CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Personality Theory

Personality = persona in latin word 

Personality pertains to  permanent traits or characteristics or the consistency of the individual

behavior.

A theory is primarily about connected hypotheses that help scientists create

testable theories

Theory is different from speculation,philosophy, hypothesis or taxonomy.

 Criteria of a Scientific Theory:

1. Does the theory generate research? 

2. Is it falsifiable?

3. Does it organize and explain knowledge?

4. Does it suggest practical solutions to everyday problems? 

5. Is it internally consistent? 

6. Is it simple or parsimonious?

Six perspectives of concepts of human nature 

1. determinism versus free choice

2. pessimism versus optimism,

3. causality versus teleology

4. conscious versus unconscious

5. determinants, biological versus social factors, 

6. Uniqueness versus similarities in people.

Freud three levels of mental life

Unconscious

Preconscious,

Conscious.

 -High levels of anxiety are brought on by early life events that include suppressed and

stored in the unconscious, where they may have an impact on behavior,

 -Events that don't cause worry but are only forgotten cause up the preconscious's

contents.

Freud three provinces of the mind.

1. The id is in service, unconscious, disorganized, and disconnected from reality the idea of

pleasure.

2. The executive of personality, in touch with reality, is the ego promoting the reality

principle

3. The superego forms and serves the moral and idealistic beliefs once the Oedipus complex

has been overcome.

 All motivation can be linked to aggressive and sexual urges. Childhood aggressive and

sexual conduct are frequently penalized, which results in either anxiety or repression

 The ego launches several defense mechanisms to defend itself against anxiety. processes,

with suppression being the most fundamental.

 Freud identified three key developmental stages: infancy, latency, and adolescence.

 The oral, anal, and phallic substages make up the infantile stage it is followed by the

Oedipus complex in the final.

animosity for the other parent.

 Dreams and Freudian slips, according to Freud, are covert ways of conveying irrational

emotions.

 CHAPTER 3 Adler: Individual Psychology

 People have a natural will to succeed as well as physical limitations at birth, which

together lead to feelings of inferiority.

  People are motivated to overcome their sentiments of inadequacy by these emotions.

 People who perceive themselves to have more than their fair share of physical flaws or

who lead pampered or neglected lifestyles tend to overcompensate for these flaws and are

more likely to experience exaggerated feelings of inferiority, pursue their own interests,

and have unrealistically high expectations for themselves.

 Those who experience typical emotions of inadequacy deal with them by collaborating

with others and exhibiting a strong sense of social involvement.

 The only standard by which human activities should be evaluated is social interest, or a

genuine concern for the benefit of others.

The three major problems of life

Neighborly love

Work

Sexual love

 Every action that a person does, even ones that might seem incongruous, is in line with

their ultimate objective.

objective fact, determine how people behave.

 All people, but especially neurotics, use a variety of safeguarding tendencies such as

excuses, aggression, and withdrawal as conscious or unconscious attempts to protect

inflated feelings of superiority against public disgrace.

 Heredity and environment provide the building blocks of personality, but people's

creative power is responsible for their way of life.

  The myth of the male protest, which holds that men are superior to women, is the cause

of many neuroses in both men and women.

 Adlerian therapy employs dreams, early memories, and birth order to promote bravery,

self-worth, and social interest.

CHAPTER 4 Jung: Analytical Psychology

The repressed experiences of one constitute the personal unconscious.

Complexes are stored in a certain person, who is also their reservoir.

The collective unconscious that is passed down to humans helps mold many of their attitudes,

actions, and aspirations.

The collective unconscious contains archetypes

The anima is the feminine aspect of males and is in charge of many of their

illogical emotions and moods.

Irrational behavior in women is caused by the animus, the male aspect of women.

The archetype of fecundity and devastation is the great mother.

The wise old man archetype represents the perceptive but cunning voice of
acquired knowledge

The hero is the subconscious representation of a person who vanquishes a villainous antagonist.

who 

The archetype of fullness, perfection, and completion is the self.

 The persona is a representation of the aspect of a person they display to others.

 of the globe.

 People in good mental health are aware of their persona, yet Do not think it represents

your entire personality.

CHAPTER 5 Klein: Object Relations Theory

 According to object relations theories, the first four or five months of a child's life are the

most important for personality formation.

 •According to Klein, internal psychological representations of early significant objects,

like the mother's breast or the father's penis, are a crucial component of any connection.

 Infants project these mental images onto an outside object, which is typically another

person, after introducing them into their own psychic structures. These mental images,

which are relics of previous interpersonal interactions, are not true depictions of the other

person.

 The ego, which is there at birth, is capable of sensing both negative and positive forces,

or a breast that may be both comforting and upsetting.

 Infants separate these items into good and evil while also separating their own ego,

giving them a dual view of themselves, to deal with the comforting breast and the

aggravating breast.
 Klein thought that the superego developed with the Oedipal process rather than as a

byproduct of it and that it existed considerably earlier than Freud had suggested.

 The young girl takes on a feminine demeanor toward both of her parents throughout the

early stages of the female Oedipus complex. She feels good about her mother's breasts

and her father's penis, and she thinks they will both provide her with children.

 On occasion, the young child becomes hostile toward her mother because she believes

that she will be punished and lose her children.