THE HUMAN

BODY: AN
ORIENTATION

Most of us have a natural curiosity about our bodies, and a study of anatomy
and physiology elaborates on this interest. Anatomists have developed a univer•
sally acceptable set of reference terms that allows body structures to be located
and identified with a high degree of clarity. Initially, students might have diffi•
culties with the language used to describe anatomy and physiology, but without
such a special vocabulary, confusion is bound to occur.

The topics in this chapter enable students to test their mastery of terminology
commonly used to describe the body and its various parts, and concepts con•
cerning functions vital for life and homeostasis. Body organization from simple
to complex levels and an introduction to the organ systems forming the body
as a whole are also covered.

AN OVERVIEW OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

1. Match the terms in Column B to the appropriate descriptions provided
in Column A. Enter the correct letter or its corresponding term in the
answer blanks.

Column A Column B

D. PHYSIOLOGY 1. The branch of biological science that A. Anatomy

studies and describes how body parts
work or function B. Homeostasis

A. ANATOMY 2. The study of the shape and structure C. Metabolism

of body parts
D. Physiology
B. HOMEOSTASIS 3. The tendency of the body’s systems to
maintain a relatively constant or balanced
internal environment

C. METABOLISM 4. The term that indicates all chemical

reactions occurring in the body
 Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 2

2. Use a highlighter to identify the terms or phrases that correctly relate to the
study of physiology. Use a different color highlighter to identify those
terms or phrases that relate to the study of anatomy. Color the coding
circles.

○ Physiology ○ Anatomy

A. Measuring an organ’s size, shape, and weight H. Dynamic

B. Can be studied in dead specimens I. Dissection

C. Often studied in living subjects J. Experimentation

D. Chemistry principles K. Observation

E. Measuring the acid content of the stomach L. Directional terms

F. Principles of physics M. Static

G. Observing a heart in action

LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

3. The structures of the body are organized into successively larger and more
complex structures. Fill in the answer blanks with the correct terms for
these increasingly larger structures.

Chemicals Cellular Tissue

Organ System Organism

4. Circle the term that does not belong in each of the following groupings.
Then, fill in the answer blanks with the correct group name. Follow the
example below.

E.g. Atom Cell Tissue Organ Group: Levels of structural organization

1. Brain Stomach Heart Liver Epithelium Group: Organ system

2. Epithelium Heart Muscle tissue Nervous tissue Connective tissue Group: Basic
Tissue Types

3. Human Digestive system Horse Pine tree Amoeba Group: Organisms

5. Using the key choices, complete the crossword puzzle by naming the
organ system that correctly answers each of the clues provided.

Key Choices
Cardiovascular Integumentary Nervous Skeletal
Digestive Lymphatic (Immune) Reproductive Urinary
Endocrine Muscular Respiratory
 Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 3

Across
1. Protects the body; destroys bacteria and tumor cells.-lymphatic (Immune)
4. Removes carbon dioxide from the blood.- Respiratory
6. Rids the body of nitrogen•containing wastes; conserves body water or
eliminates excesses.- Urinary
7. Includes the brain, nerves, and sensory receptors.- Nervous
8. Moves the limbs; allows facial expression.- Muscular
9. Provides support and levers on which the muscular system can act.- Skeletal
10. Is affected by the removal of the thyroid gland.- Endocrine

Down
2. Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues.- Cardiovascular
3. Protects underlying organs from drying out and from mechanical damage.- Integumentary
4. Includes the testis, vas deferens, and urethra.- Reproductive
5. Includes the esophagus, large intestine, and rectum. -Digestive

10

6. Figures 1–1 to 1–6, on pages 4–6, represent the various body organ systems.
Complete the following:
(A) Identify and name each organ system by labeling the organ system under
each illustration.
(B) Select a different color for each organ and use it to color the coding circles
and corresponding structures in the illustrations.
 Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 4

○ Blood vessels ○ Nasal cavity

○ Heart ○ Lungs
○ Trachea

Figure 1–1 Figure 1–2

Organ System: Cardiovascular System Organ System: Respiratory System

 Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 5

○ Brain ○ Kidneys

○ Spinal cord ○ Ureters

○ Nerves ○ Bladder

Figure 1–3 Figure 1–4

Organ System: Nervous System Organ System: Urinary System

 Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 6

○ Stomach ○ Esophagus ○ Ovaries

○ Intestines ○ Oral cavity ○ Uterus

Figure 1–5 Figure 1–6

Organ System: Digestive System Organ System: Reproductive System

 Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 7

MAINTAINING LIFE
7. Match the terms that relate to functional characteristics of organisms in
Column B with the appropriate descriptions in Column A. Fill in the answer
blanks with the appropriate letter or term.

Column A Column B

D. Maintenance of Boundaries 1. Keeps the body’s internal A. Digestion

environment
distinct from the external environment B. Excretion

H. Reproduction 2. Provides new cells for growth and repair at C. Growth

a cellular level
D. Maintenance of
C. Growth 3. Occurs when constructive activities occur boundaries
at a faster rate than destructive activities
E. Metabolism
A. Digestion 4. The tuna sandwich you have just eaten is
broken down to its chemical building blocks F. Movement

B. Excretion 5. Elimination of carbon dioxide by the lungs G. Responsiveness

and elimination of nitrogenous wastes by
the kidneys H. Reproduction

G. Responsiveness 6. Ability to react to stimuli; a major role of

the nervous system

D. Movement 7. Walking, throwing a ball, riding a bicycle

E. Metabolism 8. All chemical reactions occurring in the body

D, Maintenance of Boundaries 9. At the cellular level, membranes;

for the
whole organism, the skin

8. Using the key choices, correctly identify the survival needs that correspond
to the following descriptions. Insert the correct letter or term in the answer blanks.
Letters or terms can be used more than once.

Key Choices
A. Appropriate body temperature C. Nutrients E. Water
B. Atmospheric pressure D. Oxygen

C. Nutrients 1. Includes carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and minerals

D. Oxygen 2. Essential for normal operation of the respiratory system and

breathing

E. Water 3. Single substance accounting for more than 60% of body weight

C. Oxygen 4. Required for the release of energy from foodstuffs

F. Water 5. Provides the basis for body fluids of all types

 Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 8
A. Appropriate Body Temperature 6. When too high or too low, physiological activities cease,
primarily
because molecules are destroyed or become nonfunctional
 Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 9

HOMEOSTASIS
9. The following statements refer to homeostatic control systems. Complete
each statement by inserting your answers in the answer blanks.

Receptor 1. There are three essential components of all homeostatic con•

trol mechanisms: control center, receptor, and effector. The
Control center 2. (1) senses changes in the environment and responds by
Afferent 3. sending information (input) to the (2) along the (3)
pathway. The (4) analyzes the input, determines the appro•
Control center 4. priate response, and activates the (5) by sending informa•
tion along the (6) pathway. When the response causes the
Effector 5. initial stimulus to decline, the homeostatic mechanism is
referred to as a (7) feedback mechanism. When the
Efferent 6. response enhances the initial stimulus, the mechanism is
Negative 7. called a (8) feedback mechanism. (9) feedback mecha•
nisms are much more common in the body.
Positive 8.

Negative 9.

THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

10. Complete the following statements by filling in the answer blanks
with the correct term.

Ventral 1. The abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities are subdivisions of

the (1) body cavity; the cranial and spinal cavities are parts
Dorsal 2.
of the (2) body cavity. The (3) body cavity is totally sur•
Dorsal 3. rounded by bone and provides very good protection to the
structures it contains.

11. Circle the term or phrase that does not belong in each of the following
groupings. Then, fill in the answer blanks with the correct group name.

1. Transverse Distal Frontal Sagittal Group: Planes of Motion

2. Pelvic Thoracic Antecubital Abdominal Group: Body Cavities

3. Sural Brachial Femoral Popliteal Group: Popliteal Fossa

4. Epigastric Hypogastric Right iliac Left upper quadrant Group:

Abdominalpelvic region

5. Orbital cavity Nasal cavity Ventral cavity Oral cavity Group: Cranial
Cavities
 Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 10

12. Select different colors for the dorsal and ventral body cavities and color the
coding circles below. Complete the following in Figure 1–7:
(A) Color the corresponding cavities in figure A.
(B) Label the body cavity subdivisions that have a leader line in figure A.
(C) Label each of the abdominal regions indicated by a leader line in figure B.

○ Dorsal body cavity ○ Ventral body cavity

Cranial

Spinal

Thoracic
Epigastric
Hypoochondriac (Right)

Umbilical
Abdominal
Pelvic Lumbar (Right)

Hypogastric
Inguinal (Right)

A B

Figure 1–7
 Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 11

13. Select the key choices that identify the following body parts or areas.
Enter the appropriate letter or corresponding term in the answer blanks.

Key Choices
A. Abdominal E. Buccal I. Inguinal M. Pubic
B. Antecubital F. Cervical J. Lumbar N. Scapular
C. Axillary G. Femoral K. Occipital O. Sural
D. Brachial H. Gluteal L. Popliteal P. Umbilical

C. Axillary 1. Armpit

G. Femoral 2. Thigh region

H. Gluteal 3. Buttock area

F. Cervical 4. Neck region

P. Umbilical 5. “Belly button” area

M. Pubic 6. Genital area

B. Antecubital 7. Anterior aspect of elbow

K. Occipital 8. Posterior aspect of head

I. Inguinal 9. Area where trunk meets thigh

J. Lumbar 10. Back area from ribs to hips

E. Buccal 11. Pertaining to the cheek

14. Using the key terms from Exercise 13, correctly label all body areas indicated
with leader lines on Figure 1– 8.

In addition, identify the sections labeled A and B in the figure.

Section A: Sagittal (Midsagittal)

Section B: Transverse (Horizontal)

 Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 12

Cheek

Scapular
Brachium

Antecubitis
B B
Abdomen Loin or
Lumbar
Groin

Thigh

Popliteus

Calf

A
Figure 1–8
 Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 13

15. From the key choices, select the body cavities and the cavity subdivision
where the following surgical procedures would occur. Insert the correct
letter(s) or term(s) in the answer blanks. Be precise. Items may have more
than one answer.

Key Choices
A. Abdominal C. Dorsal E. Spinal G. Ventral
B. Cranial D. Pelvic F. Thoracic

D. Pelvic 1. Removal of the uterus, or womb

F. Thoraic 2. Coronary bypass surgery (heart surgery)

B. Cranial 3. Removal of a serious brain tumor

D. Pelvic 4. Removal of a “hot” appendix

A. Abdominal 5. A stomach ulcer operation

16. Complete the following statements by choosing an anatomical term from the
key choices. Enter the appropriate letter or term in the answer blanks.

Key Choices
A. Anterior D. Inferior G. Posterior J. Superior
B. Distal E. Lateral H. Proximal K. Transverse
C. Frontal F. Medial I. Sagittal

A. Anterior 1. In the anatomical position, the face and palms are on the
(1) body surface, the buttocks and shoulder blades are on the
G. Posterior 2. (2) body surface, and the top of the head is the most
(3) part of the body. The ears are (4) to the shoulders and
J. Superior 3.
(5) to the nose. The heart is (6) to the spine and
J. Superior 4. (7) to the lungs. The elbow is (8) to the fingers but
(9) to the shoulder. In humans, the dorsal surface can also be
E. Lateral 5. called the (10) surface; however, in four•legged animals, the
dorsal surface is the (11) surface.
A. Anterior 6.

F. Medial 7.

H. Proximal 8.

B. Distal 9.

G. Posterior 10.

J. Superior 11.
 Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 14

I. Sagittal 12. If an incision cuts the heart into right and left parts, the
C. Frontal 13. section is a (12) section, but if the heart is cut so that ante•
rior and posterior parts result, the section is a (13) section.
C. Frontal 14. You are told to cut an animal along two planes so that the
paired kidneys are observable in both sections. The two
K. Transverse 15. sections that meet this requirement are the (14) and (15)
sections.

17. Using the key choices, identify the body cavities where the following body
organs are located. Enter the appropriate letter or term in the answer blanks.
Letters or terms can be used more than once.

Key Choices
A. Abdominopelvic B. Cranial C. Spinal D. Thoracic
A. Abdominal pelvic . Stomach A. Abdominal pelvic 7. Bladder
A. Abdominal pelvic 2. Small intestine D. Thoracic 8. Trachea
A. Abdominal pelvic 3. Large intestine D. Thoracic 9. Lungs
A. Abdominal pelvic 4. Spleen B. Cranial 10. Pituitary gland
A. Abdominal pelvic 5. Liver A. Abdominal pelvic 11. Rectum
C. Spinal cord 6. Spinal cord A. Abdominal plevic 12. Ovaries

18. Number the following structures, from darkest (black) to lightest (white),
as they would appear on an X•ray. Number the darkest one 1, the next
darkest 2, etc. (Hint: Denser structures appear lighter).

2 A. Soft tissue

3 B. Femur (bone of the thigh)

1 C. Air in lungs

4 D. Gold (metal) filling in a tooth

AT THE CLINIC

19. A jogger has stepped in a pothole and sprained his ankle. What organ systems
have suffered damage?

The organ systems that have suffered a damage are the following;
 Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 15
Skeletal System

Muscular System

Cardiovascular System

Integumentary System

Nervous System
 Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 14

20. A newborn baby is unable to hold down any milk. Examination reveals a
developmental disorder in which the esophagus fails to connect to the stom•
ach. What survival needs are most immediately threatened?

The most important survival needs being threatened is the nutrients and water in which if the
baby was not able to consume these two vital needs of the baby then its development and growth
will be highly affected.

21. The Chan family was traveling in their van and had a minor accident. The
children in the backseat were wearing lap belts, but they still sustained
bruises around the abdomen and had some internal organ injuries. Why is
this area more vulnerable to damage than others?

Th reason why the area is more vulnerable to damage than the others is because that there no
bones that will protect the other organs in that specific location or area.

22. John, a patient at Jones City Hospital, is in tough shape. He has a hernia in his
inguinal region, pain from an infected kidney in his lumbar region, and severe
bruises and swelling in his pubic region. Explain where each of these regions
is located.

The patient John, it’s hernia where the legs meet the trunk. The pain from the infected kidney is
in his lower back and his bruises is in his genital part.

23. The hormone thyroxine is released in response to a pituitary hormone called

TSH. As thyroxine levels increase in the blood, they exert negative feedback
on the release of TSH by the pituitary gland. What effect will this have on the
release of TSH?

The effect will have on the release of the TSH, the negative feedback may cause the initial
stimulus, TSH in this case, to decline.

24. In congestive heart failure, the weakened heart is unable to pump with suffi•
cient strength to empty its own chambers. As a result, blood backs up in the
veins, blood pressure rises, and circulation is impaired. Describe what will
happen as this situation worsens owing to positive feedback. Then, predict
how a heart•strengthening medication will reverse the positive feedback.
The prediction of how a heart strengthening medication will reverse the positive feedback. Where
the high blood pressure increases its workload on the heart that the circulation of the blood
decreases. And the heart itself begins to receive an inadequate blood supply. As the heart being
weaken, the backup in the veins worsens and the blood pressure rises even higher which leads to
severe edema. Without the intervention, the circulation becomes so sluggish that the organ failure
sets in. The heart strengthening medication will increase its force of the heartbeat so that more of
the blood is being pumped out with every beat. The heart can pump more blood, reducing the
backup and increasing the circulation. Which the, blood supply to the heart musculature also
improves and the heart become much stronger.
 Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 14

25. The following advanced imaging techniques are discussed in the text: CT,
DSA, PET, and MRI. Which of these techniques uses X•ray? Which uses
radio waves and magnetic fields? Which uses radioisotopes? Which
displays body regions in sections? (You may have more than one answer
for each question.)
The following advance imaging techniques that are discussed in the text, the
one that employs radio waves and magnetic fields is the MRI. The one that
utilizes the X-rays are the CT and DSA. The one that uses the radioscopes is
the PET. And lastly, the CT, MRI, and PET scans can display the body regions
in sections.

Submitted by;
Gerald C. Montano