Probability and Statistics Chapter 13 Let me count the ways Name___________________

Please read chapter 13, pages 284 – 298.

• Random Phenomenon:

• Law of Large Numbers:

• Probability:

• Independence (informally)

• Trial

• Outcome

• Event

• Sample Space

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• Fundamental Counting Principle:

• Permutations

• Combinations

• Equally Likely

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Probability and Statistics Let me count the ways

1. How many different four-letter permutations can be formed from the letters in the word decagon?

2. In a board of directors composed of eight people, how many ways can a chief executive officer, a director, and a treasurer be selected?

3. How many different ID cards can be made if there are six digits on a card and no digit can be used more than once?

4. How many ways can seven different types of soaps be displayed on a shelf in a grocery store?

5. How many different four-color code stripes can be made on a sports car if each code consists of the colors green, red, blue, and white? All
colors are used only once.

6. An inspector must select three tests to perform in a certain order on a manufactured part. He has a choice of seven tests. How many ways
can he perform three different tests?

7. The Anderson Research Co. decides to test market a product in six areas. How many different ways can three areas be selected in a certain
order for the first test?

8. How many different ways can a city building inspector visit six buildings in the city if she visits all of them in one day?

9. How many ways are there to select 3 bracelets from a box of 10 bracelets disregarding the order of selection?

10. How many ways can 4 baseball players and 3 basketball players be selected from 12 baseball players and 9 basketball players?

11. How many ways can a committee of 4 people be selected from a group of 10 people?

12. If a person can select 3 presents from 10 presents under a Christmas tree, how many different combinations are there?

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 13. How many different tests can be made from a test bank of 20 questions if the test consists of 5 questions?

14. The general manager of a fast-food restaurant chain must select 6 restaurants from 11 for a promotional program. How many different
possible ways can this selection be done?

15. How many ways can 3 cars and 4 trucks be selected from 8 cars and 11 trucks to be tested for a safety inspection?

16. In a train yard there are 4 tank cars, 12 boxcars, and 7 flatcars. How many ways can a train be made up consisting of 2 tank cars, 5 boxcars,
and 3 flatcars? (In this case order is not important.)

17. There are seven women and five men in a department. How many ways can a committee of four people be selected? How many ways can
this committee be selected if there must be two men and two women on the committee? How many ways can this committee be selected if
there must be at least two women on the committee?

Challenge Problem

18. Using combinations, calculate the number of each poker hand in a deck of cards. (A poker hand consists of five cards dealt in any order.)

a. Royal flush

b. Four of a kind

c. Straight flush

d. Full house

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 Name: Date:
____________________________________________________ ________________________________
Topic: Class:
____________________________________________________ ________________________________
Main Ideas/Questions Notes/Examples

FUNDAMENTAL If decision M can be made _______ ways and decision N can be made

counting principle _______ ways, then the two decisions can be made ___________ ways.

1. The ice cream shop offers a choice of a 3 cone sizes, 15 flavors, and 8
EXAMPLES toppings. How many cones are possible if you can only choose one flavor
and one topping?

2. Virginia license plates consist of three letters followed by 4 digits. How

many different license plates are possible?

3. Nick’s science test has a section with 12 true or false questions. How many
different ways can Nick answer these questions?

4. To enter their home, the Clayton family enters a 4-digit code. How many
codes are possible?

FACTORIALS The ___________________ of all natural numbers from _____ to _____.

Examples:

9! = _________________________________________________ = ______________________
17 !
12! = _____________________ 8! = _____________________ = ____________________
11!
*0! = ___________

PERMUTATIONS An arrangement or line up of objects in which _____________ ________________!

Permutation Formula: nP r =
n = total number of objects available
r = number of objects to use for the arrangement

*Important Shortcut: nPn =

5. How many ways can you arrange the letters in the word DINOSAUR?
EXAMPLES

6. Seven students are competing in a geography bee. How many ways can
they finish in first, second, and third place?
 7. Melanie is taking four classes this semester: American History, Algebra 2, AP
English, and Chemistry. How many ways can these four classes be
arranged on her schedule?

8. There are 16 players on the baseball team. How many ways can the
coach make a 9-player batting order?

9. There are 28 students in Mr. Miller’s homeroom. How many ways can the
students elect a student council representative and alternate?

10. How many different 10-letter 11. How many different 9-letter
PERMUTATIONS arrangements are possible using arrangements are possible using
the letters in the word the letters in the word DISAPPEAR?
with Repetition AUTOMOBILE?

A group of objects in which _____________ ________________ _______________!

COMBINATIONS
Combination Formula:
nCr =
n = total number of objects available
r = number of objects to use for the arrangement

*Important Shortcut: n Cn =
12. Natalie has 16 close friends. How many ways can she choose 5 to be
EXAMPLES bridesmaids in her wedding?

13. There are 24 students in Kyle’s kindergarten class. How many ways can he
choose eight to attend his birthday party?

14. Abby is adopting kittens from the pet store. If there are 18 kittens, how
many ways can she choose two?

15. There are twelve employees at the sub shop. How many ways can the
manager choose four for the Sunday evening shift?

16. There are 85 players on the football team. How many ways can the
coach choose three to represent the team in the coin toss?
 Permutation or Combination?
Directions: Recall that a permutation is an arrangement with a specific order,
while a combination is a group with no specific order. Determine whether
the example represents a permutation or combination, then solve.

Example P or C? Answer
1 How many ways can 4 candy bars be chosen
from a store that sells 30 candy bars?

2 How many ways can 13 students line up for lunch?

3 How many ways can you make a 3-letter

arrangement out of the letters in the word
TRAPEZOID.

4 How many ways can you choose 2 books from a

shelf of 40 books?

5 How many ways can 12 swimmers finish in first,

second, and third place?

6 How many ways can Mrs. Sullivan choose two

students from 27 to help put away calculators at
the end of class?

7 You have enough tickets to play 6 different games

at the amusement park. If there are 14 games,
how many ways can you choose six?

8 How many different ways can 9 trumpet players

in the marching band line up?

9 Seven students worked together on a project.

How many ways can their teacher choose four to
present the project?

10 There are 18 offensive players on the hockey

team. How many ways can the coach choose a
left wing, center, and right wing to start the game?

1 1 How many different 12-letter arrangements can

be made using the letters in the word
INDIANAPOLIS?

12 There are 26 gold fish in the tank at the store. How

many ways can Ben choose five?
Name: ___________________________________ Unit 11: Probability & Statistics
Date: ________________________ Bell: ______ Homework 1: Fundamental Counting Principle,
Permutations & Combinations

Directions: Find the total number of outcomes that are possible.

1. In a school building, there are 8 exterior 2. Kendall went shopping and purchased 7
doors and 12 stairways to enter the second shirts, 3 pairs of pants, 2 jackets. How many
floor. Find the total number of ways to reach different outfits are possible?
the second floor.

3. An internet passcode consists of a digit 4. Grant is rolling a standard six-sided number

followed by a letter, followed by another digit. die eight times. How many outcomes are
Assuming the digits are 0-9. How many possible?
different passcodes are possible?

5. A quiz has eight multiple choice questions with 6. When Jack bought his new truck, there were
four options for each (A, B, C, and D). How 96 different ways his truck could be equipped.
many ways are there to answer the He had four choices of engines and two
questions? choices of transmissions. If the only other
choice was color, how many colors were
available?

Directions: Evaluate the following.

7. 6! 16! 7! 2! ⋅ 9!
8. 9. 10.
7! 10! (10 − 7)!

11. 20 P4 12. 15 C8 13. 17 P7 14. 27 C22

15. Find 9 P9 and 9 C9 . Why do the answers differ? Explain.

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Directions: Determine whether the situations represent permutations or combinations. Then solve.
Example P/C Solve
16. Scott has 7 chores to complete this Saturday. How
many ways can he arrange the order in which he
does them?

17. There are 16 different colored markers in the

bucket. How many ways can Kelly choose five of
them?

18. How many ways are there to elect a President, Vice

President, Secretary, and Treasurer, from a club
with 32 members?

19. The dance company is choosing 3 new dancers

from a group of 25 who try out. How many ways
can they choose the new dancers?

20. There are ten toppings available to make an ice

cream sundae. How many ways can Max choose
two?

21. How many different 11-letter arrangements can

be made using the letters in the word
FIRECRACKER?

22. Mindy is purchasing songs from an album on

iTunes. If the album has 14 songs, how many
ways can she choose 6?

23. Carl is choosing a four-character password for his

cell phone. The password can contain letters
and digits only, and can’t include repeating
characters. How many passwords are possible?

24. Mr. Pratt has 26 students in his math class. He has

three prizes to give away: a pencil, an eraser, and
a no homework coupon. How many ways can he
choose three students to win these awards?

25. How many ways are there to choose seven cards

from a deck of 52?