XJCV3860

Integrated Design Project 3 Part 3

LEEDS Number: 201292074

SWJTU Number: 2018110496

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Content
1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Basic composition and structural system of bridges ................................................................. 3
1.2 Action and action effects on bridges ......................................................................................... 3
1.3 Material specifications .............................................................................................................. 5
2. Design of main beam ......................................................................................................................... 6
2.1 Dimension ................................................................................................................................. 6
2.2 Prestressed reinforcement ......................................................................................................... 7
2.3 Mechanical test ......................................................................................................................... 8
2.4 Design of tendon profiles ........................................................................................................ 10
2.5 Calculation of deflections ....................................................................................................... 12
3.6. Prestressed concrete bending member oblique section strength checking ............................ 14
4. Bridge pier calculation and checking ............................................................................................ 16
4.1 Load ........................................................................................................................................ 16
4.2 Dimensions ............................................................................................................................. 18
4.4 The stress test .......................................................................................................................... 21
5. Cap size and pile arrangement ...................................................................................................... 22
Appendix .............................................................................................................................................. 23
Reference ............................................................................................................................................. 24

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1. Introduction

1.1 Basic composition and structural system of bridges

Standard span: 32m

The calculated span is 30m
Bridge span: 5 × 32 = 160𝑚
The bridge deck width: about 10m
The cross-section form of beam body structure is consistent with the cross-section size of concrete box

girder. According to the standard of Bridge Design code. The length of the beam is L1=12 meters. The
single span of the beam is L2=32 meters.
Effective width of flanges. For internal force and bending moment analysis, limit state verification,
vibration limit state verification and deformation calculation under normal service limit state, the
actual width is used.

1.2 Action and action effects on bridges

Dead load:
Self-weight of main beam :
1.08 × 2700 × 9.8/1000 = 28.58𝐾𝑁/𝑚
Self-weight of track and railway ballast:
2.5 × 0.3 × 2600 × 9.8/1000 = 19.11𝐾𝑁/𝑚
Self-weight of the deck
0.156 × 2.5 × 25 = 10𝐾𝑁/𝑚

Total dead load:

𝐿1 = 28.58 + 19.11 + 10 = 57.69𝐾𝑁/𝑚

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Live load:
Stress on section

The applied load is converted into equivalent uniform load for calculation according to different
positions
Side 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2
K-ZC K-ZC K-ZC K-ZC K-ZC
67.35 KN/m 65.01Kn/m 64.63 64.72 64.59

Total load
30
𝑆2 = 178.91 × = 2683.65𝐾
2
Side 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2
178.9065 175.3965 174.8265 174.9615 174.7665
The maximum shear force and bending moment
For side, shear
30
𝑆2 = 178.91 × = 2683.65𝐾𝑁
2
Bending moment
𝑀1 = 0
For 1/8, Shear force
30
𝑆2 = 175.40 × ( − 0.125 × 30) = 1973.25𝐾𝑁
2
Bending moment
3.75 × 30 × (1 − 0.125)
𝑀2 = 175.4 × = 8632.97𝐾𝑁𝑚
2
For 1/4, Shear force
30
𝑆2 = 174.83 × ( − 0.25 × 30) = 1311.23𝐾𝑁
2
Bending moment

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 7.25 × 32 × (1 − 0.25)
𝑀2 = 174.83 × = 15210.21𝐾𝑁𝑚
2
For 1/2, Shear force
30
𝑆2 = 174.77 × ( − 0.5 × 30) = 0𝐾𝑁
2
Bending moment
302
𝑀2 = 174.77 × = 19661.63𝐾𝑁𝑚
8
Location Bending moment Shear force
Side 0 2683.65
1/8 721.68 1973.25
1/4 15210.21 1311.23
1/2 19661.63 0

1.3 Material specifications

Concrete, precast beams and cast-in-place joints, sealing the anchor, the pier top cast-in-place
continuous beam section, adopt C50 concrete bridge cast-in-place layer, use C25 pile, the rest of the
component adopts C30.
Concrete strength class: 450
Concrete density: 2700=Kg/𝑚3
Steel: 24@16mm Steel strand. Sectional area: 𝐴𝑠 = 4.717 𝑐𝑚2. Tensile diameter:𝑅𝑦 ⅈ = 1500𝑀𝑝𝑎
Ultimate compressive strength Ultimate tensile strength Elastic modulus under compression
𝑅𝑎 = 40𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑅1 = 3.2𝑀𝑝𝑎 𝐸ℎ = 3.4 × 104 𝑀𝑝𝑎

1.4 Overall longitudinal stability test

This paper mainly refers to The Eurocode 2 part 2, but there are no clear restrictions on the design of
piers and foundations. Therefore, the design process of the bridge pier refers to the Chinese railway
bridge design code. The specific references section will be prepared in the actual references section.

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2. Design of main beam

2.1 Dimension

Other geometric parameters are calculated by ANALYSIS:

e=1291-391=900mm
Neutral axis:
1318.338438 cm
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Moment of inertia:
934600𝑐𝑚4
Sectional plan

2.2 Prestressed reinforcement

𝑓𝑝𝑘 = 1750𝑀𝑝𝑎, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑝 = 195𝐺𝑝𝑎, 𝑒 = 450𝑚𝑚

Maximum normal stress at the bottom of the section
𝑀𝑦 1966100000 × 13.1833
𝜎= = = 27.7𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝐼𝑧 934600
Maximum bottom shear:
27.7 × 1.30113 × 106 = 36041𝐾𝑁
Pretensioned (precast) concrete elements: 24-wire 16-mm strands
The area for one element:
8 × 8 × 𝜋 × 24 = 4825.48𝑚𝑚6
36041000
= 4.85 = 4
1770
× 4825.48
1.15
Layout of reinforcement
1. first tensioning structure, the steel beam, steel strand, the net distance between reinforced bar
should not be less than 1.5 times the diameter, and should not be less than 30 mm.
2. prestressed or pipe between the structure surface and the surface protective layer thickness,
in82Structure of top and side should not be less than 1 times the pipe diameter, and no less than 50
mm, in the structure of bottom should not be less than 60 mm.
3. The area of pipes in post-tensioned prestressed concrete structures should not be less than 2 times
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 the area of steel wire bundle.

2.3 Mechanical test

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐾𝑀𝑚ⅈ𝑛 ≤ (𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐾𝑓𝑚ⅈ𝑛 )𝑍𝑡

And
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐾𝑀𝑚ⅈ𝑛 ≤ (𝐾𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑓𝑚ⅈ𝑛 )𝑍𝑏
Hence, if (𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐾𝑀𝑚ⅈ𝑛 ) is written as 𝑀𝑣 , the moment variation
𝑀𝑣
𝑍𝑡 ≥
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐾𝑓𝑚ⅈ𝑛
And
𝑀𝑣
𝑍𝑏 ≥
𝐾𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑓𝑚ⅈ𝑛
The minimum value of the section modulus must be satisfied by the selected section so that there are
prestressing forces and eccentricities that allow the stress limit to be satisfied; However, to ensure that
practical considerations are met, the selected cross section must have a margin higher than the
minimum value calculated above. The equation of minimum modulus depends on the difference
between the maximum and minimum of the moment. The maximum bending moment at the cross
section is not directly included in these figures, so the prestressing that may result may not be
economical or impractical. In most cases, however, it is usually possible to achieve a satisfactory
design if a section that meets these minimum requirements is selected, together with any other
prescribed requirements regarding the shape of the section.
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 ≥ 36𝑚, 𝑠𝑜 ℎ = + 0.1 = 1.38
25
Size of prestress
𝜎𝑝 = 4 × 4825.48 × 1770 = 34164𝐾𝑁
Prestress is set to
20000KN
The area (A*) and moment of inertia (I*)
𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴 − 35 × 𝐴𝑝 = 1.30113 × 106 − 5 × 4825.48 = 1277003𝑚𝑚2
𝐸𝑝 1950
Transfer 𝑛𝑝 = = = 5.57
𝐸𝑐 345
Elastic module ratios
𝐸𝑝 1950
Service 𝑛𝑝 = = = 5.50
𝐸𝑐 355

Transformed section at transfer

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 A∗ = 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑛𝑝 𝐴𝑝 = 1277003 + 5.57 × 4 × 4825.48 = 1384515𝑚𝑚2

I∗ = 𝐼𝑐 + 𝑛𝑝 𝐼𝑝 = 𝐼 + (𝑛𝑝 − 1)𝐼𝑝 = 9.346 × 1011 + (5.57 − 1) × 4 × 4825 × 8502

= 9.98 × 1012 𝑚𝑚4

Transformed section at service:
A∗ = 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑛𝑝 𝐴𝑝 = 1277003 + 5.5 × 4 × 4825.48 = 1383164𝑚𝑚2

I∗ = 𝐼𝑐 + 𝑛𝑝 𝐼𝑝 = 𝐼 + (𝑛𝑝 − 1)𝐼𝑝 = 9.346 × 1011 + (5.5 − 1) × 4 × 4825.48 × 8502

= 9.97 × 1011 𝑚𝑚4

The bottom stress
𝑃0 𝑀𝑚ⅈ𝑛 𝑃0 𝑒
𝜎𝑐,𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = − 𝑦𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 + 𝑦
𝐴 𝐼 𝐼 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚
And
𝑦𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 1200𝑚𝑚
So,
18000 × 103 4938.24 × 106 18000 × 103 × 850
𝜎𝑐,𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = − × 1318.34 + × 1318.34
1384515 9.98 × 1011 9.98 × 1011
26.6𝑁
= (𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑚𝑚2
For the top stress
𝑃0 𝑀𝑚ⅈ𝑛 𝑃0 𝑒
𝜎𝑐,𝑡𝑜𝑝 = + 𝑦𝑡𝑜𝑝 − 𝑦
𝐴 𝐼 𝐼 𝑡𝑜𝑝
And
𝑦𝑡𝑜𝑝 = ℎ − 𝑦𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 2360𝑚𝑚 − 1318𝑚𝑚 = 1042𝑚𝑚
So,
18000 × 103 4938.24 × 106 18000 × 103 × 850
𝜎𝑐,𝑡𝑜𝑝 = + × 1042 − × 1042
1384515 9.98 × 1011 9.98 × 1011
= 2.125𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
The stress limitation check
𝜎𝑐,𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 32𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 < 48𝑀𝑃𝑎
And
1.078𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 > 0
Therefore, design to meet requirements.
For service condition
𝑃0 = 0.8𝑝 = 14400𝑘𝑁
𝑀 = 𝑀𝑚ⅈ𝑛 = 23008𝑘𝑁𝑚
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Transformed section at service:
A∗ = 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑛𝑝 𝐴𝑝 = 1277003 + 5.5 × 4 × 4825.48 = 1383164𝑚𝑚2

I∗ = 𝐼𝑐 + 𝑛𝑝 𝐼𝑝 = 𝐼 + (𝑛𝑝 − 1)𝐼𝑝 = 9.346 × 1011 + (5.5 − 1) × 4 × 4825.48 × 8502

= 9.97 × 1011 𝑚𝑚4

The bottom stress
𝑃0 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑃0 𝑒
𝜎𝑐,𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = − 𝑦𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 + 𝑦
𝐴 𝐼 𝐼 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚
And
𝑦𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 1200𝑚𝑚
So,
14400 × 103 19661 × 106 14400 × 103 × 850
𝜎𝑐,𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = − × 1318.34 + × 1318.34
1383164 9.97 × 1011 9.97 × 1011
0.605𝑁
= (𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑚𝑚2
For the top stress
𝑃0 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑃0 𝑒
𝜎𝑐,𝑡𝑜𝑝 = + 𝑦𝑡𝑜𝑝 − 𝑦
𝐴 𝐼 𝐼 𝑡𝑜𝑝
And
𝑦𝑡𝑜𝑝 = ℎ − 𝑦𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 2360𝑚𝑚 − 1318𝑚𝑚 = 1042𝑚𝑚
So,
14400 × 103 19661 × 106 14400 × 103 × 850
𝜎𝑐,𝑡𝑜𝑝 = + × 1042 − × 1042
1383164 9.97 × 1011 9.97 × 1011
= 18.19𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
The stress limitation check
𝜎𝑐,𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 18.16𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 < 36𝑀𝑃𝑎
And
5.74𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 > 0
Therefore, design to meet requirements.

2.4 Design of tendon profiles

′
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 26.6𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 , 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 18.19𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
′
𝑓𝑚ⅈ𝑛 = 2.125𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 , 𝑓𝑚ⅈ𝑛 = 0.605𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑀𝑚ⅈ𝑛 = 4938.24 × 106 𝐾𝑁𝑚, 𝑀𝑚ⅈ𝑛 = 19661 × 106 𝐾𝑁𝑚

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 𝑍𝑏 = 𝑍𝑡 = 1.86 × 108 𝑚𝑚3
After obtaining a value of prestress so that all stress conditions are satisfied at the critical section, it is
necessary to determine the eccentricity that must provide this force, not only at the critical section, but
over the entire length of the member. At any section along the component, e is the only unknown term
of the four equations, which will yield two upper and two lower limits, which must be satisfied at the
same time. This requirement must be met at all sections of the entire member and will reflect changes
in bending moment, prestress and section characteristics along the member. The design expression can
be rewritten as:
At transfer

𝑍𝑡 𝑓𝑚ⅈ𝑛 𝑍𝑡 𝑀𝑚ⅈ𝑛
𝑒≤[ − ]+
𝐴 𝑝0 𝑝0
𝑍𝑏 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑍𝑏 𝑀𝑚ⅈ𝑛
𝑒 ≤ [− − ]+
𝐴 𝑝0 𝑝0
At service
𝑍𝑡 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑍𝑡 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑒≤[ − ]+
𝐴 𝐾𝑝0 𝐾𝑝0
𝑍𝑏 𝑓𝑚ⅈ𝑛 𝑍𝑏 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑒 ≥ [− + ]+
𝐴 𝐾𝑝0 𝐾𝑝0
In the case of uniform loading, the moment envelope is parabolic, so it is common practice to provide
a parabolic tendon profile if the straight profile does not fit within the region. In the critical section,
the region is generally narrow, and if the minimum value of prestress in Magellan diagram is taken,
the region is reduced to zero. At sections away from the critical section, the area gradually exceeds the
minimum requirement.
1 𝐾(1/𝐴 − 𝑒/𝑧)
≥
𝑝0 (𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 /𝑧)
1 (1/𝐴 − 𝑒/𝑧)
≥ ′
𝑝0 (𝑓𝑚ⅈ𝑛 − 𝑀𝑚ⅈ𝑛 /𝑧)
1 𝐾(1/𝐴 − 𝑒/𝑧)
≤
𝑝0 (𝑓𝑚ⅈ𝑛 − 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 /𝑧)
1 (1/𝐴 − 𝑒/𝑧)
≤ ′
𝑝0 (𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑀𝑚ⅈ𝑛 /𝑧)
Which can be re-arranged to give
106
≥ 1277003
𝑝0
Ends of beam

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 ′
𝑍𝑏 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑍𝑏 𝑀𝑚ⅈ𝑛
𝑒 ≤ [− + ]+
𝐴 𝑝0 𝑝0
Then
1.86 × 108 26.6 × 1.86 × 108 4938.24 × 106
𝑒 ≤ [− + ] +
1277003 18000 × 103 18000 × 103
𝑒 ≤ 1031.89𝑚𝑚
and
𝑍𝑏 𝑓𝑚ⅈ𝑛 𝑍𝑏 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑒 ≥ [− + ]+
𝐴 𝐾𝑝0 𝐾𝑝0
8 8
1.86 × 10 0.605 × 1.86 × 10 4938.24 × 106
𝑒 ≥ [− + ]+
1277003 0.8 × 18000 × 103 0.8 × 18000 × 103
𝑒 ≥ −1105𝑚𝑚
At the end of the beam, the torque is zero, and for a = zb, the inequality expression applies to the
tendon eccentricity above or below the neutral axis (e is positive or negative). So e has to be in the
range of + 1032mm.

2.5 Calculation of deflections

The expected deflection of prestressed concrete members must be checked frequently because the
effective span depth ratio is not specified in the specifications for prestressed concrete members.
Deflection due to eccentric prestressing forces must be assessed and the effects of normal permanent
and variable loads on the member added. In most cases, especially where members are designed to be
crack free under full load, a simple linear elastic analysis based on the total section of concrete will be
sufficient to give reasonable and realistic estimates of deflection.
The basic requirement which should generally be satisfied in respect of deflations are similar to those
of a reinforced concrete beam which are:
1. deflection under the action of the quasi-permanent load< span/250 measured below the level of the
support:
2. Span/500 maximum movement after other elements, which are susceptible to damage by
movement, are applied
The creep factor
𝜙(∞, 𝑡0 ) = 2.0
At transfer
5 𝑊𝑚ⅈ𝑛 𝐿3 5 (𝑃0 𝑒𝑐 )𝐿2
𝑦𝑎 = −
385 𝐸𝐶𝑀 𝐼 48 𝐸𝑐𝑚 𝐼
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 5 28.58 × 303 × 109 5 (18000 × 850)302 × 106
= −
385 40 × 103 × 934600 × 103 48 40 × 103 × 934600 × 103
2.68-38.269=-35.589mm (Upwards)

At application of finishes
Assume that only a small proportion of prestress losses have occurred:
Weight of finishes
𝑓𝑚ⅈ𝑛 = 5𝐾𝑁/𝑚
5 5 × 303
𝑦𝑏 = 𝑦𝑎 − = −35.589 − 0.35 = −35.939𝑚𝑚
385 40 × 303 × 934600 × 103
In the long term due to the quasi-permanent action plus prestress force after losses assuming 30 percent
of the variable load contributes to the quasi-permanent action:
Quasi-permanent action
= 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 − 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑠 + 0.3 × 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
= 57.69 + 5 + 0.3 × 76.8621 = 85.75𝐾𝑁/𝑚
Prestress forces after losses
0.8𝑦𝑎 = 0.8 × 18000 = 14400𝐾𝑁
𝐸𝑐𝑚 40
𝐸𝑐,𝑒𝑓𝑓 = = = 13.33𝐾𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
(1 + 𝜙(∞, 𝑡0 )) (1 + 2)

Then
5 85.75 × 303 × 109 5 (14400 × 850)302 × 106
𝑦𝑐 = − =
385 13.33 × 103 × 934600 × 103 48 13.3 × 103 × 934600 × 103
2.41-92.3156=-89.9
89.9<span/250=120mm
Therefore satisfactory.
Movement after application of finishes
𝑦𝑑 = 𝑦𝑐 − 𝑦𝑏 = −89.9 − (−35.939) = −54.0
And
54.0 < 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛/500 = 60𝑚𝑚
Therefore satisfactory

End blocks
In a pretensioned member, the prestress is transferred to the concrete by bonding over a certain length

13 / 24
at each end of the member. Thus, the transfer of stress to concrete is gradual. In the post-tensioning
member, however, the force is concentrated in a small area on the end face of the member, resulting in
high tension at right angles to the direction of the compression force. This effect extends some distance
from the end of the member to the compression distribution across the entire concrete section. This
area, known as the "end block," has to be heavily reinforced with steel to resist the pull of cracking.
End block reinforcement usually consists of closed connections around the anchorage and the quantity
provided is usually empirical.

3.6. Prestressed concrete bending member oblique section strength checking

3.6.1 Hoop inspection

Shear force at maximum shear value:
𝑉 = 2683.65 𝑘𝑁
Effective height:
ℎ0 = ℎ − 𝑎𝑠 = 2360 − 391 = 1969𝑚𝑚
Check section constraints:
ℎ0
= 1.09 < 4
𝑏
Belongs to the general beam.
0.25𝛽𝑓𝑐 𝑏ℎ0 = 35442𝑘𝑁
And
35442𝑘𝑁 > 2683.65 𝑘𝑁
Thus:
0.25𝛽𝑓𝑐 𝑏ℎ0 > 𝑉
This means that it meets the cap requirements.
Calculation of the need for hoop configuration:
0.7𝑓𝑡 𝑏ℎ0 = 8683.29𝑘𝑁
8683.29𝑘𝑁 > 2482.111 𝑘𝑁
Thus:
0.7𝑓𝑡 𝑏ℎ0 > 𝑉
This means that no hoop reinforcement is required in this case.

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3.6.2 Bending strength of inclined section of flexural member

𝐾𝑀 ≤ 𝑓𝑝 (𝛴𝐴𝑝 𝑍𝑝 + 𝛴𝐴𝑝𝑏 𝑍𝑝𝑏 ) + 𝑓𝑠 (𝛴𝐴𝑠 𝑍𝑠 + 𝛴𝐴𝑣 𝑍𝑣 )

𝐾: Factor of safety for bending strength in oblique sections:
𝑀: Maximum calculated bending moment in a positive section through the top of an oblique section:
𝑓𝑝 , 𝑓𝑠 : Calculated strength of prestressed and non-prestressed reinforcement
𝐴𝑝 , 𝐴𝑝𝑏 , 𝐴𝑠 , 𝐴𝑣 : The diagonal section area where the longitudinal reinforcement intersects the stirrup.
𝑍𝑝 , 𝑍𝑝𝑏 , 𝑍𝑠 , 𝑍𝑣 : Force arm of reinforcement 𝐴𝑝 , 𝐴𝑝𝑏 , 𝐴𝑠 , 𝐴𝑣 against the centre of the concrete
compression zone O.
Based on the data it can be seen that:
𝐾 = 1.8
Maximum bending moment:
𝑀 = 19.540𝑀𝑁𝑚
Thus
𝐾𝑀 = 1.8 × 19.540 = 35.172𝑀𝑁𝑚
There is no need for stirrups, so
Prestressed curved reinforcement, Non-prestressed longitudinal reinforcement and Hoop bars
intersecting the diagonal section is 0
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑝𝑏 = 𝐴𝑣 = 0
Then
𝑓𝑝 (𝛴𝐴𝑝 𝑍𝑝 + 𝛴𝐴𝑝𝑏 𝑍𝑝𝑏 ) + 𝑓𝑠 (𝛴𝐴𝑠 𝑍𝑠 + 𝛴𝐴𝑣 𝑍𝑣 ) = 45.564𝑀𝑁𝑚
Thus:

𝐾𝑀 ≤ 𝑓𝑝 (∑ 𝐴𝑝 𝑍𝑝 + ∑ 𝐴𝑝𝑏 𝑍𝑝𝑏 ) + 𝑓𝑠 (∑ 𝐴𝑠 𝑍𝑠 + ∑ 𝐴𝑣 𝑍𝑣 )
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The bending strength of the inclined section of the flexural member satisfies this condition.
Reinforcement rate of longitudinal reinforcement in the tensile zone of an oblique section:
𝐴𝑝 + 𝐴𝑝𝑏 + 𝐴𝑠
𝜇= = 0.019
𝑏ℎ0
So,
𝜇 = 1.3
And

𝑉𝑏 = 0.9𝑓𝑝 ∑ 𝐴𝑝𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼

Then
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𝑉𝑐𝑣 = 𝑏ℎ0 √1.32(2 + 𝑝)𝑓𝑐𝑡 𝜇𝑣 𝑓𝑠 = 6.241

𝑉 = 3.142 𝑀𝑁, 𝐾𝑉 = 4.8541𝑀𝑁

The shear strength of the diagonal section of the bent member meets the requirements.

4. Bridge pier calculation and checking

4.1 Load

Dead load
The maximum dead load from bridge
57.6 × 30
= 864𝐾𝑁
2
Load from top cap and pier
0.79 × 0.5 × 4 × 2.7 × 27 = 115.182𝐾𝑁
The pallet weight
9+8
× 1.5 × 2.5 × 27 = 860.625KN
2
The dead load of the pier
6895KN
The maximum live load
76.86 × 30
= 1152.9𝐾𝑁
2
Live load
(1) Single hole heavy load
a single overloading: single span with live load, the locomotive in the block is checked, as shown in
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figure below, used for longitudinal compressive stress, buckling stability piers is checked and the pier
top displacement.

R 2 = 1924KN
M2 = 864KNm

(2) Double hole heavy load

For curved bridge piers is checked up by eccentric.

R 3 = 2985KN
M3 = 0KNm

Total load (ULS)

1.35 × (864 + 4000 + 115.182) + 1.5 × 1152.9

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4.2 Dimensions

Main view

The strakes:

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4.2.1 The thickness of the pier cap
That child degrees. Pier cap directly support the bridge span structure under high end reaction, in order
to convey counteracting force evenly to pier, the rules and regulations of railway, the thickness of the
pier cap is not less than 40 cm, and should be not less than C30 concrete, to set up the steel bar. On the
basis of the above rules, set the pier cap thickness to 40 cm, adopts C30 concrete, steel.

4.2.2 Pier cap plane size

When adjacent spans are equal, the center distance between adjacent supports along the bridge
direction is A
𝑓 = 2e + e0 ≥ a
a- Vertical beam support base plate size
e- Distance from beam end to center line of support
e0 -A gap reserved between two adjacent beams
𝑎 = 0.5𝑚 ≤ 2e + e0 = 0.7m
The design meets the specification requirements
In order to improve the local bearing pressure, and considering the construction error and the
requirements of the reserved anchor bolt hole, the edge of the support pad stone to the edge of the
support bottom plate should be kept a certain distance B, the value of 15~20cm.
According to the above specifications,
b=20cm.

4.2.3 Pier size

The side of the railway bridge piers should be not less than those days, are adopting more spake ~ 40:1.
In the design of the longitudinal and transverse slope of the bridge piers adopt 35:1 plead.

4.3 Overall longitudinal stability test

To the pier of concrete and stone, can regard as pressing bend bar piece, reason exists longitudinal
bend stable problem. The overall longitudinal stability of the centrally-loaded and eccentrically loaded
members is checked according to the following formula.
KN = Ncr
k-Safety factor

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 Cast concrete Flaky Concrete block masonry
Stone
members in one piece masonry or coarse stone masonry
Main force 2.0 3.0 2.7 2.5
Main force and
1.6 2.5 2.2 2.0
additional force

N-Axial pressure at the top surface of the scoped pier

Ncr - The critical load of longitudinal bending (buckling) of the pier along the direction with smaller
turning radius of the section can be calculated as follows:

4𝑚𝐸0 𝐼𝑑 1
𝑁𝑐𝑟 = 𝛼
𝑙0 2 1+𝛼
4𝑚𝐸0 𝐼𝑑 1
× 1.1𝑅 𝐴
2
[ 𝑙0 𝑐 0]

𝐸0 : Modulus of elasticity of concrete under compression

𝐼𝑑 : Full-section moment of inertia of the bottom section of the bridge pier around the center of gravity
in the vertical bending direction
𝑙0 : Calculated length of the entire pier
𝛼: Stiffness correction factor

0.1
𝛼=[ 𝑒0 ] + 0.16
0.2 +
ℎ
Single hole overload: a=0.554. Double hole overload:0.643
𝑚: Variable Section Influence Coefficient

𝑅𝑐 : Compressive ultimate strength of pier body

𝐴0 : The full area of the average section of the pier

Single hole Double hole

The pallet weight 860.625 860.625
The reaction of the support KN 1924 2985

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 Bearing bending moment KNm 864 0
𝛼 0.554 0.643
𝑁𝑐𝑟 91562 98642
Since the heavy load of single hole and double hole is less than 𝑁𝑐𝑟 , the longitudinal stability of the
whole structure is qualified. The design meets the requirements of the specification.

4.4 The stress test

N + G My 𝜂x x My 𝜂y y
𝜎= ± ± ≤ [𝜎]
A Iy Ix

𝜎: Compressive stress on any check section of pier

𝑁: Axial pressure acting on the top surface of the pier
𝐺: Check the self-weight of the pier in the axial direction above the section
𝐴: Check the full area of the cross section
[𝜎]: The allowable compressive stress of the center or eccentric compression of the pier
𝑀𝑥 , 𝑀𝑦 : Check the bending moments about the centroid axes x and y on the section.
𝐼𝑥 , 𝐼𝑦 : Check the full section moment of inertia about the centroid axes x and y on the section.
𝜂𝑥 , 𝜂𝑦 : Check the increase factor of the bending moment 𝑀𝑥 , 𝑀𝑦 on the section
1
[ 𝐾𝑁 − 1]𝑢′
1 − 𝑁 × 𝐵𝑦
𝑐𝑟𝑦
𝜂𝑦 = 1 +
𝑙0
2

Single hole Double hole

1 𝑢' = 15 1.0265 1.0271
[ 𝐾𝑁 − 1]𝑢′
1 − 𝑁 × 𝐵𝑦
𝑐𝑟𝑦
𝜂𝑦 = 1 +
𝑙0
2 𝑢' = 30 1.0384 1.0392

𝐾: Safety factor
𝑢′ : The calculation position, for the member with the upper free end consolidated at the lower end, is
the distance from the top surface of the pier to the check section
𝑙0 : Calculated length of the entire pier

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𝑁𝑐𝑟𝑥 , 𝑁𝑐𝑟𝑦 : The longitudinal bending critical loads of the pier along the axis of gravity in the x and y
Strength of the inspection
Item Single hole Double hole
h 15 30 15 30
The total force N+G 7854 12564 8965 13854
The total bending moment 6841 11352 5964 10685
𝜂𝑦 1.0265 1.0384 1.0271 1.0392

N + G My 𝜂x 2385 2754 2365 28.4

𝜎𝑚ax = + /Kpa
A Iy
N + G My 𝜂x -432 -512 -246 -475
𝜎𝑚in = - /Kpa
A Wx
After the stress redistribution calculation, the design meets the requirements of the specification.

5. Cap size and pile arrangement

Unit: mm

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Appendix

The overall design of the structure (Unit: mm)

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Reference

Eurocodes and British Standards

1. EN 1991 Eurocode 1 Actions on structures
2. EN 1992 Eurocode 2 Design of concrete structures
3. NA to EN1992 UK National Annex to Eurocode 2

Textbooks and other publications:

1. Wong, H. H. A. (in collaboration with Kong, F. K. and Evans, R. H.) Complete listings of the
computer programs (with Commentary and User Instructions) in 'Kong and Evans: Reinforced and
Prestressed Concrete, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 3rd Edition, 1987'. Van Nostrand Reinhold,
Wokingham, 1987. This publication, together with the associated set of two floppy disks can be
obtained from the Publishers-see Section 12.1(a) and Appendix 1 of Kong and Evans's book.
2. Hoffman, P. and Nicoloff, T. MSDOS User's Guide. Osborne, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984.
3. Sun, LIGONG, Yang, JIANGPENG. 2008. Bridge Engineering (Railway). Chengdu: Southwest J
iaotong University Press.
4. TB10002-
2017, 2017. Code for Design on Railway Bridge and Culvert. Beijing: China Railway Press.
TB10092-

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