"some cry Reuss atchitectural eompettions the onde were shown wo the public and thee is evidence that the public became lolve in discussing whos vin. The ineption oc itn ‘2a indispensable component ofthe ie of the Renan, because yew fn words describe a jnge what they were -eving. Tay same publi fund aecitectaralcopetisions are i ove dts way din ean the rece design ae kept eters ose For he mot pa veh. at is jaded in pave by prope sto hee dhmactes leaner jue i by being trained in se lars Competitions in the Carace Aewlenay were judged in pate, and ihe ‘works were imeribed “1.” “2: ond we for, They were then pase out 1 cumment. The object, aecordig to Ladi Garraci was in par wo ofien “ihe bites of beng erie” Sean Kenatssnee drawings survive wth thee markings. anit wos probably 4 common practice. s late asthe eaty twenties century. art students: Yorks were ranked in mmericel order al put up on de sti wal Winners sevonling co dhe Fresch custom. were allowed place die asl inthe best spats for the ext minis drawing sexsi "he appar unaines ofthis proces. in whieh deviions are hand ‘el dowss widhout explanation or hope of appeal. wes tntrumeatal in Provoking the modern sytem of eritqves. Aut erie ar descend fron dhe Rawautic master les {neon in he int apie whose purpose was 0 avid the unexplained raukings that were the ann ‘twonghout de Baroque To Remitics and pst-Rouatiy, rte ea ingen anys boards ne auoriarian. Wal di sot ecm right froma Romani point of viens tha india tents ‘shouldbe compare wth nother aud ranked af hey were ing 0 do ext he sae chia That would make art choo exgees nc ke telieal-schoalexas, Today the Rouante elution i lin foveal eis take she lice of final exams in art lasses. Although there have ee some at emptstoest artist ee ame way ther disciplines are ested. they au tly do not work, There sw High School ava 4 Plcemeot Exan mW 112 sationioss ar jst ws her for phys, Amerie istry mat 2 such ike th ther A und ar history, The at hisry tts very ‘editferent. Sula ped w year puting gether porfli, which indeed over a sieeday pec cong cater of “overall quality ‘read, and “the ste? dati ate of convention,” Cheat be jz in quite th sine way as other isi Like est. vue bes dha a ar bh stents td tear es a if yon got semeting wrung on tes, you can nd vt wa yo vi thats tix alwys posse to ea fon your tars, Cig vot ke Ma, ad ws The 1 something gos rong it abways easy {0 ow what it reves etguse when ‘veryting goes well i aeines hard tell wi rie at deen enough fons nc anes hat sw ‘aft of leven sons why erties ae hard uertad, Luan 1 sor out al the dings tha a happen lhe cape twhelp make as anch sense feiss Lea, bat [am alo iterated in demonstrating that eis rally ex ever wake ems, Al leven supzstons li the eu. Tome dhe ieatonality fxg pints ‘he raion oar ese I eet the ee simp to cup eto mdestad. like ets. cts leave no wee eds tide the ext pera reaches party as rs f that ther . TAUGHT jue when acrtquesa cers, Al hat sporty peso, ‘which Fake up gin the Bal BE 1. Mo ONE KNOWS WHAT AN ART ERITIQUE 15 rge that Heres goe ition of et sigue" modelo history. wo ge, Aw art vtgue is wey fer Ht fom a philsopi etique, which pat suecnety—an aly Inge tat stems to ind dhe easionl cons under which sue {ie mig be known, Kant exiques weve mst o discover the “at CANNOT shat iicorphilwophicl whe he we the wo “evvique-" What they wa is emething wore ke ert ama ever etivty dat embraces analing inpine debating, ART finding alta ising ruse ar riiques ne eal just exit is maar to wonder if they HY fave overarching purpose. a goal or utube to whic they ll in line, A co ison wih eta th ils seems wo sages hat w al i in, fis posable to tig of erie Eee>——— securing tw their ulmpte priaiples—what one author calle ds wena” gals Taha waa loking st his, sone eis are ethical ological. wad ntapysial, al ethers ae scout or Teachers im the saar: wand political scence sometimes organize Aeie material along hic Iins, Theis pepo sw ear sponse sociation, ad when they evitiqu semieone's perforce, hey ane shinkng of shinai elation tthe squad, eee wit. ie social svat or their acer aa whole, Teachers i divinity sls ‘each with tbological purpose in mind Meas are judge aceon to feat \heirelaion te possibilies of pascal are or eral b uso hi gical studies rd historical rigs. Overdy nmaphysical pririples guides piltophic and fsa nd ies 4 philosophic erie. ike Kant say present itself a meting te hy “the laws of reas.” or the sade of ings, metapiys sal einria. By “siete evita” Laan experaent, bypass, nd (ekieation. When eachers develop courses ned at hypastig pes: ee, kills or information, they are shining fis and Geos of ele legal criteria thai dey’ are waking haw to pt she material 1 we ssliesher tis importene dha ib sei! So there ate a lee these si fuuhaneatal principles for arranging rouse materia: profesional, el fea. ological metaphyseal, sini and algal, Ty ae tel separate td there night he say soe, ‘Where do art erties i in? Tearing peincpy ane expecially ee rss when tomes a, Some instructors think pinay uf hele iowa goa a dees uontene otc, Ea sks! yo al riterin surface ocosionally. whet curricula at wp ure Jmanstrate de pases ie dat the hiscry a ant edison subject (0 “an on gig proce of repeat eats argue that teachers are “abil ad morally aise” 1 give studs an “adequate gone edseasion."" But by and ase fey were ‘cholo noe she unde peep thei nstewton—nba they i a shen they teach art eachons would cite concep ik lero. pone: orate, Wor ke those ane the line terme nt cig dey ave the Binal gots, the ida the tina terms of praise, Ther ate «tuner of such words Interesting powers) strong soso ‘Aatnenic ongiat vente compaliing tout sandiitiua 113 a CANNOT BE TAUGHT WHY ART ongeaus simulating enuf Imovatie Wonder eter | ll ave anther look at hese woes in the Binal capes. Note ha hey ‘aco iher profesional, thea, theological, metaphysical, sent, moe celal they do wt any afte kinds eriques hae jun nae. They are herria exter, strategic they sues get noted, ‘eat who wok has some of thee rita key to et asm: o got "goo eviews er work. Rhetorical eter donot say any bout wat de work lok like, or ow trait i. They ae pata eas land they may crop up professional, ethical, theological. metaphy eal ‘siete or teleological tcques, Rhetoric isa isellaneous catspors the “category” of whatever works Prot etre the stu of mule arguncut a teacher of cla, cal shetovc Beds advantages whetever posable, and she way her strategies and ven ec bles inorder wo perder audience (Think ofteeyers in acieu Roe ampere were rani oe) Uline ‘heroic inthis sen bcoies sophia the at of perwadingan auch ‘ce regailss of wheter or tthe angen is tue ofl, gu or ‘il would alan ell art eaching sophisti, excep that Io vor ense ‘olimply hat ar insrution is overly eves, devious, or dshonen Bart ‘stra ince its mo eomcerned with consistency even content ae tc as itis de ar of persuasion. Act erikgues are ns dypende han ote kinds of evita on guiding principe, ike wo take di analysis le rer an ok at several histor: tally prominent frm ofetcism that ave lea applied a lieranare aie the ars we narrow the scope of the ing, each scene ‘cology: andor outlying Bel Icomes apparent that Westerns ric bas raken arty nal umber of for, call he “ei ‘eal cet following an acount by MH, Abra? BH Me fit orientation is mine, meaniig tht the artat’s work i Sided according tw ow wll tmetches nature. Att you ugh hi ‘at this the sue as dhe olcritenion of kil mere erie would Pra an art by saying, “Those grapes mike me want to eat thea” "These days nme em Seems too nartow because it suds ke the ind of nsructon that sneer seademics gate tr pit ing stunts That kind of narrow miei eam stil Say 2m in nderraate drewing and pong lanes wher yu wigFw connec 2s, "The hel ess on. shink yo shoul pend one ime aking ut hal Bt anon wide ea Is bas be sad to be the se pcp forall oferta ‘neapplied way case wen: ar eats eet the woukd—-vheth- ‘its ahaad.a grape, wun gestae orn To Ait, Scat, tat, all ars were itacions eve ue playing poet and dau (isi ve hive been ocginally connected 4 dancag. be for ic hesaine gence ert term "Ae Aen say, ition sw ‘elation temo stands fortwo its and soe cored be nporary art eiiques where shecr skill not usually the four Teacher tl peak about the acing abiley eo imitate soning. io ho «mimetic exits w say 0 4 pesformance art. “That oes ook ks srnehing¥ wou I lo if were ralvexhausted” ae to ‘says abtract pints. “Tis rally hi he aly veg ih Adan, BB Aso call the second oresation prgamaic, meaning that ie ‘eed ep the stent plese deighe. iow, or intrae HarAr oF Cote, the key classical tex fo this appre tls pots how to beep thee ure “in ter eas i. how inde eens and appt. Hares sate pow ai sete ta proto plese. Ft Mead the delight andthe usefal ata oe. Tes days Ido not ‘hin many teuchers would gee dat pising te vewer won ays tw go id an only afew teachers would sy that tists sold cals ‘he pubic. Propaganda is eounteresample, because es 0 sey ite niece. Adverts i nte counters, Adverse woul peo bly be happy withthe pragoais aint, since they want to “keep people othe ts” and peace dean tly. Sil, 7 wachers, pro gadis, and advertcrs would go tht at should delight ue the viewed those ate prague ei, ‘her isan lent of pra eriia in post at strain, ost ss then in mbit nineties, Caesporary atte usally dh noe seate work tailored 1 please the government, and they ey Hot even locking of pleasing, dl hing or cng peuple ih local sv. Bus evry art works witht eae rw petal viewers in mind eve if dey ate only eatves or else fends Kes hat wo make an aetwork ‘tht ing some element sigan plese some specie ewer Jul even those few artists who ean hey work only for dhemseles sandiiius 15 116 TAUGHT ART CANNOT BE wHy vito inking tall about bur poopie. ely tater “em sew dhe work andar a # spectator as iis eng aa Th vision betwee the “sel th ivaking the wor, al ie sirwing it ill dat rede for pegmati riiann ogi vn wing dhe work we te Il Ips of estan off ones snaking, he here saben an dined the artisan dy tui aleeacy plo, ven He ant private art sade acorns Ao sins criteria of peti ecb Tie wenaro ass the interesting question of wtethes sa can work ea dpleae the ine spectator Whew arts work vain ae» putivular pb, fen enough dey mea tobe eve mre pea Fug than dey cul by crating sweting beau ops eating ampeysont works sometimes 9 sr cy Bw wining moe pis‘ sane hole whan there 0 ae aroun a the ai the ler observe night lok on, horied. asthe art crete sani ‘hy bur there ight ko Le sce pleut in breaking rls seems toe thas care Gast who genuine on cate aban au ces, sina be impossible owe ae that does Tn oni se please dhe espe Bi Wish te end of the siglo century andthe inception of Ran Tian cant a hil rita, wish Abram eal expres. shit a areation Xo the abt and art was seen as “the evel, tera ‘oe pjetion of the vhought a ecg of the yor” A work ofa wae “ene the aterm anid external resulting Eom crative proces grating wiser mp of fling.” "Here we're ebserto home. The ltd is lose a important (as a prague ith) al wi ther is dhe external wld os i mete eric), Spotay ses ss now criterion of eserllencr, since Mis important sa the ais is vung inne flings with hepsi of wae conven rule {rere do era expe critiques as consent as it woul try i the early Romantic dct would require, We teepret an artwork exlosivly a dhe prt of the ain’ seb oF ice, Pag and nt conc as vs Bone porary ts fundamentally late Romantic inthis ena: at is vaeeston8 Dsl as an expression of somebing inser. Gin” ibe meaning hat the rit on I rns asain” dye, meaning ‘entrates on the oe ite and est comenton dhrexeral world18 ART CANNOT BE TAUGHT wy chine hat toinply or the atts mer wo pal the awa, ad refer 10 alk abo nt ale obo foal analNora's four “orientations” of xii are nie eamplenene tthe is ue s0 “kis” of erivcistTanenioned (profession eal dion ‘ca. eaphysial. scieute toons ineesting dat bh ies ‘of ehought have ended withthe sane contusion. At fst wen {was npr at xin to what apes in de army oi ivi cho "ceed hat ar eriiqurs long 1 selinwous category tat led torical” Art crtcsn borrows it tates from various ad ee aif it docs not havea sttegy of #8 oa, Then when | su ‘eye dhe “orientations” of etiam the same ting happened at x ‘gues sect cw a al fou of the aajr historical kinds of enti ‘mimetic, pragmatic, exprestive, und objective, "rake his as a warving. The face hat there fo god theuey aout erie, does no bode wel forthe posablity of understanding what stually happens in art lasses. These mo modelo classical text ti ‘ight np guide us. That i the frst nso why ciigues ae ard ta erst 2. CRITIQUES ARE Too sicAT Another reason cries canbe emily understood this ea ay Paricalar rler—is thatthe average eigen short ell go at "he work, Consider how the tne i usally spent: teks ve oF en ates st ose the work to walk: around ad lok otc ed he Fig angle, 0 fe cor hea i ha he fs fen tnoment-—hih Iwill call he “reeogutin stage™—a age nibs eacons goth the ‘eachers mind, mos of tho sovopiized er unponvered, sd she eal ‘Sa tematic overall vei. The st hing a teacher mil be aware af inking after» wines oro,“ Bke i.” “Fm intersted,” “don't ie lu de uex twenty minutes o ao the wearer aelaats herself to the work. Some coments ane Seria, al dese are dings dat always ‘sem to haye wo gsi, ad that alio takes tie. I de works re pain ings itisinestale that hearer vill enon Fraing, hanging ght ing. snk. or quantity. If he work isan fastallation, the teacher has wo ‘mention ce sudo space and ow it iaequat, tn the “section stage teachers tend oseview ther rst eaetins, That me the rel ly interesting lial questions are uy jst realy tbe asked wh half-hour eq i denwing oa close, ln the lst ice i wef fory-sive-ainteeitgue thee zany be te frst inguties w get sandiiiua 120 BE TAUGHT CANNOT WHY ART sdervay. This hind stage I would el the anelyi stage” bu spi calli shor since thera nuh et go io any partidae op ina leisurely fashion. In some kinds of exes he suet ean by making pmsentations introductory speeches mi tha enn severly in at the tine alle Fur nuns. be aeitetuertiqus.fr example soup ht pest it work ina soqencr of shor speeches. compris a quater oa hal of 1h cotte xique. Hoan of the ature of architectural projec thee is auably more infrna to be seta in eine othe el (plans elevations stesons. model details sed supparing graphs ser ll have ta be read”) las rena ale percentage of the materi ic scully undemtond tha in other kind of ersigueror opt x ancter ‘sas the eritigue takes place ata higher vel of generality. with tore ‘snphasis on genea voneepts and les o deed comprehension by in ridque the way me pases in canverston. Some ‘opportunites for understanding are lst in the slences between st ments, sane remarks dont go anywlere soe tings only repeat oth rm some coments have to do is work tha st preset, oF On, The bos rues are amiable aswel a in cs Finished wo yet de. Te is pert simple mistake of i ace what that is now") ‘igh, ad dt neans another fv sinutes for parenthetical jokes aol stores met ose the econ oe polite nee ‘iu the arlimaton and nals stages are interned. sothat peo ple pat crme-parpons nd dha alo wastes sme time So the tite can pt altogether too rapidly. and easel sufciet fora eros dann the erie i Fry-Bve mises oagand there Fire oF ix pais (standard configuration in rau vtque) if ao one ese speaks and cach ofthe panei speaks continual the each panei has es than nine mints Some tgs area all hour loag and have ten or more people participating, which would give ch panelist abou thie nites, takes tne to discover a work ae times. it takes yars—eud in those few mites, between sles ree lions. mishewtogs, and -seeings, the panei sarely lave he to suhurate a conieed espe Critiques ae oo shore the ease that ensured inguin nor possible, ucla tbe said cha goo eiigues make a vitae of ree= lay? Cane a large number af dscoanected remarks be wnt povacaive than a sequeice of well-anavaed responses? When student say wer tique "works" they mean that here were pfu ideas in, ad eran ‘the more ides per ies dhe pore iy itis thar one wil hice mar.My objection to thts hat’ re, bu fe remarks ae random, then i isnot tsahing extques are help e-ause of random insight hon the concep ofa erigue e weaning che erga seal only tio of people in a roe speaking without oer ue coberave. may ‘very wel be that a group af people in ron, speaking on any topic dot they fare, good way teas hap ingly openings a at cts and in Enlightenmear philosophical cuaverstions ike Diderot aneau's Nephew:* Bu suzelypenple wh corde and take pein art < CANNOT WHY ART Bu caus dosen't te tay neve tong enough, we ‘eran ative pnt 1 So ese (patetingel dont mat: werk, eoula ouch up ha 1 Tring to pt. nerve t son of paintings ree acid inl inp ee cn peti pt it i dramatic ene Th in dame —of ey {t-test mare ii het what end per thes forbade Ino dit dt | | Stent tein ie fide | “Hecate | ‘hsp her rym | oi can pore onthe rr te bet fatto seehels ah prin ot pose fd ontagein, | he fit coats cammen comes shat reson andi fity he ining rath thie okt a te epee of tehet 4 fspecay W they've given you This te rund otis mask, ‘etn tht ha bam id fie ‘That endo he conftomaional portion ofthe eg, Asin. ee Yi, it sot always rationality tt roles the day The students win nse 0 make jokes a bis ona expense sido stp arguing bk, might howe caved the day. Bu thee things te inal, ghey are in relation ships. Tie nascent argument il posion the well and the remainder of ‘he crsique was condaved under double halo: o the one hand once ‘he evel of anuagonien Is surfaced temas possbl ha it coal surface, an possibly move quickly and vakuy dha before an onthe ‘ier hal al succeeding positive cones are ated by the panels tact agreement tha the paintings are suing ofall apart anyway have sugested sual metaphor order to hep ex the vio lence dt samete aecompanies ets. particular I would say that ‘shen toward enn rises to the sae ean sometimes he sed ‘a ble inthe hall-idden sexi of wong and refusal, Whea things go ell and che critique is productive and inspiring hs crip is running srl. The section theory has pragmatic consequenes eats seats and panelists can repair some probes by ditnguisbing de eo ‘inal from dhe anal component fa nay or unpre comment ‘Thinking of panes and students sited lovers can explain highly exsetona, pro nem response, but ii not assay when thee ‘que is running stool. ta lawer emotional level. Ie would take a separate book—or beter, novel—to release all he esos hat can lake place during criques, This exchange Uv just quoted eootans betrayal, cojnesinsinuaton and slander—four elements ofthe lass- sal epenwireofloge And would os aay that hereon deme sandiiiaa 137, 138 zr e > < . ART CANNOT BE wy Ingo relevant about seduction a 8 model for ertigues: afterall, lity onal fet of fe andi i abvoys posible dt evtgues may beat ther best. pest, when they ar tust ike succes seus ‘When the work itself has sexual content, these themes re ikl oie sore expliit aad the erique is mare likely oo ot of eon In my experience. people have a gent deal of difruity looking t sexually charged wor and no esi sexu netphors i sheiedhiking and when such metaphors are succsfllyrepresed the sexual content way se (the surface nd far of bizare images, disconnected neers sad a eqs. one eique, a panel saw ieee photographs of won tats hades and clone of one’s cracls ad oe dy pata My Yeansrniow ua ei iFll of mages that were notin the pl aruphs: panelists talk about things He pull pie git ski (pro pose by one panelist as an example of wat ee “naturally” went to Ao} and hey ms words like acy, los, ces. diy “ig. white and ean.” an athe fleshy metaphors. One panels expresses his ambiva lene alot the images by saying ht he wants tobe “appeal pat ted atthe same ine.” The onersatin is bald and very coteraiig, and 1 some degre sensual metpiors re both inevitable ad exes sive of dhe work, The df. nk, canes fo de i hat ee ary judgments get pain such strange wis that heir meaning isskewed ‘or they hecoe single, sin this excerpt Whst Regis to operate or me Shr ran sameting tie Stir ke you gent ear ne bombast. alt he een of trad wih ic sorta iteresting, © dan ie ne tem ht wien ne myself inking taal eats ee or out secret nr cot ting te iit en 3 Tony dott have rein hem and Th isso onerous wonders char i te phate Plt may beak a petty ane ‘nentsmaller shoes here's a sence youre talking about my bed {owt know, fm st sro that t 9 negative, ut ms way tis woul never happen in Speaker ris gin ign way to ‘sae lo riateprta The ron i hat heat her sph the ies hse wrt ae ie sandisiva (aloes hich he pa ed cate ea “metab athe ‘maa of seo tinea ‘She jeu prsnal hati tthe nae fh penis er if el as (eka the rk ad by te Shearing betes a eel oul sd bss premeig pe shat) ed her dei oy ‘hing att ee her dr Of coe 1 doo hey be ing” th yo king a pf an tie at nt hifi eu he con hepsi, er 139 140 = < CANNOT BE ART ‘e's telayina the feat bogy "he tnbulations ofthis speaker re ypc of dhe etgae of sexual work in general: such work throws pepe nd dey ppper this ever ‘on with sexual endo und wexual ropes. sms ot that behind the speakers tangled thoughts ar some clatvelyseaigforward dean {or example, that lege works ae diffe vo cont, ad that some ‘eare pectator wll leays ides bersell wth a dpited body, The brosur of sexual hos dete dahvescmewhat ope. ‘ere uy be alge lesson her as wel ince we routine brow ‘etal images from what we're seng In feet ofa lenseape ping ‘west ao ans brghines and depth, end in ent fen sep ture we tlk about bards and dari doo mean that viewers de serie the objets in these tr dough they da tha lc), tte the |e the inges suggest their argussenitive strategies ad judznneat, So St wands treason that ven outs the sexual aren, whee thing ge ‘es monly charg, ou converses shared or skewed bythe me ‘phish the works provide sa the peat af aly cares ‘work ven simple jugeats brine inscrutable becuse hey are oer brad or sed aroond by whatever mtphiors happen tobe a hand, 2 ERITIQUES ARE LIRE MANY CTHER THINGS, INCLUDING BAD TRANSLATIONS Sricons ate only one kind of metaphor for ertiques, Her are some shes: acho wel inte vas: though ao is as geaerally ap ‘able a the seduction model BB A ciigae canbe imagined as problem i wantin, because for Practical purposes the teacher may be speaking a dif language fen the student. Say Netherander speaks tou Geman and they euch kun only der ow langoage Exch wl understand ie of what the ther 9 bt neither wll be ye sure ey have bec der, Mion wuskation isa tit fal commication, but it can dpa acteurs ‘nay that doesnot happen in nary speech, Sometime dl guages of Fin th philosopher Nelson Coonan’ irae. have wan pilsopy, peehomnalyis,iteruy criticism, arse. Some theoretical ems canbe especialy ffertive in esablshing the onninanee of one ot another vital languages once «teacher mentionsod“. ikl da the seman will be infected ev ifthe tbe eat ‘he yt abr of acter, Sin, inl pg cene ond hen ts conversation may switche feskion, mo wus in one iigue whee the at, & young woman, had done a inl of he Hight ad props Then on teachers eo Iiey Ig.” remember thinking soul leave as soon as posible 10 avoid 3 lawait—but the won responded chee fall abou whet sisters sl hay te teckel probe 110 dunati erica. aad then bck pont ewes lingual = A few ks of ut have thee ow aga, Plats orn © ysis semogsaphy. ad fla has fin theory. Isao possible hat a few mecapons ean deninate aco, without being part of acy pa fae