KEBBI STATE

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY,
ALIERO

Faculty of Engineering

Department: Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

Name: ALIYU Almustapha

Admission number: 1910304001

Year: 2022

SUBMITTED TO ENGR DR ABDULLAHI MUHAMMAD SB

INTRODUCTION

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Writing is a medium of communication that represents language through the inscription of
signs and symbols. In other words, writing is a method of representing language in visual or
tactile form.

TECHNICAL WRITING

Technical writing is a form of technical communication used in a variety of technical and

occupational fields, such as computer hardware and software, engineering, chemistry,
aeronautics and astronautics, robotics, finance, consumer electronics, and biotechnology. In
other words, Technical Writing is communication, the primary aim of which is to convey a
particular piece of information to a particular audience for a particular purpose.

BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF TECHNICAL WRITING

Technical writing is meant to get a job done. Everything else is secondary. If the writing
style is interesting, so much the better. There are 6 basic characteristics of technical writing:

Clarity: The written document must convey a single meaning that the reader can easily
understand. Unclear technical writing leads to wasted time, money and resources.

Accuracy: This means to not only be careful to avoid errors in recording facts; it also means
freedom from bias or subjectivity. If readers suspect you are slanting information by
overstating the significance of a particular point, they have every right to doubt the validity of
the entire document.

Comprehensiveness: A comprehensive technical document provides all the information its

readers will need. Readers who must act on a document need to be able to apply the
information efficiently and effectively.

Accessibility: This refers to the ease with which readers can locate the information they
seek. Topic sentences should be used at the beginning of paragraphs. Thesis Statement
should be identifiable in the introductory paragraph.

Conciseness: To be useful, technical writing must be concise. The longer a document is, the
more difficult it is to use, for the obvious reason that it takes more of the readers time.

Correctness: Good technical writing observes the conventions of grammar, spelling,

punctuation, and usage. Leaving sloppy grammar errors in your writing is like wearing a
soup-stained shirt to a business meeting: it will distract your readers, and may make them
doubt the importance of your information.

TECHNICAL DEFINITION

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A technical definition is a definition in technical communication describing or explaining
technical terminology. Technical definitions are used to introduce the vocabulary which
makes communication in a particular field succinct and unambiguous. For example, the iliac
crest from medical terminology is the top ridge of the hip bone.

COMMON ERRORS IN TECHNICAL DEFINITION

There are several writing mistakes that even experienced writers make. The most important
thing to remember is that good writing has no hard and fast rules. It’s all about consistency
and cultivating your unique voice through criticism and practice.

You can avoid these errors with practice and increased awareness. Remaining consistent with
the rules will benefit you in the long run and keep your readers interested and engaged!

1. Grammar and spelling errors

Grammar and spelling errors are perhaps the most common and frequent among writers.
Compelling writing doesn’t include typos, grammatical errors, or too much passive voice
usage. These errors should be avoided at all costs, whether or not anyone can tell you were
making the error. One of the easiest ways to catch a grammatical error is to use an editor or
proofreader.

2. Capitalization Errors

Incorrect use of capitalization is one of the common writing mistakes. Many people make the
mistake of incorrect capitalization. Capitalization errors can result in reading difficulties and
comprehension errors. Always capitalize proper nouns, the first word in a sentence, and titles.

RESEARCH
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The word “research” originated from the old French word “recerchier” meaning to search and
search again.The earliest recorded use of the term was in 1577, It literally implies repeating a
search for something and implicitly assumes that the earlier search was not exhaustive and
complete in the sense that there is still scope for improvement. .

Research has been interpreted and defined by various scholars as per their fields of study and
availability of resources at the given time.

According to (Kumar Ranjit 2005), "Research is ―a careful investigation or enquiry

especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge."

" Research is a movement, a movement from the known to the unknown (Redman and Mory,
2010)

Research scientific approach of answering a research question, solving a problem or

generating new knowledge through a systematic and orderly collection, organization, and
analysis of information with an ultimate goal of making the research useful in decision-
making. Systematic research in any field of inquiry involves three basic operations-

TYPES OF RESEARCH STUDY

There are several criteria for the classification of research types these include method of
research and goal of research. Research can also be classified by the research method used.
However, many research projects use methods from more than one class.

1. Creative Research: Creative research involves the development of new theories; new
procedures and new inventions and is used to some extent in all fields, in contrast to
experimental research, creative research is much less structured and cannot always be
preplanned. This type of research includes both practical and theoretical research.

2. Descriptive Research: This type of research is also called a “case –study research”. It
involves studying a specific situation to ascertain whether any general theories may
arise out of it whether an existing theory are borne out by specific situations. e.g in
anthropological studies etc

3. Experimental Research: The cornerstone of science is experimental and creative

research. Experimental research is primarily concerned with cause and effect. Here
the variables of interest are identified (i.e. the dependent and independent variables)
and the researcher seeks to determine the effect of changes in the independent
variables on the dependent variable.

4. Historical Research: Studies on the past to determine cause-effect patterns. This type
of research is often geared towards using past events to examine current situation and
to predict future situation. e.g stock market forecasting.

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 5. Expository Research: This is research based purely on existing information and
normally leads to “review –type reports”. It involves reading widely on a field,
comparing and contrasting, analyzing and synthesizing all points of view and
developing new insights

PURPOSE OF RESEARCH

The principal objective or purpose of research in any field of inquiry is to add to what is
known about the phenomenon under the investigation through the application of scientific
methods. The purpose of research is the following-

1. Exploration

2. Description

3. Causal Explanation

4. Prediction.

1. Exploration: Exploration is finding out about some previously unexamined

phenomenon. It is
particularly useful when researchers lack a clear idea of the problems they will meet
during the course of the stud. Explorative studies tend toward loose structures with the
objective of discovering future research tasks. One might think, for example, of
initiating an exploratory research in the following situations.

2. Description: Description refers to the data based information-gathering activities. The

situations and events which are described through studies are referred to as descriptive
studies. Descriptive studies try to discover answers to the questions who, what, when,
where and sometimes how.

3. Causal Exploration: An explanatory study goes beyond description and attempts to

establish cause and-effect relationship between variables. It explains the reason for
the phenomenon that describes study observed. Thus, if a researcher finds that
communities having higher family size have higher child death, s/he is performing a
descriptive study.

4. Prediction: Prediction seeks to answer when and in what situations the event will
occur, if it can be provided plausible explanation for the vent in question. In addition
to being able to explain an event after it has occurred.

PROPOSALS WRITING

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A research proposal is a document written by a researcher that provides a detailed description
of the proposed program. It is like an outline of the entire research process that gives a reader
a summary of the information discussed in a project.

FUNDAMENTAL OF PROPOSALS WRITING

1.Abstract/Summary

The abstract is the most important component of the proposal. Spend time developing the
best possible title. If the length is not mandated, it should be no longer than one half to one
page maximum

2.Statement of Need

What is the issue that you are addressing and why does it matter?

Why is what you propose necessary? What is the void in Knowledge?

Who benefits? Indicate the public good, not just the effect on campus.

Why hasn't this issue been addressed sufficiently in the past? Who else is working in this
field, what have they done, and why isn't that enough? Demonstrate your knowledge of the
field.

Provide convincing evidence that what you are proposing does not duplicate other work.
Replication of someone else's work in a new environment

3.Project Activity, Methodology and Outcomes

Why did you choose to address the issue in the manner that you have? Are there other
approaches? If so, why aren't they appropriate to the situation?

What are the specific activities involved? Who will do them?

Present a timeline of activities. Tables and charts work best here. They crystallize data, break
up pages of narrative, and convey extensive information well in a limited space.

4. Evaluation

Essential piece that should be both quantitative and qualitative, if feasible.

Outline clearly the methodology that you will use to assess the projects success.

5. Dissemination

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Dissemination should be linked to your project goals and objectives. If you are trying to
affect policy, your dissemination plan should target policy-makers, media, and affected
populations

THINGS THAT PROPOSAL MUST DEMONSTRATE ABOUT A PROPOSED

PROJECT.

1. PROJECT BACKGROUND

The project background is a one-page section of your project proposal that explains the
problem that your project will solve. You should explain when this issue started, its current
state and how your project will be the ideal solution.

2. PROJECT OBJECTIVES

Project objectives are what you plan to achieve by the end of your project. This might include
deliverables and assets, or more intangible objectives like increasing productivity or
motivation. Your project objectives should be attainable, time-bound, specific goals you can
measure at the end of your project

3. PROJECT SCOPE

Project scope is the part of project planning that involves determining and documenting a list
of specific project goals, deliverables, tasks, costs and deadlines. The documentation of a
project's scope is called a scope statement or terms of reference

4. PROJECT PLAN

A project plan defines project goals and objectives, specifies tasks and how goals will be
achieved, identifies what resources will be needed and associated budgets and timelines for
completion. A project plan defines all work in a project and identifies who will do it.

5. PROJECT SOLUTION

Project Solution Definition. Definition: The group or individual that has an understanding or
can recognize workable solutions to the defined problems.

REFERENCE

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1. Kabir, S.M.S. (2016). Basic Guidelines for Research: An Introductory Approach for
All Disciplines. Book Zone Publication, ISBN: 978-984-33-9565-8, Chittagong-4203,
Bangladesh.

2. Kabir, S.M.S. (2017). Essentials of Counseling. Abosar Prokashana Sangstha, ISBN:

978-984-8798-22-5, Banglabazar, Dhaka-1100.

3. Kabir, S.M.S., Mostafa, M.R., Chowdhury, A.H., & Salim, M.A.A. (2016).
Bangladesher Samajtattwa (Sociology of Bangladesh). Protik Publisher, ISBN: 978-
984-8794-69-2, Dhaka-1100.

4. Olson, Miles C., Carol B. Kuykendall, Cherie A. Lyons, and Nancy Tia Brown. The
Writing process: Composition and Applied Grammar. Boston:
MAllyn and Bacon, 1982. Print. Ser.12.

5. Sanford, A. J., and S. C. Garrod. Understanding Written Language: Explorations of

Comprehension beyond the Sentence. Chichester: Wiley, 1981. Print.
Turner, George W. Stylistics. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin, 1973.
Print.

6. Baltimore County Public Schools. (July 2015). Key elements of the research proposal.

Research Process Steps. Retrieved Sept. 25, 2016.

https://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/researchcourse/key_elements.html.

7. The Graduate Writing Center of the Center for Excellence in Writing. (n.d.) Writing
thesis and dissertation proposals. Retrieved Sept. 25, 2016.

8. http://pwr.la.psu.edu/resources/graduate-writing-center/handouts-1/
WritingProposals.pdf/.

9. USC Libraries. (2016, Sept. 27). Writing a research proposal. Research

Guides.Retrieved Sept. 27, 2016.

10. http://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/researchproposal. Definition|Definition,

Merriam-Webster [online], Available:
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/definition

11. Accessed: Jan. 2 2017M.H. Markel, Technical Writing Situations and Strategies, N