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Introduction 3
1 Tunnels 4
2 Bridges 6
3 Skyscrapers 8
4 Dams 10
5 OlympicStructures t2
6 DifferentShapes L4
7 Glassandlce 16
8 AmazingPlaces 18
9 Structuresin Space 20
10 AnimalStructures 22
Activities 24
Projects 44
PictureDictionary 46
About Readand Discover48

OXTORD
U N I V E R S I TY P I { T' S S
()xl '( ) t <l) ACKNOW LE DCEMEN I'S
llhAtrdtioruby: RebeccaHalls['he Olganisation pp 4, 6, 7. 8,

()rli,trl lllrvr.t\tt\ l't'.!\ r.,,r,1'

l'.il1|!.nl r,l llr( llntv('lsily
20,25,26,28, 30;Alan Rowepp 36,47,45,46,47:GarySwift
PPs, 15, 19
ThePublisherswoukl olsolike to thqnk thcJbllowing|& their kind
tff
(,1( )\l0r(l lt lIr l lri r,, l lr, l lrr\' t !tr.,,,1!lrl llr(, ol r'\( clk'ncc
pemissim Loreproducephotog:raphs and othcr copyight motci|al .
irtr|i.rrrlr.rrlrr'l,rrslrrl),rr(lr'(l|r.rlr,'| lrr lrllrltsl)lnt Alamy pp 5, 10, 74,'17,22,23lwoiibat). 34; Corbispp 8. 23
w()r'l(ltvrtl ilr (beaver/dam),32 (Beijing airport); Dr David Fishcr, Dynamic
()\l()r1l Nr'\v \,rl

Alr( lil.rn(l ( .rlx lowI I ).[ ( \ \.tl.l.[[ | |lrilll Koill1 K.t|lrt lri
Architecftue, A11rights reseNed p 15i Getty Imagesp 9:
NASAInages p 20, 21; OxfbrdUniversityPresspp 3, 6, 13, 16, A structureis somethingmadewith many
32 (BeijingStadium);PoseidonUndersea Resons.LLCp t8;
I((lirl:l l.rrrrrl)trl M.rrlrrrl Mt,llrrrrr rrr. M(.\tt r' ( llty Nilirol)i
Ntw l)(llli Slr.rrrllh.r l.rltr r lor)nto
Rcx Featuresp 12:TopFotopp 4,7; Superstockp 11: parts,likea house,a schoot,or a bridge.
ww.7-t.co.uk/British Antarctic Surveyp 19,
With oliitt's irr
llrnzil (.lrilt' (lzt't h l((.1)ltl)li( lililt((.
At.l.lcntlnJ Austrir
It canbe madeof differentmaterialslike
(;rccce (;urtenralr
Hrrrrgtrry ltrly litl)iU) ll)Lilt(l l,r)rtrrllill
Singaporc SouthKorca Switzcrlancl llririlirrtrl )irrkey bricks,concrete,glass,wood,or metal.A super
tJkraine Vietnan

oxFoRD and oxFoRD ENGLISH are registcrc(l (ril(lc nurks is verybig,very[ong,or verytat[.
structure
ofOxfbrd University Press in the UK and in ccrtain other
countnes

o Oxford University Press 2o1o

Tlrc moral rights ofthe author have been asselted
Datrbasc' ilght Oxford University Press (maker)
l-irst published 2o1o
2014 2013 2Or2 2077 2O7O
1098765432

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in any fbrur or by any [rearrs, without thc prior permission in
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acquirer

A|y wcl)sitcs reli'rr(.(l to itr lltis Publiciltiolt are iD the

l)lrl)li( rl{)rlririn rn(l lht.iraddresscs are 1)rovidcd byOxfbrd
tlnrv(.hity l'r(.ss Ii)l tnli)rntilioD oltly. Oxford [tniversity Press
r ltsr l.rrttr rrnl rcslrrnsibtlity lirr th('Contcnt

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I lrr'( | t lr,rs.r r lrill( c ol n l)r('l iciilt tn(l Ilritish liltglish
r{,,rtrl|11'\.'l llr{. (('illl)l('te text.
.\rl .lr r r!llll).tll!lllJ' A( livlly ll(x)k is rlso avlilaltle,
Whatstructurescanyouseehere?
t .Ir,r'l'X'l').t{'.1.I)t 7 Howmanypartscanyousee?
l'r ilrtr'(l t[ { lIn,l

I lr r\ l,rr,1. r\ l)r rlt(rl r)il l);tlx't I r()l)r ( cfi itied ind madeof?
Whatarethe structures
r 'r'll rrr,rrr,111 rl sorrrrr'r
canyouthinkof?
Whatotherstructures
re

ffi.W.
Wd Nowreadanddiscover
moreaboutsuperstructures!
ili,
 One of the longest road tunnels is the
Laerdal Tunnel in Norway. The tunnel
is nearly 25 kilometers long and it goes
'l unncls go underwater,underground,or
through a mountain. It was built because
tl-rroughthe ground. \Weuse tunnels for there's too much snow on the mountain
mines, trains, and road traffic, or to carry roads in winter.
things like gas or water.Tunnels are usually
made of metal and concrete.

One of the longest tunnels in the world

is the SeikanTunnel in Japan.It's nearly
54 kilometers long! It goesbetween two
islands.It was built becauseit's too dangerous
to travel by boat.The tunnel is for trains, but
now many people prefer to travel by plane.
 On a suspension
l-rridge,the cablesand
Bridges go over water or overground.
towers carry the deck.
On a beam bridge, the pillars carry the deck. 'l'hc anchorageshold
One of the longest beam bridges is the thc cables.
Lake Pontchartrain Causeway in the USA.
Suspensionbridges move a little when it's windy.
This bridge is about 38 kilometers long and
'l'his isn't usually a problem, but in 1940 the
it has over 91000concrete pillars. It goes
'lbcoma Bridge in the USA collapsedin light
over water and carries road traffic.
winds. It was onlv four months old.

0
t Goto pages26-27 for activities.
!a .:'&,lir'ifEt{:4rire€HIEI: . -'
 One of the tallest skyscrapers
is the Burj Dubai.. It's in Dubai
in the United Arab Emirates.
\(Ihen there isn't much ground, It's 818 meterstall - that's
we can build tall buildings. nearly a kilometer! It's made
Very tall buildings are called of a special,strong concrete
skyscrapers.The first skyscraper called reinforced concrete.
was the Home Insurance Building. The Burj Dubai has apartments'
It was built in Chicago in the shops,swimming pools, hotels,
USA in 1885. It was 42 meters restaurants, and a librarY.
tall. The tallest skyscrapersare It's like a very tall town!
now much taller than this. Do you like it?

The PetronasTWin Towers in

I(uala Lumpur in Malaysia are
the tallest twin buildings.There
is a bridge between the two
towers called a skybridge. Theconcretein the
BurjDubaiweighsthe same
asabout100,000elephants!

I
i.r'li

.$* Goto pages28-29 for activities.

 Arch dams are also madc of concrctc.'l-l-rcv
arc usuall,vsmaller than gravity dams and
they are curved. The curve holds back the
Some of the biggest structures are dams. water. The Moiry Dam in Switzerland is
They hold back \vater and make a lake an arch dam. It's 148 meters tall and
callcd a rcscrvoir. Dams supply watcr) 6 1 0 m c tcr s l o n s.
stop floods, and they also makc elcctricity.

(iravitv clantsare macic of a lot of concrcte.

'l'hey arc vcrv big
and hcarl', ancl this
wcight l-roldsback rhc r,l'arcr.
Tl-rc Itaipu Dam
is a gravitv dam. It's in South Amcrica ryr;
betwccn Paraguaf anc-lBrazil.It's 196 ,rrii
",:{y'
mctcrs tail and ncarlr' 8 kilorr-rcterslong.

hn-, rf
'r, '\:\ nI;

,#)* morethan4,000yearsagoin
' - '': Egypt.lt neverworkedbecause

G ot o p a g e s3 0 - 3 1 f o r a c t i v
There are many super structures in Beijing
in China. Some of them were built for the
Olympicsin 2008.

Terminal 3 of Beijing Capital Inrernarional

Airport is one of the biggestairport terminals
in the world. The floor area is more than a
square kilometer.There are sevenfloors,
and two of the floors are underground.

.**;E
-g'* +:n
{b.rc
* ry' Redandgoldaretraditional
colorsfor Chinese
colorfor good[uck.
Redis the Chinese
buil.dings.

The Beijing National Stadium is one of

the biggestmetal buildings. It's red and
gold. It has 80,000 seats.There wcre
I 1,000extra seatsfor the Olympics.It also
has underground pipes to make it warm in
winter and cool in summer.

Sometimesit's calledthe Bird's Ncst - can

you seewhy?
Goto pages32- 33forac ti v i ti es .
 In 2008, David Fisher designed the first
rotating skyscraper. It uses energy from the
wind. People want to build these rotating
$7ith new building materials, people can skyscrapers in Dubai and in Moscow.
build structures in many different shapes.

The 02,in London in the United I(ingdom

is a dome. It was built for the millennium,
the year 2000. The roof is made of a special
plastic and glass material. It's 365 meters
wide - one meter for every day of the year.
ffi
tQJ
Eachftoorcanrotatea ful.t
It has also l2 support towers - one tower circle.Peoplecandecidewhento
for every month of the year. rotatetheirftoor.Theskyscraper
canbea different shapeeveryday!

fi

,: l r,ir,

Goto pages34-35for activities.

 In a village in Sweden, near the Arctic,
there is a hotel made of ice called Ice Hotel.
The hotel is open from December to April.
It has 80 rooms. There are ice sculptures in
the rooms. The beds, chairs, and tables are
also made of ice. Even the drinking glasses
are made of ice!

;ffi ''.llw*1,$

'pl#$
;

Most buildings are made of concrete, bricks,

metal, or wood. Some buildings use
different materials.

Biosphere 2 inArizona in the USA is made

of glass and metal. It's nearly as big as rwo
and a half American football fields. Inside, Everyyear,lce Hotet
there's a rainforest, an ocean, a desert, a is b u ilta gai nw i th newi ce.
farm, and places for people to live and work.
It's a research center. ifl)'.1'
Did you know that people also build
structures under the ocean and on ice?

The Poseidon Undersea Resort in Fiji is a

hotel 12 meters under the ocean. It's made
. h&s1
t:-- d.", - r
of very strong metal and plastic. The
I : i:: a'
J
windows are made of special, clear plastic, It

t_.
so people can see fish and other ocean "

animals from the hotel. To get to the hotel,

you travel by submarine!

Halley 6 is a research station in the

Antarctic. It's built on ice. The ice moves
400 meters every year and the structure
moves with it. Halley 6 is on skis so people
can move it back to the right place.
Building in the Antarctic is very difficult

per
speedcanbe 150kitometers
canbeless
hour.Thetemperature
than-50 degrees
centigrade.

G ot o p a g e s3 8 * 3 9 f o r a c t i v i t i e s .
 The ISS is made of metal. It uses energy
from the sun. The first part of the ISS went
into spacein a rocket in 1998. No astronauts
There are also structures went with it. Most other parts went with
in space.The International astronauts. Sometimes, astronauts do a
Space Station (ISS) is a spacewalkoutside the ISS to attach new parts.
research station. It's about
350 kilometers above Earth.
It goes around Earth about 16 times every
day. It travelsat 27,700 kilometers pcr hour .#dtt $$ -r',.,f,
- that's nearly 8 kilometers per second!
$#''f tE -?

*'t l'
\
11
\.1

r"
!"*'.*p.

$
'W
I '.0 W
Youcanseethe ISSfrom
**
Earthwithouta tetescope.
l;; G ot o p a g e s4 0 - 4 1 f o r a c t i v i t i e s .. . ' ; ,
_.*_
 Wombatsbuild undergrouncl
tunnels calledburrows.Thcy
dig with their front paws and
Animals can build super structures,too! bite through things with their
Termites build their homes with mud. teeth.A wombat can dig
These homes are tall towers called termite about 2 metersper hour.
mounds.The tallesttermite mounds are
about 13 meters high. They are termite Beaversbuild dams on the
skyscrapers! water to protect themselves
from other wild animalslike
bears.They build the dams
ffi
eJfJ "d
with small trees)stones,and
\{}/ Termites areinsects. mud. Their dams can be a
Thetatlesttermitemounds kilometer long.
arethousands of termites
ta[[!
ir **As&

'.i Fo,
t,.,. :

"'4 ,
1 :-
l.
' -"'i pages42-43 for activities.
 r-
Circlethe correctwords.
overwateror ground.
goiund/eri/
t Tunnels
Readpages4-5.
aremadeof metalandgtass/ concrete.
2 Tunnels
Match. Tunnelis in China/ Japan.
3 TheSeikan
Tunnelis in Spain/ Norway.
4 TheLaerdaI
It wasbuittbecause
there's
too muchsnowon the the sentences.
Complete
mountainroadsin winter. Tunnel
Seikan
through longest metat 25 kitometersunder
It wasbuittbecauseit'stoo
dangerousto travel"
by boat. LaerdaI
Tunnel a reusua[l ymadeof ,', "
1 T u n n e ts cl fl dconcrete.
3 lt's for roadtraffic. Tunnelis oneof the
2 TheSeikan tunne[s.
4 lt's for trains. is nearty
3 TheLaerdalTunnel long.
Tunnelgoes
4 TheSeikan the water.
Write trueor false. goes
Tunnel
5 TheLaerdal a mountain.
1 Tunnels
cancarrywater. i i 'q,j i ;. 5 WriteA or B.
2 TheSeikanTunnelis longerthan
the LaerdaI
Tunnel.
ffi*,r* rg," ffib
3 TheLaerdalTunnelis shorter
than ^o*e

the Seikan
Tunnel. tunnel?
1 Whichis the [ongest
Tunnelgoesthroughwater.
4 TheSeikan 2 Whichtunnelgoesunderground?
-
5 It'squicker
to usethe Seikan
Tunnel 3 Whichtunnelis fortrains?
-
thanto traveIby p[ane. tunnet?
4 Whichis the shortest -
5 Whichtunnelgoesunderwater?-
6 WhichtunneIis forcars?
-
V-'c''
d Bridses I Findandwritethe words.
g h b 6 r d q w
-a) 1 bridoe
( Readpages6-7. -7 -

a n c h o r a g e t 2 trl____
1 Circlethe correctwords. ! z b e j c e w g o
3 b___
b a e d o a r a m w
go underground
1 Bridges / overground. 4
e 5 a e t b t t h e {.

2 Thelongest/ shortestbeambridgeis in the USA. a n t c W t b e q r 5 d

3 Beambridges andsuspension
bridges
bothhavea m e t k a e r r u i 6 g
tower / deck. o f e I h r i o a c 7 't

4 TheTacoma
Bridgeis a beam/ suspension p a V s n g d m t e
bridge. B a
p t t a I c n o a
t Writethe words. s
Answerthe questions.
cable deck piltar deck anchorage
tower suspensionbridge fmm#i+ge thedeckona beambridge?
1 Whatcarries
Thsplltnrecarr1ths dscK.
bridge?
thedeckona suspension
2 Whatcarries

't
J 3 Whatis a problem bridges?
for suspension

whenit waswindy?
4 Whichbridgecollapsed

6
5 Writeabouta bridgein yourcountry.
7
8
ffiG
ffi s;kw-sffiffi'ffiffi*ffiffis the sentences.
3 Complete
I TheTaipei101is eirorter thanthe Sears
Tower.
'r Readpages8-9.
(short/ shorter/ shortest)
", Match. 2 TheShanghai Financial
Center is _ than
'wm' TwinTowers.
the Petronas ftatl/ tatter/ tattest)

I W il
Sears
Tower
PetronasTwinTowers
3 TheBurjDubaiis the
ftatl/ taller/ ta[[est)
skyscraper.

t 4 TheSears Toweris than

anthe
th Taipei101.
"l
Taipei101

*r Shanghai
Wortd
FinanciaI
Center
BurjDubai
ftall/ta[[erltaltest)
5 TheSears Toweris -
(short/ shorter/ shortest)
thanthe BurjDubai.

1l 4 Answerthe questions.
1 Wherewasthe wortd'sfirstskyscraper
buitt?

F Writethe numbers.
2 Howta[[is the BurjDubai?
10mm 900m 1,000m 92cm 100cm Smm

1 abouta centimeterfu::r*: 3 Whatarethe taltesttwin buildings

called?
2 abouta meter
3 abouta kitometer 4 Whatis yourfavoriteskyscraper?
Why? '
4 the sameasa centimeter
5 the sameasa meter
6 the sameasa kitometer
 Darns the puzzle.
Complete

C Readpages10-11.
2+
I Writethe words. reservoircurue archdam
concretegravitydam reservoir 1 Thefirstdambuittfett
4 ->
downin heavy-.
2 TheMoiryDamis in _.

ffi 3 Gravitydamsarevery _.
4 Gravitydamsaremadeof

5 Archdamsare -. 6>
6 Damshotdback_.

the questions.
Answer
1 Whattypeof damis the ltaipuDam?
1 4
2 5 2 WhereistheMoiryDam?
3 6
3 With an archdam,whatholdsbackthe water?
2 Writetrueor false.
1 Damsmakewater.
4 With a gravitydam,whatholdsbackthe wate??
2 A reservoir
is like a [ake.
3 Damssupplyfood.
5 Writeabouta damin yourcountry.
4 Damsstopfloods.
5 TheltaipuDamis ta[[erthan
the MoiryDam.
R\s%
 J
Complete
the sentences.
super metal airporttermina[sOtympicscolor
ReadpagesL2-L3.
1 Redis the Chinese
_ for good[uck.
Match. 2 Manybuildings
werebuittforthe in 2008.
1 It's madeof metal. 3 Beijinghasmany structures.
2 Thefloorareais more 4 Termina[ 3 of the BeijingCapitaI
International
thana square Airportis oneof the biggest
kilometer. NationaI
Stadium 5 TheBeijingNational is oneof the biggest
Stadium
3 It has80,000seats. buitdings.
Terminal
3
4 Sometimes it'scalled Answerthe questions.
the Bird'sNest.
1 Whenwerethe BeijingOlympics?
5 lt'soneof the biggest
airporttermina[s.
2 Beijingis the capitalof whatcountry?
Circtethe correctwords.
1 Termina[
3, BeijingCapital
InternationalAirport: cotorfor good[uck?
Whatis the Chinese
lt's in Russia/ China/ the USA.
ft's for cars/ trains,/ planes. 4 Whatis the BeijingNational madeof?
Stadium
2 TheBeiji ngNationaI
Stadium:
lt's likea bird'sbus/ nest/ schoot. 5 Writeabouta sportsstadiumin yourcountry.
lt's madeof metat/ wood/ glass.
It hasunderground
pillars/ pipes,/ seats.
 'rt- the sentences.
Complete
materia[sskyscraperdome
Readpagest4-t5. Londonday shapes
Circlethe correctwords. 1 Withnewbuitding , peoplecanbui[d
The02: in different
structures
1 lt wasbuittforthe Olympics
/ millennium. 2 The02 is in It'sa
2 Thereare365months/ daysin a year. 3 Therotating canchangeshapeevery
3 ThereareL2months/ daysin a year.
Therotatingskyscraper: i Match.Thenwritesentences.
4 lt canrotatea fu[[ square,/ circle.
TheO2 \,
5 lt usesenergyfromthe sun/ wind. In a year.
Thereare72 months ,,
6 lt canbe a differentfloor,/ shapeeveryday. energyfromthe wind.
Everyfloorcanrotate : year.
Writethe months. 1"..,,.in a
Thereare365days
..""is a dome.
SeptemberJune NovemberFebruaryAprit Ju[y Therotating
.lanu=art'
DecemberAugust May March October a futtcirc[e.
skyscraperuses

1 7
1 ..
2 8
2
3 9
3
4 10
4
5 11
5
6 t2
 Match.
lce
Gla$$annd
1 lt's madeof glassandmetal.
* Readpagest6-L7.
2 lt's madeof ice. ,
lce Hotel
Write the words. 3 lt',sin sweden.
bricks glass ice wood 4 lt's in the USA. 2
Biosphere
concretemetal center.
5 lt's a research
6 | wantto go there.
r\*
W Orderthe words.

ffi s 1 lce / Hotel/ made/ is / ice./ of

lr"s ilnt*"l iq nnads *rf k"s,

2 again./ year/ Hotel/ ts / Every/ lce/ buiLt

ffi
v&
A Write trueor false.
t / to
3 open/ lt / from/ is / Aprit.,/December

/ ice./ The/ made/ of / are.

4 drinking/ glasses
1 lce Hotelis openin January.
2 lce Hotelis not openin March.
/ of / is / metat./ and
5 glass/ made/ Biosphere2
3 Biosphere
2 is a smatltown.
2 is madeof glassandwood.
4 Biosphere ere2.
/ There/ in / Biosph
6 a / is / rainforest
5 Thereis an oceanin Biosphere2.
6 Thereis an icehotelin Biosphere
2.
 r,.,,,
I
I ;,, ,
'rrr ,,r"li irl i:i iil.'jl. i. r ill ,,' 11
the sentences.
3 Comptete
weather under on Plastic moves
Readpages18-19.
Resort
Undersea
1 ThePoseidon is - the ocean.
Match.
2 Thewindowsaremadeof a speciat
-.
1 lt's buitton ice. ice.
Poseidon 3 Halley6 is built-
2 lt's underthe ocean.
Undersea
Resort 4 Theice 400 meterseveryYear.
3 lt moves. of
is verydifficuttbecause
in the Antarctic
5 Buil,ding
4 lt's on skis. Halley6
the-.

Complete 4 Answerthe questions.

the chart.
Resort?
Undersea
1 Whereis the Poseidon
weter cold skis submarine wind
ice fish hotel research ocean
2 Whereis Halley6?
'\:/'
Poseidbn
{>^ \,'
-rL

#
Undersea
Resort Haltey6
_''*-ll
S '#,'r Howdo yougetto the Poseidon Resort?
Undersea

,;ijfrt. i
;

4 Howcoldcanit be in the Antarctic?

Why?
5 Whatis yourfavori{estructure?

- j- \ g
*

ljiirli
',iir$
tfr|ii 'rr$'igill
il{fi|ilififtiffi
iiii,,,,,tl : iilt r t , f r li ' 1, , i i , , 1 ,
r1 rr lt l , l l . 3 Writethe words.

Readpages20-2L Earth astronaut ISS

Findandwritethe words.
a s t r o na ut
frrl t ib ps 1 ;&
a o f ,e V rs tp 2 G
*:
e c'u s h ht s., a 3 B-
a k w,€ s da oc 4 I
reoa u , Wt ce Answerthe questions.
t,t o I t ii 5 fr
kc isthelss?
1 Where
hexc n bo cd 6
b d.s h t tn Le
2 Whatis the ISS?
Writethe numbers.
27,700 B 19gg 350 16 3 Whendidthe firstpartof the ISSgo intospace?

1 TheISSis kitometers
aboveEarth.
- Howmanyastronauts wentintospacewiththe
2 It goesaroundEarthabout timeseveryday. first partof the ISS?
3 It travetsat _ kitometers
perhour.
4 It travetsat _ kilometers
persecond. do spacewalks?
5 Wheredo astronauts
5 Thefirst partof the ISSwent intospace
In
6 Canyouseethe ISSfromEarth?
 the Puzzle.
3 Complete
AnirnalStructures 34
?
+ ReadpaEes22-23. Y vv
1 Writetrueor false.
1 Termites
buitdtheirhomeswith concrete.
2 Wombats
buitdburrows
underground.
3 Wombats bitethroughthingswith
theirteeth.
4 Beavers
buitddamsunderthe water.
5 Beaver
damscanbea kilometer
[ong.
6 Thereis a termitemoundin my home.
Orderthe words.
1 too./ Animals/ buiLd/ can,/structures
/ super 1 lt's the nameof thisbook.
2 Yerytatt buitdings arecalled-.
3 An archdamhasa -.
2 mounds/ Termite 4 A tunnelgoeshere.
/ skyscrapers.
/ are/ termite 5 Beamandsuspension aretypesof -.
6 lt's a strongbuitding material.
7 Laerdat andSeikanare-.
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SeriesEditor:HazelGeatches. CLILAdviser:
JohnC[egg
OxfordReadand Discovergradedreaders areat four[eve[s,from
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curriculum, or ContentandLanguage Integrated
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nddiscover

1 Subject The World

of Science The Natural The Wortd of Arts
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headwords YourFiveSenses the Wortd
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A[[ About Plants a All.About DesertLife " Animats
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750 . Machines Thenand Now Animalsat Night
headwords . Why We Recycte o IncredibleEarth

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@ Medicine
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