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General Physics 1
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 4: Newton’s Laws of Motion and Applications
First Edition, 2020

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the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
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Published by the Department of Education, Division of Palawan

School Division Superintendent:
Natividad P. Bayubay, CESO VI
Assistant Schools Division Superintendents:
Loida Palay- Adornado, PhD
Felix M. Famaran

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Denise G. Orqueza
Editor: Fe Kenneth Gadiano-Aban
Illustrator: Christian Charles D. Doblados
Management Team: Aurelia B. Marquez
Rodgie S. Demalinao
Rosalyn C. Gadiano

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Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the General Physics 1 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module

on Newton’s Laws of Motion and Applications!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or
facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum
while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also
aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

In view to the new normal world we are facing, this module
was created to answer that education should not stop for
our learners.
This General Physics 1 Module for Quarter 1 is all
about the Newton’s Laws of Motion and Applications. With this
we are trying to allow our learners to work independently in
discovering through simple and enjoyable activities/
experimentation that are aligned to the competencies that
they should learn.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

iv
For the learner:

Welcome to the General Physics 1 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module

on Newton’s Laws of Motion and Applications!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This will give you an idea of the skills or

What I Need to Know
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

This part includes an activity that aims to

What I Know
check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

This is a brief drill or review to help you link

What’s In
the current lesson with the previous one.

In this portion, the new lesson will be

What’s New
introduced to you in various ways; a story, a
song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity
or a situation.

This section provides a brief discussion of the

What is It
lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

This comprises activities for independent

What’s More
practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the answers
to the exercises using the Answer Key at the
end of the module.

This includes questions or blank

What I Have Learned
sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

This section provides an activity which will

What I Can Do
help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

v
 This is a task which aims to evaluate your
Assessment
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

In this portion, another activity will be given

Additional Activities
to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not
alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the nature of Physics. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the
textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into four lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Inertial Frames of Reference and Contact and Non – contact Forces
• Lesson 2 – Action – Reaction Pairs
• Lesson 3 – Newton’s 1st and 2nd Laws
• Lesson 4 – Friction and Properties of Static Friction and Kinetic Friction
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Define inertial frames of reference;
2. Identify contact and noncontact forces;
3. Draw free-body diagram;
4. Apply Newton’s 1st law to obtain quantitative and qualitative conclusions
about the contact and noncontact forces acting on a body in equilibrium;
5. Differentiate the properties of static friction and kinetic friction.

vii
 What I Know
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. A reference frame in which Newton’s first law is obeyed is called _____________.

a. Law of Frame c. Action – Reaction Frame
b. Inertial Reference Frame d. Acceleration Frame

2. The earth’s surface is approximately a reference frame because of its acceleration

due to rotation, but its revolution is ___________.
a. Very Fast c. Very Small
b. Very High d. Undetermined

3. It is the tendency of a body to resist motion.

a. Force c. Inertia
b. Acceleration d. Friction

4. What is Newton’s Third Law of Motion?

a. Law of Acceleration c. Law of Action – Friction
b. Law of Inertia d. Law of Interaction

5. An object exerts a force of 200N in a flat surface, based on Newton’s Third Law,
what will be the consequence on the surface?
a. The surface will react to the object by producing an equal force.
b. The surface will not have any reaction to the object.
c. The surface will produce a greater amount of force creating an unbalanced
force between the object and the surface.
d. The surface will be broken into pieces because it could not handle that
amount of force.

6. Based on Question #5, how much force will the surface exert to the object?
a. 50N b. 100N c. 150N d. 200N

7. Rocket propulsion is a good example of?

a. Law Action-Reaction c. Law of Acceleration
b. Law of Interaction d. Both a and b

8. Being able to walk is an application of Newton’s Third Law of Motion. Why is that
so?
a. We can walk because we push backward upon the earth as hard as earth pushes
us forward.
b. We can walk because we push forward upon the earth as hard as earth pushes
us backward.
c. We can walk because we used forces on our feet that make us move forward.
d. We can walk because that is natural to us as human beings.

1
9. It is a device or system that will be useful in visualizing the forces acting on the
object of interest.
a. Graphing board or paper c. Free-body diagram
b. Inertial reference frame d. Dynamics of circular motion

10. Which of the following methods is NOT a way of drawing an FBD?

a. Always make sure that lines are straight.
b. Draw coordinate axis.
c. Identify object (or system) in question.
d. Draw arrows from the point indicating forces applied to objects.

11. It is the force that keeps an object “stuck” on a surface and prevents its motion.
a. Kinetic friction c. Inertia
b. Static friction d. Acceleration

For questions number 12 – 14, please refer to the diagram below:

12. The resultant force of the body is ___________.

a. 10N b. 5 N c. 12 N d. 15 N

13. Given that the object in the diagram has a mass of 5 kg, what will be the value
of acceleration?
a. 1 m/s2 b. 2 m/s2 c. 3 m/s2 d. 4 m/s2

14. Hat will be the direction of the force in this problem?

a. 320 NE b. 370 NW c. 320 NE d. 370NW

15. Three blocks of mass m, 2m and 3m, are placed adjacent to each other on a
frictionless, horizontal surface as shown above. A constant force of magnitude F
is applied to the right. Which of the following statements is true?
a. The acceleration of the blocks will vary according to their mass.
b. The accelerating of each block is the same.
c. The acceleration of each block will be the same: F/m
d. The net force acting on block 3m is three times greater hand the net force
acting on m.

2
 Lesson Inertial Frames of Reference

1 and Contact and Non-Contact

Force
In the previous module, we learned to describe the motion of an object by
determining its position, velocity and acceleration. Kinematics describes how an
object moves. This module will help us understand what causes an object to move.

What’s In

True or False

Directions: Answer the following sentences. Write the word KIDLAT if the statement
is WRONG and write the word AMIHAN if the statement is RIGHT. Write
your answer in your notes.
1. Speed is a scalar quantity while velocity is a vector quantity.

2. Force is needed for a motion to occur.

3. Distance is the total length of path travelled, while displacement refers to the
straight line distance between a body’s initial and final positions.

4. All bodies near Earth’s surface fall with the same acceleration due to gravity.

5. Gravity is considered to be a force.

What’s New

Contact and Non – Contact Forces

The teacher will show or give a copy of a video entitled “Contact and Non –
Contact Forces” found and downloaded from Youtube.
Youtube link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nk35aGqJ-F8

Processing Questions
After watching the video, answer the following questions:
1. What is the video all about?

3
 2. What is the difference between a non – contact force and a contact force?

3. Give at least 2 examples of Contact and Non-contact forces.

What is It

Contact and Noncontact Forces

Perhaps the first thing that comes to the mind of a student in a general course
in physics is that force is a push or a pull exerted upon a body. But a more scientific
concept of force is obtained when we consider the effect of that push or pull.
Force is a push or a pull exerted by an object to another object. It is a vector
quantity because it has both magnitude and direction.
Force between two bodies that are in direct contact with each other is called
contact force. Force that acts even if the interacting bodies are separated by a
distance is called noncontact force, or in some reference, action at a distance
force.
Examples of contact forces are friction and the force exerted by your muscle
when you lift an object. Examples of noncontact forces are gravitational force,
electrostatic force between charged bodies, and magnetic force.

The four fundamental forces of nature are as follows:

1. Gravitational force

2. Electromagnetic force
3. Strong nuclear force, and

4. Weak nuclear force

The gravitational force is the attractive force exerted by objects with mass,
while electromagnetic force is the force that holds atoms and molecules together. The
strong nuclear force is the force between protons and neutrons in a nucleus and the
weak nuclear force plays a role in the radioactive decay of some nuclei.

Attempts are being made to unify strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force,
and electromagnetic force under the grand unified theory. Steps are also being
undertaken to unite all fundamental forces under the Theory of Everything. However,
only the electromagnetic force and the weak nuclear force have been successfully
united to form the electroweak force through the effort of some scientist in the 1970s,
reducing the fundamental forces from four to three.

4
Inertial Reference Frame

A frame of reference where Newton’s first law of motion holds is called inertial
reference frame. Thus, a frame of reference that is at rest or moving with constant
velocity with respect to an observer is inertial. Furthermore, a frame or reference that
is moving with constant velocity with respect to an inertial frame is also inertial.
Accelerated frames or reference are not inertial. Earth, despite its rotation, is often
considered an inertial frame because its angular speed of 7.27x10 -5 radians is very
small.

Key Concept and Equations

Type of Force and Description of Force
Symbol

Applied Force An applied force is a force that is applied to an object by a person

or another object. If a person is pushing a desk across the room,
Fapp then there is an applied force acting upon the object. The applied
force is the force exerted on the desk by the person.

Gravity Force The force of gravity is the force with which the earth, moon, or other
massively large object attracts another object towards itself. By
(also known as Weight) definition, this is the weight of the object. All objects upon earth
Fgrav experience a force of gravity that is directed “downward” towards
the center of the earth. The force of gravity on earth is always equal
to the weight of the object as found by the equation:

Fgrav = m x g

where g = 9.8 m/s2 (on Earth)

and m = mass (in kg)

Caution: Please do not confuse weight with mass.

Normal Force The normal force is the support force exerted upon an object that is
in contact with another stable object. For example, if a book is
Fnorm resting upon a surface, then the surface is exerting an upward force
or upon the book in order to support the weight of the book. On
occasions, a normal force is exerted horizontally between two
N objects that are in contact with each other. For instance, if a person
leans against a wall, the wall pushes horizontally on the person.

Friction Force The friction force is the force exerted by a surface as an object moves
across it or makes an effort to move across it. There are at least two
Ffric types of friction force – sliding and static friction. Though it is not
always the case, the friction force often opposes the motion of an
object. For example, if a book slides across the surface of a desk,
then the desk exerts a friction force in the opposite direction of its
motion. Friction results from the surfaces being pressed together
closely, causing intermolecular attractive forces between molecules
of different surfaces. As such, friction depends upon the nature of
the two surfaces and upon the degree to which they are pressed
together. The maximum amount of friction force that a surface can
exert upon an object can be calculated using the formula below:

Ffrict = µ x Fnorm

5
 Air Resistance Force The air resistance is a special type of frictional force that acts upon
object as they travel through the air. The force of air resistance is
Fair often observed to oppose the motion of an object. This force will
frequently be neglected due to its negligible magnitude (and due to
the fact that it is mathematically difficult to predict its value). It is
most noticeable for objects that travel at high speeds (e.g., a
skydiver or a downhill skier) or for objects with larger surface areas.

Tension Force The tension force is the force that is transmitted through a string,
rope, cable or wire when it is pulled tight by forces acting from
Ftens opposite ends. The tension force is directed along the length of the
wire and pulls equally on the objects on the opposite ends of the
wire.

Spring Force The spring force is the force exerted by a compressed or stretched
spring upon any object that is attached to it. An object that
Fspring compresses or stretches a spring is always acted upon by a force
that restores the object to its rest or equilibrium position. For most
springs (specifically, for those that are said to obey Hooke’s Law),
the magnitude of the force is directly proportional to the amount of
stretch or compression of the spring.

What’s More

Problem 1. Picture Analysis

• What can we infer from the picture?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

• Is there a rule or law in physics that you can think of that best explains the
situations shown on the picture?

________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

6
Problem 2. List all the types of Contact and Non-Contact Force
Contact Force Non – Contact Force

1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.

Problem 3. Identify the different situation/examples that shows Contact or

Non – contact force, write it down in their corresponding label

Tension in wires Sub atomic movement sliding of a car

Pull of the earth Magnets friction inside a machine
Water Tides Electricity playing tag of war

Contact Force Non – Contact Force

1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.

What I Have Learned

Directions: Complete the sentence below.

1. __________ is a push or a pull exerted by an object on another object.
2. The two types of forces are ________________________ and _______________.
3. The _______________________ is the attractive force exerted by objects with
mass
4. The weak nuclear force plays a role in the ______________________ of some
nuclei.
5. A frame of reference where Newton’s first law of motion holds is called
___________________________.

7
 What I Can Do

Directions: Perform the following activities:

1. While riding a vehicle, try to observe yourself as the vehicle stops or suddenly
halts from motion. What do you observe as your body reacts from the sudden
stopping of the vehicle?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. If you hit somebody from behind, his head seems to snap backward. Why?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Assessment

Multiple Choice.
Directions: Choose the letter that correspond to the correct answer.
1. Which force arises from direct physical contact between two objects?
a. Field force c. fundamental force
b. Friction d. gravitational force

2. Which principle explain why we need to wear seat belts?

a. Impulse-momentum theorem c. law of acceleration
b. Law of inertia d. law of interaction

3. The force that holds atoms and molecules together.

a. Weak nuclear force c. strong nuclear force
b. Gravitational force d. electromagnetic force

4. The angular speed of earth is considered to be a value of

a. 7.27x10-5 c. 7.27x10-3
b. 7.27x10-2 d. 7.27x10-4

8
5. Which of the following statement is CORRECT?
a. Force is a push or a pull exerted by an object on another. It is also a Scalar
Quantity.
b. Force is a push or a pull exerted by an object on another. It is also a Vector
Quantity
c. Inertia is a push or a pull exerted by an object on another. It is also a Scalar
Quantity
d. Inertia is a push or a pull exerted by an object on another. It is also a Vector
Quantity

6. Which among the following is NOT an example of a Non-Contact Force?

a. An apple falling from a tree c. The high tide and low tide
b. Sliding of a car tire during a sudden stop d. flow of electrons in a circuit

7. Which among the following is NOT an example of a Contact Force?

a. Playing tug of war c. The high tide and low tide
b. Sliding of a car tire during a sudden stop d. writing chalk in a board

8. What is the unit of force?

a. Newton b. kg.m/s.s c. kg.m/s2 d. all of the above

9. This is the formula for getting the value of force.

a. F = m/a b. F= m.a c. F = a/m d. F = m+a

10. In the equation for force, what is the equivalent of “a”?

a. Accuracy b. Accurate c. Acceleration d. Accreditation

11. In the equation for force, what is the equivalent for “m”?
a. Mass b. March c. Mars d. Machine

12. The scientist credited for studying forces.

a. Albert Einstein c. Sir Isaac Newton
b. Aristotle d. Galileo

For numbers 13 – 15, please refer to the picture below,

13. Based on the picture above, what is FN stands for,

a. Force Normal c. Force Neutral
b. Neutral Force d. Normal Force

9
 14. Based on the picture above, what is FG stands for,
a. Gravitational Force c. Force Gravity
b. Gravity and Force d. Force and Gravity

15. What are the Arrows stand for?

a. Direction of the force c. Both a and b
b. Magnitude of the force d. none of the above

Lesson

2 Action – Reaction Pairs

As you walk along the school’s corridor or sit on your chair, the earth is
exerting a force on you as much as you are exerting a force on the earth. In a game
of tug of war, the two sides exert opposing forces on the rope and yet tends to balance
the force distribution until a bigger force was applied on both side.

We will discuss deeply about the forces that deals with an equal value but opposite
in direction in this lesson.

What’s In

Picture Analysis

• What can we infer from the picture?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

10
• Is there a rule or law in physics that you can think of that best explains the situation
shown on the picture?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

What’s New

Activity 1. Action – Reaction Video

The teacher will show or give a copy of a Video entitled “Action Reaction” found
and downloaded in Youtube.
Youtube link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TVAxASr0iUY

Processing Questions
After watching the video, answer the following questions:
1. What happens when two objects (A ball pun in top of a table) interact with
each other?

2. What does Newton’s third law of motion state?

3. What happens when we fire a bullet in a gun based on Newton’s Third Law?

Activity 2. The Horse Cart Paradox

One morning, a trainer and his horse were having an argument. The horse
that happens to know a little physics told his trainer that it is useless for the former
to pull the cart. The harder the horse pulls on the cart, the harder the cart pulls back
on him.
The trainer (you) will now try to make your point if you agree or disagree with
your horse.

What is It

Newton’s Third Law

The third law of Newton states that “when a body A exerts a force on a body B,
body B will exert an equal but oppositely directed force on body A”. This law is
sometimes called the Law of Interaction.

If you push hard on a wall by a force of 5N, the wall in turn pushes you back
by a force of 5N. If the weight of an object is 100 N, it means that Earth is pulling the

11
object down by a force of 100 N. In turn, the object is pulling Earth up by a force of
100 N. This pair of force is called action – reaction pair. Action – reaction pairs never
cancel each other because they act on different object.

Mathematically,

FA ON B = -FB ON A

Generally,
1. Action and reaction forces are equal in magnitude but oppositely directed
2. Action and reaction forces are acting on two different bodies and will never
cancel out.
3. Forces always come in pairs

Here are some pictures/illustrations that shows examples of action – reaction pairs.

Example #1
An object of weight 30 N rests on a table. (a) What are the forces acting on the object?
(b) What are the reaction to this forces?

Answer:
a. The forces acting on the object are its weight and the upward force (normal force)
by the table.

b. Weight is the downward pull of Earth on the object. Weight is 30 N. The reaction
to this force is an upward force of 30 N exerted by the object on Earth.

Example #2
At a roller skating rink, a girl pushes a boy, causing the boy to accelerate at 1.5 m/s 2
to the right. The masses of the boy and the girl are 60 kg and 50 kg, respectively. (a)

12
Find the force exerted by the girl on the boy. (b) Find the force exerted by the boy on
the girl. (c) Find the acceleration of the girl.

Answer:
a. Let F G ON B = mBaB = (60 kg)(1.5 m/s2) = 90.0 N, to the right
b. Hence, based on Newton’s 3rd Law, it is also 90.0 N but directed to the left.
c. AG = FB on G/mG = 90 N/50 kg = 1.8 m/s2 to the left

What’s More

Problem 2.1

Based on Newton’s Third Law, identify the Action and Reaction between

a. The Water and the Frog

b. The Bird and the Air

Problem 2.2

A 0.25 kg bug is flying in a street when he was suddenly hit by a 1500 kg

moving car. If the car exert a 100 N force into the bug, how much force does the
bug to the car?

Problem 2.3

Find the force exerted by a 35 kg boy as he push a classmate with an

acceleration of 2.5 m/s2.

What I Have Learned

Directions: Complete the sentence by putting in the correct words (for items 1 to 3)
on the space provided. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Newton’s Third Law states that “when a body A _______1_______ a force on a body B,
body B will exert an _____2_____ but _______3______ directed force on body A”

4. Law of Action – Reaction is also called as ___________________.

5. If you exert a 100 N force on an object, it is said that the object exerts the _________
amount of force to you

13
 What I Can Do

Directions: Perform the simple activity, and try to answer the corresponding
questions. This activity can be done at a later time.

Activity 1. Using a pale of water, slowly push your palm downward into the water
and try to feel the force exerted by the water to your hand.
• Do you feel some force being exerted in your hand while you push
downward into the water? Why?
• What is the direction of that force?
• Assuming that your hand exerts a 20 N of force in the water, how much
force does the water exert to your hand?

Assessment

Multiple Choice.
Directions: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Newton’s law states that “for every action there is an equal reaction but opposite
in direction”
a. 1st Law b. 2nd Law c. 3rd Law d. 4th Law

2. A bug was crashed in a windshield of a car, the bug exert a 50 N of force, what
will be the force exerted by the car that make the bug crushed into small pieces?
a. 100 N b. 150 N c. 20 N d. 50 N

3. What will be the reason behind the answer for number 2?

a. Since the car is bigger, obviously, the force hitting the bug is greater than the
force exerted by the bug.
b. The force exerted by the car to the force exerted by the bug to the car is equal.
c. The force of the bug is bigger, it could not only be identify because the bug is
smaller than the car.
d. It doesn’t matter who has the bigger force, the bug will be crushed
automatically.

14
4. A hammer drives a nail into a piece of wood. Which of the following describes an
action – reaction pair?
a. The hammer exerts a force on the nail:; the wood exert a force on the hammer
b. The hammer exert a force on the nail; the nail exert a force on the hammer
c. The hammer exert a force on the nail; the hammer exert a force on the wood
d. The force doesn’t exert in any of them

5. Which among the following is an example of action – reaction force?

a. a man watching a movie c. a couple looking eye to eye
b. a student thinking about homework d. a guy pushing a wall

For numbers 6 – 8, please refer to the problem below:

“Find the force exerted by a 15 kg object as it push another object with an acceleration
of 2.5 m/s2”

6. What is the Force exerted by the first object?

a. 37. 5N b. 6 N c. 30 N d. 2 N

7. What is the formula used in finding the force of the first object?
a. F=m/a b. F = m+a c. F=a/m d. F=ma

8. What is the force exerted by the second object to the first object?
a. 37. 5N b. 6 N c. 30 N d. 2 N

9. Why the boxer does tends to back off when the opponent tries to hit him?
a. To lessen the force given by the punching boxer
b. To lessen the impact of the punching boxer to his opponent
c. To make sure that the punching boxer will not knock out the other boxer
d. To make it more dramatic as the viewer sees it

For Numbers, 10 – 15, please refer to the problem below:

“A 0.25 kg bug is flying in a street when he was suddenly hit by a 500 kg moving car.
If the car exert a 100 N force into the bug.”

10. What is the mass of the bug?

a. 0.25 kg b. 1500 kg c. 100 kg d. 200 kg

11. What is the mass of the car?

a. 0.25 kg b. 1500 kg c. 100 kg d. 200 kg

12. What is the acceleration of the car?

a. 0.1m/s2 b. 0.2m/s2 c. 0.3m/s2 d. 0.4m/s2

13. What is the acceleration of the bug?

a. 400m/s2 b. 0.4m/s2 c. 4m/s2 d. 40m/s2

15
14. How much force does the car applied to the bug?
a. 50 N b. 75 N c. 100 N d. 200 N
15. How much force does the bug applied to the car?
a. 50 N b. 75 N c. 100 N d. 200 N

Lesson

3 Newton’s 1st and 2nd Law

So far we have discussed and described different types of motion like uniform
motion and accelerated motion. But why do things move in the first place? Why do
some things move faster than the other? Why are some accelerated and other are
not?

Sir Isaac Newton was credited of having been the first to formulate laws
governing all motions. These laws are appropriately named Newton’s laws of motion.
The first two laws will be discussed deeply in this lesson.

What’s In

Picture Analysis
Look closely at the picture on the next page, and try to answer the set of
questions given by the teachers

Questions:
1. If the truck gives a 200 N of force, how much force does the boy exert to the
truck?

2. How about if the elephant gives 100 N of force, how much force does the boy
exert to the elephant?

16
 What’s New

Activity 1. Newton’s First and Second Law Videos

The teacher will show or give a copy of a Video entitled “Action Reaction” found
and downloaded in Youtube.
Or you can see the video for Newton’s First Law using the link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LEHR8YQNm_Q
Or you can see the video for Newton’s Second Law using the link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8YhYqN9BwB4
Processing Questions
After watching the video, the students should answer the following questions:
1. What does Newton’s First Law states?

2. What does Newton’s Second Law State?

3. What is the formula for Newton’s second law?

What is It

Key Concepts, and Equations

Concept Discussion
Newton’s First Law of • Newton’s First Law of Motion is also called “Law of
Motion Inertia”

• It states that “a body at rest will remain at rest and a

body in motion will continue to move with constant
velocity unless acted upon by an unbalanced external
force”

• If a point particle is acted on by zero net external force,

then it is in equilibrium.

• Inertia is the property of a body that tends to resist

change in its state of motion. The greater the mass, the
greater the inertia.

Newton’s Second Law of • Newton’s Second Law of Motion is also called “Law of
Motion Acceleration”.

17
 • It states that “Acceleration of the body is directly
proportional to the net force acting upon it, and inversely
proportional to the mass of the body”.

• Mathematically;

F = ma
Where: F = Force
m = mass
a = acceleration
• The SI unit of force is newton (N). a force of 1 N is the
force that will give a 1 kg body an acceleration of 1 m/s2.
A smaller unit of force is the dyne. A force of 1 dyne will
give a body of 1 g an acceleration of 1 cm/s2.

• Only external forces acting on an object affect the

motion of the object.

• Newton’s second law is obeyed only in IRF’s

Mass and Weight • Mass is a measure of object’s inertia. It is a scalar

quantity.

• Objects with more mass will accelerate less; and vice –

versa.

• Mass is independent of location. The mass of an object

will be the same whether it is on the earth’s surface or in
the moon’s surface.

• The SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg)

• Weight is a force on an object due to gravity. It is a

vector quantity.

• Mathematically;

w = mg
where: w = weight
m = mass
g = gravity of the location

• Weight is dependent on the object’s location, specifically

those with different value in gravity.

• The unit of weight is the same unit for force, newton (N).

18
 What’s More

Solve the following problems:

Problem 3.1
A vehicle with a mass of 120 kg is moving with an acceleration of 12 m/s 2, what is
the acceleration of the car?

Problem 3.2
An astronaut weighs 931 N here on Earth. Find the following:
a. What is his mass on Earth?
b. What is his mass on the surface of the moon?
c. What is his weight on the surface of the moon?
(Hint: the acceleration due to gravity on moon is 1/6 of Earth or equal to 1.62 m/s 2)

Problem 3.3
A certain force accelerates a 3.2 kg mass by a 2.4 m/s2. What would be the
acceleration of a 1.6 kg mass when the same force acts on it?

Problem 3.4
A boy is running with an acceleration of 1.5 m/s 2, find the mass of the boy if the
force exerted is 45 N.

What I Have Learned

Directions: Complete the sentence by putting in the correct words (for items 1 to 3)
on the space provided. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

“A body at rest will ________1_______ at rest and a body in motion will continue to
move with constant _______2________ unless acted upon by an ______3_________
external force”
4. The SI unit for mass is ________________.

5. Weight is ______________ to the location of the object.

19
 What I Can Do

Note: This aactivity can be done at a later time.

Directions: Find a weighing scale (if not available, consider your latest mass value)
and answer the following questions:
a. What is your weight as of today?
b. If you go to America tomorrow, what will be your mass and weight there?
Explain.
c. If somehow, you will be an astronaut and be at the moon, what will be your
weight having the same mass as of today?

Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Newton’s First Law is also called as?

a. Law of Inertia c. Law of Action – Reaction
b. Law of Acceleration d. Law of Interaction

2. Newton’s Second Law is also known as?

a. Law of Inertia c. Law of Action – Reaction
b. Law of Acceleration d. Law of Interaction

3. What is the difference between mass and weight?

a. Mass is consider a vector, while weight is a scalar
b. Mass is a scalar, while weight is a vector
c. Mass unit is Newton while weight is kg
d. There is no difference between them, they can actually be used
interchangeably

4. This is the smaller unit for force.

a. Newton b. kg c. m/s2 d. dyne

5. The tendency of a body to resist motion.

a. Acceleration b. Force c. Inertia d. Weight

20
For numbers 6 – 9, please refer to the problem below
“A 15 000 kg train is traveling with an acceleration of 45m/s2, find the value of the
force exerted by the train”

6. What is the mass of the train?

a. 45 m/s2 b. 15 000 kg c. 6.75x105 N d. 3.33x102 N

7. What is the acceleration of the train?

a. 45 m/s2 b. 15 000 kg c. 6.75x105 N d. 3.33x102 N

8. What is the force exerted by the train?

a. 24 m/s2 b. 15 000 kg c. 6.75x105 N d. 3.33x102 N

9. Consider that a second train with the same amount of force has been applied to
a 12 000 kg train, what will be the acceleration of the second train?
a. 53 m/s2 b. 54 m/s2 c. 55 m/s2 d. 56 m/s2

For numbers 10-11, please refer to the diagram:

10. The RED arrow represents what kind of force?

a. Friction b. Normal Force c. Weight d. Tension

11. Referring with the same diagram, the BLUE arrow represent what kind of force?
a. Friction b. Normal Force c. Weight d. Tension
12. What are the two forces acting in this force diagram? Assuming that the pulley is
frictionless.
a. Normal Force and Weight
b. Normal Force and Tension
c. Tension and Weight
d. Tension and Friction

For numbers 13 – 15, please refer to the problem below

A group of students riding a bus tends to move with an acceleration of 15 m/s 2, if
the bus has a total mass of 550 kg and all the students has a total mass of 350 kg,
find the following:
13. Total Mass
14. Force
15. Force (Consider that the bus has no students)

21
 Lesson
Friction and Properties of
4 Static Friction and Kinetic Friction

It has been said that the human body is a mechanical system designed by
God. It consists of coordinating parts that perform different life functions. However,
like any machine, the human body is susceptible to friction. Friction causes wear
and tear in the joints, making movements difficult. People with arthritis know how
painful their knees are after sitting or standing for a long time or by just making a
wrong move.

What is this friction? We will learn more about it as we progress in this lesson.

What’s In

Picture Analysis
Look closely at the picture below, and try to answer the questions given.

1. What are the forces present in the picture?

2. Can you identify the following:
a. Normal Force
b. Gravity
c. Applied Force
3. What is friction?

22
 What’s New

Activity 1. Action – Reaction Video

The teacher will show or give a copy of a video entitled “Action Reaction” found
and downloaded in Youtube.

Or you can watch the video for Friction using the following links
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2gQs1mcZHA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7NPD9W0kro

Processing Questions
After watching the video, the students should answer the following questions:
1. What is friction?

2. What are the two types of frictions?

3. Differentiate static to kinetic frictions?

What is It

Key Concepts, and Equations

Concept Discussion
• Refers to a force that resist motion between material in
Friction contact.
• Friction exist in all types of materials.
• Type of friction between solid surface
a. Static friction
b. Kinetic friction or sliding friction
c. Rolling friction

• Static friction – occurs in cases where friction is sufficient

to prevent relative motion between the surfaces.
• Kinetic friction – present when there is a relative motion
between the surfaces in contact.
• Rolling friction – occurs when one surface rotates as it
moves over another without sliding nor slipping at the
point or area of contact

• Fluid friction (drag force) – refers to the force that resist

relative motion of an object through a fluid or of a fluid
through another fluid.

23
 • Laws of frictions

a. Static friction is greater than kinetic friction in

magnitude.
b. Friction acts parallel to the surfaces in contact and
in a direction oppose motion. Friction cannot
produce motion. Its main role is to oppose motion.
c. Friction is independent to the area of contact and
speed of sliding.
d. Friction is proportional to the normal force
e. Friction depends on the nature of surfaces in contact
and condition of surfaces, that is whether the
surfaces are rough, smooth, polished, or wet.

• Mathematically;

fsmax = µsFN

Where; fsmax = Maximum static friction

µs = coefficient of static friction
FN = Normal Force

Fk = µkFN

Where; fsmax = Kinetic friction

µs = coefficient of kinetic friction
FN = Normal Force

Coefficient of Friction between Materials

Materials Static Kinetic Materials Static Kinetic
Steel on steel 0.74 0.57 Teflon on steel 0.04 0.04
Aluminum on steel 0.61 0.47 Steel on air 0.001 0.001
Copper on steel 0.53 0. 36 Rubber on concrete 1.0 0.8
Brass on steel 0.51 0.44 Steel on ice 0.03
Zinc on cast iron 0.85 0.21 Tendon and sheath 0.013
Copper on cast iron 0.29 Lubricated bone joint 0.001 0.003
Glass on glass 0.94 0.40 Wood on wood 0.3
Copper on glass 0.68 0.53 Waxed wood on dry 0.04
Teflon on teflon 0.04 0.04 snow

24
 What’s More

Problem 4.1
A wooden object with a weight of 100 N is at rest in a wooden table. Find the
maximum static friction between the object and the table (given that µs = 0.3).

Problem 4.2
Inside a motorcycle machine, the wheel and axle are subject to rust and corrosion
that is why, mechanics time to time make sure to put some oil and other lubricants.
What is the purpose of the oil and lubricants and why?

Problem 4.3
What is easier to push, a wooden cabinet in a concrete flooring or a wooden cabinet
in a tiled flooring?

Problem 4.4
Find the coefficient of friction on an unknown material with a static friction of 15.5
N and a normal force of 200 N.

What I Have Learned

Directions: Complete the sentence by putting in the correct words (for items 1 to 3)
on the space provided. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Static friction is greater than _____________ friction in magnitude.

2. Friction acts _________________ to the surface in contact and in the direction

to oppose motion.

3. Friction is proportional to the ________________ force.

25
 What I Can Do

Activity 4.1: Friction Table

Note: This aactivity can be done at a later time.
I. Materials:

In your house, find the following materials (objects):

Table (wood) String (about half a meter)
Any wooden block floor wax (or cooking oil)
Protractor

I. Procedure

a. Tie the string to the wooden block

b. Put the wooden block to the wooden table, and try to pull the wooden block in
three different angle. (1200, 1400, and 1600)
c. Observe the effect of friction between the wooden block to the wooden table.
d. Answer table 1 for your observation.
e. Within the area where you slide the block, put a wax or oil in that particular
area.
f. Repeat procedure b and c
g. Answer table 2 for your observation

II. Data Collection

Table 1 Table 2

Angle Observation Angle Observation

1200 1200
1400 1400
1600 1600

III. Questions
1. What is the difference between the surface with oil and surface without
oil?
2. What is the purpose of putting an oil or wax into the wooden surface?
3. Give 3 examples of ways on how to reduce friction.

IV. Application
1. Find the Maximum static friction of an unknown material with a static
friction coefficient of 12.5 and a normal force of 250 N.

26
 Assessment

Multiple Choice.
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. It is a force that resists motion between materials in contact

a. Force b. Friction c. Inertia d. Acceleration

2. This is the kind of friction that is present when there is a relative motion between
the surfaces in contact.
a. Rolling Friction c. Drag Force
b. Kinetic Friction d. Static Friction

3. It occurs in cases where friction is sufficient to prevent relative motion between

the surfaces.
a. Rolling Friction c. Drag Force
b. Kinetic Friction d. Static Friction

4. This occurs when one surface rotates as it moves over another without sliding at
the point
a. Rolling Friction c. Drag Force
b. Kinetic Friction d. Static Friction

5. What force resists relative motion through fluid to another fluid?

a. Rolling Friction c. Drag Force
b. Kinetic Friction d. Static Friction

For numbers 6 to 9, refer to the situation below:

“Find the Maximum static friction of an unknown material with a static friction
coefficient of 12.5 and a normal force of 250 N”

6. What is the value of the coefficient of static friction?

a. 12.5 b. 250 N c. 3 125 d. 2 135

7. What is the normal force?

a. 12.5 b. 250 N c. 3 125 d. 2 135

8. What is the equation to be used in this problem?

a. Fk = µkFN b. Fs = µkFN c. Fk = µkFk d. FN = µkFN

27
9. What will be the value for the maximum static friction between two materials?

a. 12.5 b. 250 N c. 3 125 d. 2 135

For numbers 10 – 15, please complete the table below:

Normal force Friction (Kinetic) Coefficient of friction

10. ______ 100 N 0.5
75 N 25 N 11. ______
50 N 12. _____ 0.23
13. ______ 90 N 0.45
25 N 14. _____ 0.1
65 N 75 N 15. ______

Additional Activities

Answer the following briefly:

1. Why do we move our hands up and down several times when comparing the
weights of two objects?

2. When you drop a feather and a book at the same time, the book will hit the
ground first, while the feather slowly falls to the floor, but if the feather is placed
on top of the book and dropped, the feather drops as fast as the book. Why?

3. Why roads are slippery when wet?

Solve the following problems:

1. An object has a weight of 490 N here on Earth and 186 N on Mars.
a. What is its mass here on Earth?
b. What is its mass on Mars?
c. What is the acceleration due to gravity on Mars?

2. A 100 kg crate rests on a rough horizontal surface. The coefficient of static friction
and coefficient of kinetic friction are 0.500 and 0.100, respectively. (a) What is
the value of the normal force? (b) What is the value of the maximum static
friction? (c) What minimum horizontal force is needed to start motion of the
crate? (d) What is the value of kinetic friction? (e) What force is needed to keep
the crate moving at constant speed?

28
 29
Lesson 1
Problem 1`
➢ Forces are present in every aspect (book to table, table to book, table to floor. Floor to table)
➢ Law of action – reaction, law of Inertia
Problem 2
Contact Force Non – Contact Force
1.friction 1. Gravitational Force
2.tension 2.Strong Nuclear Force
3.Normal Force 3. Weak Nuclear Force
4.Spring force 4. Electromagnetic Force
Problem 3
Contact Force Non – Contact Force
1. Tension in wires 1. Pull of the Earth
2.Sliding of a car 2. Water Tides
3. Friction inside a machine 3. Sub atomic movement
4. Playing tug of war 4. Magnets
5. 5. Electricity
Assessment
1. C 6. A 11. A
2. B 7. C 12. C
3. D 8. D 13. D
4. A 9. B 14. A
5. B 10. C 15. C
Answer Key
 30
Lesson 2
8 250 N 15. 10. C C 5.
Problem 2.1 13 500 N 14. 9. D D 4.
900 kg 13. 8. C B 3.
a. The Frog pushes the water, as the water pushes the frog that move it forward.
C 12. 7. A C 2.
B 11. 6. B A 1.
b. The wings of the bird pushes the air downward as the air pushes the wings of the bird upward
Assessment
Problem 2.2
Ans. 100 N
Problem 2.3
Ans. 87.5 N
Assessment
1. C 6. C 11. B
2. D 7. D 12. B
3. B 8. C 13. A
4. A 9. B 14. C
5. D 10. A 15. C
Lesson 3
Problem 3.1
Ans. a2 = 4.8 m/s2
Problem 3.2
Answer:
a. m = 95 kg
b. Since mass is constant and does not depend on the location, it means that the
mass of the astronaut is still 95 kg.
c. w = 154 N
Problem 3.3
Answer: 4.8 m/s2
Problem 3.4
Answer: 30 kg
 31
Lesson 4
Problem 4.1
Answer: fsmax = 30 N
Problem 4.2
Answer: To make sure that rust wold not consume the metal properties of the machine. This is to lessen
the friction between two metal plates especially in a wheel and axle.
Problem 4.3
Answer: Wooden cabinet to tiled flooring, because in a tiled flooring, the surface are more smoother
than the concrete flooring which has less friction between the cabinet and the floor..
Problem 4.3
Answer: 0.078
1. B 6. A 11. 0.33
2. D 7. B 12. 11.5 N
3. B 8. B 13. 200 N
4. A 9.C 14. 2.5 N
5. C 10. 100 N 15. 1.15
References
General Physics I, Learners Material, First Edition 2018

Silverio, and Bernas, Physics (Exploring Life Through Science) 2 nd Edition

Silverio and Ramos, General Physics I, 1st Edition

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