FREQUENCY

DISTRIBUTION AND
GRAPHS
Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World
 Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

1.Organize data using a frequency distribution.

2.Represent data in frequency distributions graphically using
histograms, frequency polygons, and ogives.

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 Data Presentation
1. Textual or Narrative Presentation
- Detailed information are given in textual presentation
- Narrative report is a way to present data

2. Tabular Presentation
- Numerical values are presented using tables
- Information are lost in tabular presentation of data
- Frequency distribution table is also applicable for qualitative variables

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 Data Presentation
3. Graphical Presentation
- Trends are easily seen in graphs to tables.
- It is good to present data using pictures or figures like the pictograph
- Pie charts are used to present data as part of one whole
- Line graphs are for time-series data

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 Example

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 Example

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 Example

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 Example

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 Example

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 Example

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 Consider the problem:
Suppose a researcher wished to do a study on the ages of the
top 50 wealthiest people in the world. The researcher first
would have to get the data on the ages of the people. In this
case, these ages are listed in Forbes Magazine. When the data
are in original form, they are called raw data and are listed
next.

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 Consider the problem:

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 Consider the problem:

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 Consider the problem:
A frequency distribution consists of classes and their
corresponding frequencies. Each raw data value is placed into
a quantitative or qualitative category called a class. The
frequency of a class then is the number of data values
contained in a specific class.

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
• Is the organization of raw data in table form, using classes
and frequencies.

• Two types of frequency distributions that are most often

used are the categorical frequency distribution and the
grouped frequency distribution.

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
• The categorical frequency distribution is used for data that
can be placed in specific categories, such as nominal- or
ordinal-level data. For example, data such as political
affiliation, religious affiliation, or major field of study would
use categorical frequency distributions.
• When the range of the data is large, the data must be
grouped into classes that are more than one unit in width, in
what is called a grouped frequency distribution. For
example, a distribution of the number of hours that boat
batteries lasted
Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World
 Categorical Frequency Distribution
Steps:
1. Make a table as shown below.

2. Tally the data and place the results in column B.

3. Count the tallies and place the results in column C.

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 Categorical Frequency Distribution
Steps:
4. Find the percentage of values in each class by using the formula
𝑓
% = 𝑛 ∙ 100%, where f frequency of the class and n total number
of values.

5. Find the totals for columns C (frequency) and D (percent).

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 Example
Twenty-five army inductees were given a blood test to determine their
blood type. The data set is

Construct a frequency distribution for the data.

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 Solution:

For the sample, more people have type O blood than any
other type.
Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World
 Grouped Frequency Distribution
Constructing a Grouped Frequency Distribution
Step 1: Determine the classes.
Find the highest and lowest values.
Find the range.
Select the number of classes desired.
Find the width by dividing the range by the number of classes and
rounding up.
Select a starting point (usually the lowest value or any convenient number
less than the lowest value); add the width to get the lower limits.
Find the upper class limits.
Find the boundaries.

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 Grouped Frequency Distribution
Constructing a Grouped Frequency Distribution

Step 2: Tally the data.

Step 3: Find the numerical frequencies from the tallies, and find the
cumulative frequencies.

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 Example
• These data represent the record high temperatures in degrees
Fahrenheit (F) for each of the 50 states. Construct a grouped
frequency distribution for the data using 7 classes.

112 100 127 120 134 118 105 110 109 112
110 118 117 116 118 122 114 114 105 109
107 112 114 115 118 117 118 122 106 110
116 108 110 121 113 120 119 111 104 111
120 113 120 117 105 110 118 112 114 114

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 Solution

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 Rules to follow
1.There should be between 5 and 20 classes
2. It is preferable but not absolutely necessary that the class
width be an odd number.
3. The classes must be mutually exclusive.
4. The classes must be continuous.
5. The classes must be exhaustive.
6. The classes must be equal in width.

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 Graphs
The three most commonly used graphs in research are:

1. The histogram.
2. The frequency polygon.
3. The cumulative frequency graph, or ogive

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 The Histogram
• The histogram is a graph that displays the data by using contiguous
vertical bars (unless the frequency of a class is 0) of various heights to
represent the frequencies of the classes.

Steps in constructing a histogram:

Step 1: Draw and label the x and y axes. The x axis is the horizontal axis,
and the y axis is the vertical axis.
Step 2: Represent the frequency on the y axis and the class boundaries
on the x axis.
Step 3: Using the frequencies as the heights, draw vertical bars for each
class.

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 Example
Construct a histogram to represent the data shown for the record high
temperatures for each of the 50 states

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 Solution

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 The Frequency Polygon
The frequency polygon is a graph that displays the data
by using lines that connect points plotted for the
frequencies at the midpoints of the classes. The
frequencies are represented by the heights of the points.

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 The Frequency Polygon
Steps in making a frequency polygon:

Step 1: Find the midpoints of each class. Recall that midpoints are
solved by adding the upper and lower boundaries and dividing by 2:
Step 2: Draw the x and y axes. Label the x axis with the midpoint of
each class, and then use a suitable scale on the y axis for the
frequencies.
Step 3: Using the midpoints for the x values and the frequencies as
the y values, plot the points.
Step 4: Connect adjacent points with line segments. Draw a line back
to the x axis at the beginning and end of the graph, at the same
distance that the previous and next midpoints would be located.

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 Example
• Using the frequency distribution below, construct a frequency
polygon.

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 Solution
• Step 1 Find the midpoints of each class. Recall that midpoints are
found by adding the upper and lower boundaries and dividing by 2:

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 Solution

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 The Ogive
• The ogive is a graph that represents the cumulative
frequencies for the classes in a frequency distribution.

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 The Ogive
Steps in constructing ogive:
Step 1: Find the cumulative frequency for each class.
Step 2: Draw the x and y axes. Label the x axis with the class
boundaries. Use an appropriate scale for the y axis to represent the
cumulative frequencies.
Step 3: Plot the cumulative frequency at each upper class boundary.
Upper boundaries are used since the cumulative frequencies represent
the number of data values accumulated up to the upper boundary of
each class.
Step 4: Starting with the first upper class boundary, connect adjacent
points with line segments. Then extend the graph to the first lower
class boundary on the x axis.

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 Example
Construct an ogive for the frequency distribution below

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 Solution
Step 1 Find the cumulative frequency for each class.

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 Solution

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 Your Turn!
• The number of faculty listed for a variety of private colleges that
offer only bachelor’s degrees is listed below. Use these data to
construct a frequency distribution with 7 classes, a histogram, a
frequency polygon, and an ogive. Discuss the shape of this
distribution. What proportion of schools has 180 or more faculty?

Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World

 Thank you for Listening!
Prepared by: Roy I. Branzuela MMWORLD: Mathematics in the Modern World