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Open Hole Logging

Archie developed his empirical equation for estimating water saturation (Sw) in reservoirs using resistivity measurements. He conducted experiments by filling a cube model with formation water, sand, and oil to vary porosity (∅) and Sw. His experiments found that resistivity is proportional to 1/∅2 with constant Sw, and proportional to 1/Sw2 with constant ∅. Later experiments accounted for variables like cementation and tortuosity, leading to Archie's generalized equation using coefficients for these factors. Archie's equation became the basis for interpreting well log data despite some limitations for shaly formations.

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63 views5 pages

Open Hole Logging

Archie developed his empirical equation for estimating water saturation (Sw) in reservoirs using resistivity measurements. He conducted experiments by filling a cube model with formation water, sand, and oil to vary porosity (∅) and Sw. His experiments found that resistivity is proportional to 1/∅2 with constant Sw, and proportional to 1/Sw2 with constant ∅. Later experiments accounted for variables like cementation and tortuosity, leading to Archie's generalized equation using coefficients for these factors. Archie's equation became the basis for interpreting well log data despite some limitations for shaly formations.

Uploaded by

Abbas Hassn
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SIDDIQUI MOHAMMAD SAADAT

Open Hole Logging (Concepts-II)


Archie’s Equation and Concept

• Archie’s is the basis of all initial interpretation of logging data.


“ Increasing Productivity Through Knowledge “

• The empirical formula is used to estimate Sw in reservoir using


Rt, ∅, Rw.

Archie’s Experiment

• A cube model is used as a model for explaining Archie’s


equation.
• In the 1st experiment the cube was filled with formation water.
• The ∅ was 100% since there was no rock in the cube. The Sw
was 100% since all the available pores was filled with formation
water.
• Under such conditions the measured cube resistivity (Rt) was
the same as Rw.
SIDDIQUI MOHAMMAD SAADAT

• In the 2nd experiment sand was added to the cube so that the ∅
was 70%. The Sw was still 100% as there were no hydrocarbons
in the cube.
• The measure cube resisitivity (Rt) was found to be higher than
the Rw since the conductive water was replaced by non-
conductive rock (sand).
• By varying ∅ the it was found that Rt ∝ 1/∅2 with the Sw =
constant.

• In the 3rd experiment half the water from the previous


experiment was replaced with oil.
• This resulted in an unchanged of 70% and the Sw of 50% since
half the pore space was now occupied by oil.
• The measured cube resistivity (Rt) was found to be higher than
the Rt from the previous experiment since half the conductive
water replaced by non-conductive oil.
• By varying the Sw it was found that Rt ∝ 1/Sw2 with ∅=constant.
SIDDIQUI MOHAMMAD SAADAT

• In the 4th experiment the salinity of the formation water was


increased by adding some salt to it. Resulting in the reduce Rw.
• By varying the salinity, it was found that Rt ∝ Rw with Sw, ∅=
constant.

• Thus, the Archie’s equation was developed in 1942, Petro


physicists have tested this equation by repeating the
experiments for almost every conceivable rock type.
SIDDIQUI MOHAMMAD SAADAT

• While Archie’s equation held true for most non-shaly formation


types, their experiments showed that it needed to be updated
for variable such as cementation, tortuosity, granular shape and
size.

• Thus, the generalized Archie’s equation was proposed for non-


shaly rocks were,
• a: is the local correction factor to take into account a myriad of
variables that can affect a formation at a given location
• m: is the cementation factor which represents how the grains in
the formation are held together.
• n: is the saturation exponent
• Thus, values of a, m, and n can be found experimentally from
the log data and core analysis.
SIDDIQUI MOHAMMAD SAADAT

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Submitted By:
Siddiqui Mohammad Saadat
[email protected]

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