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1

2
Earthwork in excavation (m3 )
PCC 1:4:8 in foundation (m3 ) AN
KIR
3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and
basement (m3 )
4 Damp-proof Course (m2 )

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 10/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Items & its Units

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1

2
Earthwork in excavation (m3 )
PCC 1:4:8 in foundation (m3 ) AN
KIR
3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and
basement (m3 )
4 Damp-proof Course (m2 )
5 Brickmasonry in CM 1:6 (m3 )

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 10/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Items & its Units

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1

2
Earthwork in excavation (m3 )
PCC 1:4:8 in foundation (m3 ) AN
KIR
3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and
basement (m3 )
4 Damp-proof Course (m2 )
5 Brickmasonry in CM 1:6 (m3 )
6 Centering & Shuttering for RCC works
(m2 )

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 10/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Items & its Units

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1

2
Earthwork in excavation (m3 )
PCC 1:4:8 in foundation (m3 ) AN
KIR
3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and
basement (m3 )
4 Damp-proof Course (m2 )
5 Brickmasonry in CM 1:6 (m3 )
6 Centering & Shuttering for RCC works
(m2 )
7 TMT bars (Fe500 grade) (kg)

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 10/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Items & its Units

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1

2
Earthwork in excavation (m3 )
PCC 1:4:8 in foundation (m3 ) AN
KIR
3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and
basement (m3 )
4 Damp-proof Course (m2 )
5 Brickmasonry in CM 1:6 (m3 )
6 Centering & Shuttering for RCC works
(m2 )
7 TMT bars (Fe500 grade) (kg)
8 RCC 1:1.5:3 (m3 )
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 10/89
 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Items & its Units

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1

2
Earthwork in excavation (m3 )
PCC 1:4:8 in foundation (m3 ) AN 9 Cement Plaster 12mm thick on walls (m2 )
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3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and
basement (m3 )
4 Damp-proof Course (m2 )
5 Brickmasonry in CM 1:6 (m3 )
6 Centering & Shuttering for RCC works
(m2 )
7 TMT bars (Fe500 grade) (kg)
8 RCC 1:1.5:3 (m3 )
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 10/89
 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Items & its Units

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1

2
Earthwork in excavation (m3 )
PCC 1:4:8 in foundation (m3 ) AN 9

10
Cement Plaster 12mm thick on walls (m2 )
Cement Plaster 6mm thick on ceiling (m2 )
KIR
3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and
basement (m3 )
4 Damp-proof Course (m2 )
5 Brickmasonry in CM 1:6 (m3 )
6 Centering & Shuttering for RCC works
(m2 )
7 TMT bars (Fe500 grade) (kg)
8 RCC 1:1.5:3 (m3 )
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 10/89
 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Items & its Units

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1

2
Earthwork in excavation (m3 )
PCC 1:4:8 in foundation (m3 ) AN 9

10
Cement Plaster 12mm thick on walls (m2 )
Cement Plaster 6mm thick on ceiling (m2 )
KIR
3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and 11 PCC 1:2:4 on floors (m3 )
basement (m3 )
4 Damp-proof Course (m2 )
5 Brickmasonry in CM 1:6 (m3 )
6 Centering & Shuttering for RCC works
(m2 )
7 TMT bars (Fe500 grade) (kg)
8 RCC 1:1.5:3 (m3 )
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 10/89
 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Items & its Units

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1

2
Earthwork in excavation (m3 )
PCC 1:4:8 in foundation (m3 ) AN 9

10
Cement Plaster 12mm thick on walls (m2 )
Cement Plaster 6mm thick on ceiling (m2 )
KIR
3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and 11 PCC 1:2:4 on floors (m3 )
basement (m3 ) 12 Flooring (tiles etc.) (m2 )
4 Damp-proof Course (m2 )
5 Brickmasonry in CM 1:6 (m3 )
6 Centering & Shuttering for RCC works
(m2 )
7 TMT bars (Fe500 grade) (kg)
8 RCC 1:1.5:3 (m3 )
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 10/89
 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Items & its Units

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1

2
Earthwork in excavation (m3 )
PCC 1:4:8 in foundation (m3 ) AN 9

10
Cement Plaster 12mm thick on walls (m2 )
Cement Plaster 6mm thick on ceiling (m2 )
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3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and 11 PCC 1:2:4 on floors (m3 )
basement (m3 ) 12 Flooring (tiles etc.) (m2 )
4 Damp-proof Course (m2 ) 13 Woodwork in frames of Doors, Windows,
5 Brickmasonry in CM 1:6 (m3 ) etc. (m3 )
6 Centering & Shuttering for RCC works
(m2 )
7 TMT bars (Fe500 grade) (kg)
8 RCC 1:1.5:3 (m3 )
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 10/89
 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Items & its Units

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1

2
Earthwork in excavation (m3 )
PCC 1:4:8 in foundation (m3 ) AN 9

10
Cement Plaster 12mm thick on walls (m2 )
Cement Plaster 6mm thick on ceiling (m2 )
KIR
3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and 11 PCC 1:2:4 on floors (m3 )
basement (m3 ) 12 Flooring (tiles etc.) (m2 )
4 Damp-proof Course (m2 ) 13 Woodwork in frames of Doors, Windows,
5 Brickmasonry in CM 1:6 (m3 ) etc. (m3 )
6 Centering & Shuttering for RCC works 14 White washing / Cement Primer /
(m2 ) Emulsion paints on walls (m2 )
7 TMT bars (Fe500 grade) (kg)
8 RCC 1:1.5:3 (m3 )
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 10/89
 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Items & its Units

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1

2
Earthwork in excavation (m3 )
PCC 1:4:8 in foundation (m3 ) AN 9

10
Cement Plaster 12mm thick on walls (m2 )
Cement Plaster 6mm thick on ceiling (m2 )
KIR
3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and 11 PCC 1:2:4 on floors (m3 )
basement (m3 ) 12 Flooring (tiles etc.) (m2 )
4 Damp-proof Course (m2 ) 13 Woodwork in frames of Doors, Windows,
5 Brickmasonry in CM 1:6 (m3 ) etc. (m3 )
6 Centering & Shuttering for RCC works 14 White washing / Cement Primer /
(m2 ) Emulsion paints on walls (m2 )
7 TMT bars (Fe500 grade) (kg) 15Priming coat / Synthetic Enamel Paint on
3 woodwork (m2 )
8 RCC 1:1.5:3 (m ) Etc.....
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 10/89
 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Items & its Units

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Note that the following items of AN 1 Earthwork in excavation
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2 PCC 1:4:8 in foundation
work are distributed along the
Centreline of walls of the 3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in
building. foundation and basement.
This is because, the building is a 4 Damp-proof Course
load bearing structure. 5 Brickmasonry in CM 1:6
6 RCC 1:1.5:3 in Lintel band
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 11/89
 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Items & its Units

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Such items of work, which are distributed along the Centreline of walls
of a Load-bearing Structure, can be quantified by any on the following
methods:
1 Long wall–Short wall method
2 Centreline method

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 12/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Long wall–Short wall Method (or ”Out-to-out & In-to-in Method”)

Definition:

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This method identifies the walls of the building as Long Walls & Short
Walls, such that:
Long Walls refer to all walls of that building in a single direction,
and are predominantly longer;
Short Walls refer to all other walls of that building, which are

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perpendicular to the direction of Long Walls.
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KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 13/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Long wall–Short wall Method (or ”Out-to-out & In-to-in Method”)

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Definition (Contd..):
Here the term ”wall” refers to the legs/sides of any the following
items and not just by its literal meaning.
1 Earthwork in excavation

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2 PCC 1:4:8 in foundation
3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and basement.
4 Damp-proof Course
5 Brickmasonry in CM 1:6
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6 RCC 1:1.5:3 in Lintel band
This is because, all these items have same shape in plan, but
differ only in their width (see next slide).

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 14/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Long wall–Short wall Method (or ”Out-to-out & In-to-in Method”)

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AN
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 15/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Long wall–Short wall Method (or ”Out-to-out & In-to-in Method”)

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Definition (Contd..):

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Also note that, all these items have the same Centreline length,
irrespective of their difference in width (see next slide).
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KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 16/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Long wall–Short wall Method (or ”Out-to-out & In-to-in Method”)

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AN
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 17/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Long wall–Short wall Method (or ”Out-to-out & In-to-in Method”)

Since the length of Centrelines of all these items are same, it shall

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suffice to compute its magnitude from the Plan of BRICKWALL
as shown here.

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KIR

Therefore, the Centreline length of Longwall and Shortwall for

other items – Earthwork, PCC, RR masonry, DPC and Lintel band
RCC – is the same as computed above.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 18/89
 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Long wall–Short wall Method (or ”Out-to-out & In-to-in Method”)

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Definition (Contd..):

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Long Walls are expressed in terms of its out-to-out length;
Short Walls are expressed in terms of its in-to-in length.
(See next slide)
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KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 19/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Long wall–Short wall Method (or ”Out-to-out & In-to-in Method”)

SR
AN
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 20/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Long wall–Short wall Method (or ”Out-to-out & In-to-in Method”)

Therefore, the Out-to-out Length of Long walls and the In-to-in Length
of short walls for each of the item may be computed as follows:

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1 Earthwork in excavation and PCC 1:4:8 in foundation:
Longwalls:
ABC: 7.00 + 0.80 = 7.80m
DEF: 7.00 + 0.80 = 7.80m

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GH: 3.10 + 0.80 = 3.90m
Total = 19.50m
Shortwalls:
AD: 4.10 - 0.80 = 3.30m
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BE: 4.10 - 0.80 = 3.30m
CF: 4.10 - 0.80 = 3.30m
DG: 2.10 - 0.80 = 1.30m
Centreline Length of:
EH: 2.10 - 0.80 = 1.30m ABC = DEF = 7.00m
Total = 12.50m GH = 3.10m
AD = BE = CF = 4.10m
Total Length = 32.00m DG = EH = 2.10m
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 21/89
 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Long wall–Short wall Method (or ”Out-to-out & In-to-in Method”)

2 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation:

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Longwalls:
ABC: 7.00 + 0.60 = 7.60m
DEF: 7.00 + 0.60 = 7.60m
GH: 3.10 + 0.60 = 3.70m

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Total = 18.90m
Shortwalls:
AD: 4.10 - 0.60 = 3.50m
BE: 4.10 - 0.60 = 3.50m
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CF: 4.10 - 0.60 = 3.50m
DG: 2.10 - 0.60 = 1.50m Centreline Length of:
ABC = DEF = 7.00m
EH: 2.10 - 0.60 = 1.50m GH = 3.10m
Total = 13.50m AD = BE = CF = 4.10m
DG = EH = 2.10m
Total Length = 32.40m
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 22/89
 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Long wall–Short wall Method (or ”Out-to-out & In-to-in Method”)

3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in Basement and Damp-proof Course:

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Longwalls:
ABC: 7.00 + 0.45 = 7.45m
DEF: 7.00 + 0.45 = 7.45m
GH: 3.10 + 0.45 = 3.55m

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Total = 18.45m
Shortwalls:
AD: 4.10 - 0.45 = 3.65m
BE: 4.10 - 0.45 = 3.65m
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CF: 4.10 - 0.45 = 3.65m
DG: 2.10 - 0.45 = 1.65m Centreline Length of:
ABC = DEF = 7.00m
EH: 2.10 - 0.45 = 1.65m GH = 3.10m
AD = BE = CF = 4.10m
Total = 14.25m DG = EH = 2.10m
Total Length = 32.70m
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 23/89
 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Long wall–Short wall Method (or ”Out-to-out & In-to-in Method”)

4 Brick masonry in CM 1:6 and RCC 1:1.5:3 in Lintel band:

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Longwalls:
ABC: 7.00 + 0.30 = 7.30m
DEF: 7.00 + 0.30 = 7.30m
GH: 3.10 + 0.30 = 3.40m

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Total = 18.00m
Shortwalls:
AD: 4.10 - 0.30 = 3.80m
BE: 4.10 - 0.30 = 3.80m
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CF: 4.10 - 0.30 = 3.80m
DG: 2.10 - 0.30 = 1.80m Centreline Length of:
ABC = DEF = 7.00m
EH: 2.10 - 0.30 = 1.80m GH = 3.10m
AD = BE = CF = 4.10m
Total = 15.00m DG = EH = 2.10m
Total Length = 33.00m
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 24/89
 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Long wall–Short wall Method (or ”Out-to-out & In-to-in Method”)

The Items thus quantified are tabulated as follows:

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Sl. Details of Item No. L B H Quantity
No. (m) (m) (m)
1 Earthwork in 1 32.00 0.80 0.80 20.48m3
excavation

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2 PCC 1:4:8 in 1 32.00 0.80 0.20 5.12m3
foundation
3 RR masonry in
CM 1:6 in
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(a) foundation 1 32.40 0.60 0.60 11.66m3
(b) basement 1 32.70 0.45 0.45 6.62m3
Total 18.28m3
4 D.P.C 1 32.70 1.35 44.15m2
B=0.45+0.45+0.45=1.35m

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 25/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Long wall–Short wall Method (or ”Out-to-out & In-to-in Method”)

Sl. Details of Item No. L B H Quantity

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No. (m) (m) (m)
5 Brickmasonry 1 33.00 0.30 2.85 28.22m3
in CM 1:6
H=2.00+0.85=2.85m

Deductions:

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D 1 1.00 0.30 2.00 -0.60m3
D1 2 0.80 0.30 2.00 -0.96m3
W1 4 1.00 0.30 1.50 -1.80m3
W2 2 1.50 0.30 1.50 -1.35m3
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Total 23.51m3
6 RCC 1:1.5:3 1 33.00 0.30 0.15 1.49m3
in Lintel band
Note: The Item No. 5 referred to as Brickmasonry in superstructure has few sub-items with
negative quantities, to account for wall openings (such as Doors, Windows, Ventilators, etc.) and hence,
whose volumes are duly deducted from the gross volume (computed without considering the effect of wall openings)

of Brickwork.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 26/89
 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Centreline Method

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Definition:
This method involves determination of Centreline length of all
walls of a building.
As in the previous method, this method also bases itself to the fact

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that the Centreline length of all the following items remain the
same.
1 Earthwork in excavation
2 PCC 1:4:8 in foundation
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3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and basement.
4 Damp-proof Course
5 Brickmasonry in CM 1:6
6 RCC 1:1.5:3 in Lintel band

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 27/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Centreline Method

Procedure:

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1 Here, the walls of the building are identified as Outer Walls and
Inner Walls.

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2 The Centreline Length of Outer Walls and Inner Walls are

worked out separately, and thus obtained as say, CLouter and
CLinner respectively.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 28/89
 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Centreline Method
Procedure:

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3 If CLouter and CLinner are known, then Net Length of item is
computed as follows:
Case Type of Building Net Length of the Item
1 Single Roomed Building CLouter +CLinner
(with only 2-wall intersections)
W idth of Item
2 Building with 3-wall CLouter +CLinner – (No. of T-junctions x 2 )
intersections (T-junctions)

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W idth of Item
3 Building with 4-wall CLouter +CLinner – (No. of T-junctions x 2 )
intersections (cross-junctions)
in addition to T-junctions – (No. of cross-junctions x Width of Item)
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 29/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Centreline Method

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Procedure:
Therefore, Centreline Method can be easily used to determine the Net
Length (L) of any of the following items.
Earthwork in excavation

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PCC 1:4:8 in foundation
RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and basement.
Damp-proof Course
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Brickmasonry in CM 1:6
RCC 1:1.5:3 in Lintel band

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 30/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Centreline Method
Centreline method can be used to determine quantities of such
items as follows:

SR
AN
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 31/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Centreline Method

SR
No. of T-junctions in plan = 2
No. of cross-junctions in plan = 1 AN
KIR
Net length of:
Earthwork in excavation
L= 26.40 + 7.20 - (2 x 0.80
2
) - (1 x 0.80) = 32.00m
PCC 1:4:8 in foundation
L= 26.40 + 7.20 - (2 x 0.80
2
) - (1 x 0.80) = 32.00m
RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation
L= 26.40 + 7.20 - (2 x 0.60
2
) - (1 x 0.60) = 32.40m
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 32/89
 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Centreline Method

SR
Net length of:
RR masonry in CM 1:6 in basement AN
KIR
L= 26.40 + 7.20 - (2 x 0.45
2
) - (1 x 0.45) = 32.70m
Damp-proof Course
L= 26.40 + 7.20 - (2 x 0.45
2
) - (1 x 0.45) = 32.70m
Brickmasonry in CM 1:6
L= 26.40 + 7.20 - (2 x 0.30
2
) - (1 x 0.30) = 33.00m
RCC 1:1.5:3 in Lintel band
L= 26.40 + 7.20 - (2 x 0.30
2
) - (1 x 0.30) = 33.00m
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 33/89
 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Centreline Method

The Items thus quantified are tabulated as follows:

SR
Sl. Details of Item No. L B H Quantity
No. (m) (m) (m)
1 Earthwork in 1 32.00 0.80 0.80 20.48m3
excavation

AN
2 PCC 1:4:8 in 1 32.00 0.80 0.20 5.12m3
foundation
3 RR masonry in
CM 1:6 in
KIR
(a) foundation 1 32.40 0.60 0.60 11.66m3
(b) basement 1 32.70 0.45 0.45 6.62m3
Total 18.28m3
4 D.P.C 1 32.70 1.35 44.15m2
B=0.45+0.45+0.45=1.35m

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 34/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

Centreline Method

SR
Sl. Details of Item No. L B H Quantity
No. (m) (m) (m)
5 Brickmasonry 1 33.00 0.30 2.85 28.22m3
in CM 1:6
H=2.00+0.85=2.85m

Deductions:

AN
D 1 1.00 0.30 2.00 -0.60m3
D1 2 0.80 0.30 2.00 -0.96m3
W1 4 1.00 0.30 1.50 -1.80m3
W2 2 1.50 0.30 1.50 -1.35m3
KIR
Total 23.51m3
6 RCC 1:1.5:3 1 33.00 0.30 0.15 1.49m3
in Lintel band

Note that we yielded the same quantities as obtained previously by

Long wall–Short wall method.

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 35/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

1 Earthwork:

SR
Quantity: Generally, measured in Volume (m3 )
Measurement:
Each dimension shall be measured to the nearest 0.01m.
Volumes shall be worked out to the nearest 0.01m3 .

AN
KIR
For the above cases, Volume is determined by:
Volume = Length x Width x Depth
where, for wall foundation, the Length of earthwork in excavation is
determined by Longwall–Shortwall/ Centreline Method.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 36/89
 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

Concrete Work:

SR
2

Plain, Reinforced and Prestressed concrete works shall each be

measured separately.
Quantity: Generally, measured in Volume (m3 )
Measurement:

AN
Dimensions shall be measured to nearest 0.01m, except for the
thickness of slab which shall be measured to nearest 0.005 m.
Volumes shall be worked out to the nearest 0.01m3 .
Exemptions: No deduction shall be made for the following cases:
KIR
for openings ≤0.1m2 .
for the volume occupied by the steel reinforcements.
for volume occupied by pipes, conduits, etc of cross-sectional area
≤100cm2 for PCC and ≤25cm2 for RCC.
for volume occupied by ends of disssimilar materials (eg. steel
beams, posts, etc) of cross-sectional area ≤500cm2 .

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 37/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

2 Concrete Work:

SR
AN
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 38/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

Centering and Shuttering (Formwork):

SR
3

Formwork shall include all temporary or permanent forms or moulds

required for forming the concrete which is cast-in-situ, together with
all temporary construction required for their support.
Quantity: Generally, measured in Area (m2 ), in terms of area of

AN
surfaces in contact with concrete.
Measurement:
Dimensions shall be measured to nearest 0.01m.
Areas shall be worked out to the nearest 0.01m2 .
KIR
Exemptions:
If there are any openings in formwork, no deductions shall be made
for openings ≤0.4m2 .
In grid beam system, where Secondary beams intersect Main
beams, no deduction shall be made from the formwork of the Main
beam, where secondary beams intersect it.

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 39/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

3 Centering and Shuttering (Formwork):

SR
AN
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 40/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

SR
4 Stone Masonry:
Quantity: Generally, measured in Volume (m3 )
Measurement:

AN
Dimensions shall be measured to nearest 0.01m.
Volumes shall be worked out to the nearest 0.01m3 .
Exemptions: No deduction shall be made for the following cases:
for openings ≤0.1m2 .
KIR
for volume occupied by ends of disssimilar materials (eg. steel
beams, posts, etc) of cross-sectional area ≤0.1m2 .
Cement concrete blocks for holdfasts, holding-down bolts etc.

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 41/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

5 Brick Masonry:

SR
Bricks are of following types.

Quantity: Generally, measured in Volume (m3 )

Measurement:

AN
Dimensions shall be measured to nearest 0.01m.
Volumes shall be worked out to the nearest 0.01m3 .
Walls of thickness ≤ half brick shall each be measured separately in
square metres (m2 ) stating thickness.
KIR
Half brick thickness = 100mm (for modular bricks) ; 115 mm (for
non-modular bricks).
Walls of thickness > half brick, as usual, are measured in m3 .
Exemptions: No deduction shall be made for the following cases:
for openings ≤0.1m2 .
for volume occupied by ends of disssimilar materials (eg. steel
beams, posts, etc) of cross-sectional area ≤0.1m2 .
Cement concrete blocks for holdfasts,
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 42/89
holding-down bolts etc.
 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

6 Steel Reinforcement:
Based on IS 2502 (Code of Practice for Bending and Fixing of bars

SR
for Concrete Reinforcement)
To quantify Reinforcing steel, Bar Bending Schedule shall be
prepared.
It is a tabular representation showing details of reinforcement bars
used for a given RCC work.

AN
It is prepared after the design of an RCC structural element.
It helps to estimate the quantity of reinforcing steel required for
construction.
Further, it enables one to bend Bars in accordance with the
appropriate dimensions shown in the schedule.
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 43/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

6 Steel Reinforcement:

SR
Quantity: Generally, measured in Mass (kg)
Measurement:
Reinforcement (including bends, hooks and laps) shall be measured
in Length, measured to nearest 0.01m, separately for different
diametres.
Then, their weight (in kg) is calculated on the basis of standard unit

AN
weight, given below (IS 1786).
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 44/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

6 Steel Reinforcement:

SR
Bends & Hooks in bars: Generally, Bends and Hooks in bars are
designated by Diameter of bar (d), Internal Radius (R), Hook
allowance (H) and Bend allowance (B).

AN
KIR
Properties For MS bars For HYSD bars
d≤25mm d>25mm d≤25mm d>25mm
Internal Radius (R) 2d 3d 4d 6d
Hook Allowance (H) 9d 11d 13d 17d
Bend Allowance (B) 5d 5.5d 6d 7d
Minimum value of H and B shall be 75mm.
1

H and B values determined as above, shall be rounded off to the nearest 5mm.
2
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 45/89
 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

6 Steel Reinforcement:

SR
Lap Splicing of Bars:
The standard length of
bars available from mills
is generally 12 m.
Due to non-availability

AN
of longer bars, splicing
of bars is required.
According to IS 456, Lap
splices may be used for
KIR
bar dia ϕ ≤ 36 mm.
Lap length should at
least be equal to the
development length
(Ld ).
From table,
Lap Length ≈ 50d

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 46/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

6 Steel Reinforcement: Formula for determination of Length of

SR
bars for different cases.

AN
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 47/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

SR
7 Plastering:
Quantity: Generally measured in Area (m2 )
Measurement:
Length and breadth shall be measured correct to 0.01m.

AN
Area shall be calculated correct to 0.01m2 .
Plastering on roofs, ceilings and walls shall be measured separately.
Wall plaster is computed as:
Quantity = Length of Wall surface x Height of Wall surface.
KIR
Length is measured between the walls or partitions (the dimensions
before the plaster shall be taken).
Height is measured between top of floor surface/skirting to the
ceiling.

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 48/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

SR
7 Plastering:
Deductions in measurement for Openings:
For openings of area ≤0.5m2 :
(i) No deductions shall be made.
(ii) No additions shall be made for jambs/soffit/sill of that opening.

AN
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 49/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

Plastering:

SR
7

Deductions in measurement for Openings:

For openings of area >0.5m2 and ≤3m2 :
Subcase 1: If both faces of walls are plastered with same plaster,
(i) deductions shall be made for one face only.
(ii) No additions shall be made for jambs/soffit/sill of that opening.

AN
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 50/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

7 Plastering:

SR
Deductions in measurement for Openings:
For openings of area >0.5m2 and ≤3m2 :
Subcase 2: If two faces of wall are plastered with different types of
plaster,
(i) deduction shall be made only from the plaster on that side of wall
on which width of reveal is less than that on the other side,

AN
(ii) no deduction shall be made on the other side with greater width
of reveal.
(iii) If widths of reveals on both faces of wall are equal, deduction of
50 % of area of opening shall be made on each face of wall.
KIR
(iv) No additions shall be made for jambs/soffit/sill of that opening.

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 51/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

7 Plastering:

SR
Deductions in measurement for Openings:
For openings of area >0.5m2 and ≤3m2 :
Subcase 3: If only one face is plastered and the other face is not,
(i) deduction shall be made from plaster, if width of reveal on
plastered side is less than that on unplastered side
(ii) if widths of reveal on both sides are equal or width of reveal on

AN
plastered side is more, no deduction shall be made.
(iii) No additions shall be made for jambs/soffit/sill of that opening.
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 52/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

7 Plastering:

SR
Deductions in measurement for Openings:
For openings of area >3m2 :
(i) deduction shall be made for opening on each face
(ii) Addition of area of jambs, soffits and sills shall be made. Note
that, deduction shall not be made for the area of jambs/soffit/sill in

AN
contact with the frames of doors, windows etc.
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 53/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

Painting:

SR
8

Quantity: Generally measured in Area (m2 )

Measurement:
Length and breadth shall be measured correct to 0.01m.
Area shall be calculated correct to 0.01m2 .

AN
Painting, except the priming coat, shall generally be taken in hand
after practically finishing all other building work.
The primer for wood work, iron work or plastered surface shall be as
specified below (also measured in Area (m2 )).
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 54/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

SR
8 Painting:
Deductions in measurement for Wall Openings:
For openings of area ≤0.5m2 :
(i) No deductions shall be made.
(ii) No additions shall be made for jambs/soffit/sill of that opening.

AN
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 55/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

Painting:

SR
8

Deductions in measurement for Wall Openings:

For openings of area >0.5m2 and ≤3m2 :
Subcase 1: If both faces of walls are provided with same finish,
(i) deductions shall be made for one face only.
(ii) No additions shall be made for jambs/soffit/sill of that opening.

AN
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 56/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

8 Painting:

SR
Deductions in measurement for Wall Openings:
For openings of area >0.5m2 and ≤3m2 :
Subcase 2: If two faces of wall are provided with different types of
finish,
(i) deduction shall be made only from the finish on that side of wall
on which width of reveal is less than that on the other side,

AN
(ii) no deduction shall be made on the other side with greater width
of reveal.
(iii) If widths of reveals on both faces of wall are equal, deduction of
50 % of area of opening shall be made on each face of wall.
KIR
(iv) No additions shall be made for jambs/soffit/sill of that opening.

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 57/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

8 Painting:

SR
Deductions in measurement for Wall Openings:
For openings of area >0.5m2 and ≤3m2 :
Subcase 3: If only one face is treated and the other face is not,
(i) deduction shall be made from finish, if width of reveal on treated
side is less than that on untreated side
(ii) if widths of reveal on both sides are equal or width of reveal on

AN
treated side is more, no deduction shall be made.
(iii) No additions shall be made for jambs/soffit/sill of that opening.
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 58/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

8 Painting:

SR
Deductions in measurement for Wall Openings:
For openings of area >3m2 :
(i) deduction shall be made for opening on each face
(ii) Addition of area of jambs, soffits and sills shall be made. Note
that, deduction shall not be made for the area of jambs/soffit/sill in

AN
contact with the frames of doors, windows etc.
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 59/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

8 Painting:

SR
In measuring areas of uneven surfaces of painting, varnishing, etc.
of woodwork, steel work etc., the following coefficients shall be
used to obtain the actual area payable. The coefficients shall be
applied to the areas measured flat and not girthed. (Contd...)

AN
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 60/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

8 Painting:

SR
In measuring areas of uneven surfaces of painting, varnishing, etc.
of woodwork, steel work etc., the following coefficients shall be
used to obtain the actual area payable. The coefficients shall be
applied to the areas measured flat and not girthed.(Contd...)

AN
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 61/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

8 Painting:

SR
In measuring areas of uneven surfaces of painting, varnishing, etc.
of woodwork, steel work etc., the following coefficients shall be
used to obtain the actual area payable. The coefficients shall be
applied to the areas measured flat and not girthed.

AN
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 62/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

SR
9 Woodwork:
(a)In Frames of Doors, Window & Ventilators
Quantity: Generally, measured in Volume (m3 )
Measurement:

AN
Length shall be measured to nearest 0.01m. Width & thickness shall
be measured to nearest 0.001m.
Volumes shall be worked out to the nearest 0.001m3 .
Wooden members of uniform rectangular cross-section shall be
KIR
measured for finished dimension without any allowance for the
wastage.
For such members having mouldings, roundings, rebates, varying
sections, etc., finished dimensions shall be taken as the sides of the
smallest rectangle from which such a section can be cut.

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 63/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

Woodwork:

SR
9

(b)In Glazed/Panelled Shutters of Doors, Window & Ventilators

Framework and panelling of shutters shall be measured separately.
Quantity: Generally, measured in Area (m2 )
Measurement:

AN
Dimensions shall be measured to nearest 0.01m.
Area shall be worked out to the nearest 0.01m2 .
Framework:
Overall length and width of the framework of the shutters shall be
KIR
measured.
No deduction shall be made to account the effect of panel openings.
Panelling:
Length and width of opening for panels/ glazed panels is measured.
The portions of the panel/ glazed panel inside the grooves or rebates
shall not be measured.

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 64/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

9 Woodwork:

SR
AN
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 65/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

9 Woodwork:

SR
AN
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 66/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

SR
10 Land Levelling (Part of Earthwork):
Land leveling is the process of modifying the surface relief by
smoothening it.

AN
It is the process of flattening or modifying existing (natural) slopes
or undulations and thereby creating a level surface.
Normally land leveling requires excavation and movement of earth
from higher elevations to lower elevations.
KIR
Land grading is modifying the slope of land to a planned grade
(slope) and specifications for different purposes (e.g. irrigation
planning).

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 67/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

SR
AN
KIR
Consider a natural terrain that needs to be converted into a level
1-1’ for a construction project, as shown in Figure.
For this, some portions of the terrain need cutting, while some
portion demands filling.
In certain situations, the earth from cutting is loaded to fill a
depression or a dipping area as shown. This process is hauling.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 68/89
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More about Items of Work

SR
This may be idealized as follows for the purpose of study:

AN
KIR
There arise the necessity to define two important terms – Lead & Lift

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 69/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

1 Lead:
Average straight horizontal distance through which the earth can be

SR
carried from the source to the place of deposit or filling.
It is not necessarily the route actually followed.
Measured in units/multiples of:
(i) 50m (for distances ≤250m)
(ii) 250m (for distances >250m and ≤500m)
(iii) 500m (for distances >500m and ≤5km)

AN
(iv) 1km (for distances >5km)
Items shall include loading and unloading.
Carriage by manual labour shall be reckoned in units of 50 metres.
Carriage by animal and mechanical transport shall be reckoned in 1
KIR
km unit.

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 70/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

2 Lift:

SR
Average straight vertical distance through which the earth can be
lifted from the source to the place of deposit or filling.
The vertical distance for removal with reference to the ground level.
Excavation up to 1.5 m depth below ground level and depositing
excavated material on the ground shall be included in the item of
earthwork for various kinds of soil.

AN
Extra lift shall be measured in unit of 1.5 m or part thereof.
Obvious lifts shall only be measured; i.e., lifts inherent in the lead
due to ground slope shall not be measured.
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 71/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

SR
Generally, for the construction of pavements, there involves earthwork in
cutting or filling, which shall have cross-sections of the shape of
trapezium. Such a solid may be called ”Prismoid”, as shown.

AN
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 72/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

SR
Roads are generally constructed at the desired gradient, the level
corresponding to which is called Formation level.
To obtain this level, it may sometimes require to raise the original
ground (by filling) or depress the original ground (by cutting).

AN
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 73/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

SR
The dimensions of the cut and fill are shown here.

AN
KIR
B = top (crest) width of fill / bottom (trough) width of cut
= Formation Width
d = depth of fill / cut, which may vary along the longitudinal axis
N:1 = side slope, expressed as horizontal : vertical

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 74/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

SR
Since the depth of the prismoid varies along its longitudinal axis,
inorder to determine the volume of earthwork,
we consider intermediate sections along the longitudinal axis, as shown.

AN
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 75/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

Note that,

SR
all the cross-sections, including the end-sections, are truly vertical.
Formation Level has only longitudinal slope and no transverse
slope.
Ground surface has only longitudinal slope and no transverse
slope.

AN
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 76/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

Note that,

SR
For prismoidal earth in filling,
every section is trapezoidal shape with the trough width a
function of formation width (B) and depth (d).
For prismoidal earth in cutting,
every section is trapezoidal shape with the crest width a

AN
function of formation width (B) and depth (d).
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 77/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

Therefore, for any cross-section

SR
width of the side opposite to Formation level B is obtained as:
= B + 2Nd
Hence, the area of the cross-section becomes:
A = Bd + Nd2

AN
KIR

Since Formation width (B) and side slope (N) are constants, as
the depth of the section increases, the width of the opposite side of
the prismoid (i.e., trough in fill and crest in cut) also increases.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 78/89
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More about Items of Work

SR
As we divided the prismoidal earth into several equally-spaced sections,
we shall now consider each segments of prismoid separately.

AN
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 79/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

SR
Case 1: Formation level parallel to Original Ground
=⇒ d= constant, for all sections

AN
KIR
If k = number of prismoidal segments
= number of sections – 1
then, total volume of earthwork = kL(Bd + Nd2 )

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 80/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

Case 2: Formation level inclined to Original Ground in the longitudinal
direction

SR
Here, d varies linearly between adjacent sections, as shown.

AN
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 81/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

Case 2: Formation level inclined to Original Ground in the longitudinal
direction

SR
Volume of Earthwork may be determined by any of the following
methods.
1 Mid-section Formula
2 Average End-area formula (Trapezoidal Formula)
3 Prismoidal Formula

AN
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 82/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

Case 2: Formation level inclined to Original Ground in the longitudinal
direction

SR
1 Mid-section Formula: based on mean depth of the segment,
determined by averaging the depth of preceding and succeeding
sections of that segment.
d1 + d2
Mean depth of 1st segment = dm1 =

AN
2
=⇒ Volume of 1st KIR segment = V1 = L(Bdm1 + Ndm1 2 )

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 83/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

Case 2: Formation level inclined to Original Ground in the longitudinal
direction

SR
1 Mid-section Formula
d2 + d3
Mean depth of 2nd segment = dm2 =
2
=⇒ Volume of 2nd segment = V2 = L(Bdm2 + Ndm2 2 )
........................can be determined upto k th segment.

AN
Volume of earthwork V = V1 + V2 + V3 + ..... + Vk
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 84/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

Case 2: Formation level inclined to Original Ground in the longitudinal
direction

SR
2 Average End-Area Formula (Trapezoidal Formula): based on
mean area of the segment, determined by averaging the area of
preceding and succeeding sections of that segment.
A1 + A2
Mean area of 1st segment = Am1 =
2
=⇒ Volume of 1st segment = V1 = L Am1

AN
Volume of 2nd segment = V2 = L Am2
........................can be determined upto k th segment.
Volume of earthwork V = V1 + V2 + V3 + ..... + Vk
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 85/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

Case 2: Formation level inclined to Original Ground in the longitudinal

SR
direction
2 Average End-Area Formula (Trapezoidal Formula):
If there are ′ k ′ segments, the above equation may be simplified to
obtain:
L
V = (A1 +Ak+1 +2(A2 +A3 +.......Ak ))

AN
2
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 86/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

Case 2: Formation level inclined to Original Ground in the longitudinal
direction

SR
3 Prismoidal Formula:
This is applicable only in cases of odd number of sections or even
number of segments.
In case of even number of sections, the end segment shall be treated
separately.

AN
According to this, if there are ′ k ′ segments, volume of earthwork:
L
V = (A1 +Ak+1 +4(A2 +A4 +.......Ak )+2(A3 +A5 +.......Ak−1 ))
3
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 87/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

More about Items of Work

For the same building shown in figure, determine the quantities of

SR
remaining items of work, based on the recent discussions.

AN
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 88/89

 Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work

SR
THANK YOU
AN
KIR

KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 89/89