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Physics Notes (G - 11) (ch-5)

Heat is the transfer of energy between objects due to a temperature difference. Heat can change the internal energy and temperature of an object. The specific heat capacity of an object determines how much heat is required to change its temperature by one degree. Water has a relatively high specific heat capacity, so it can store a large amount of heat without a large temperature change. Phase changes from solid to liquid to gas or vice versa absorb or release heat in the form of latent heat without changing temperature. The boiling and melting points of substances depend on pressure, with higher pressure resulting in higher boiling points and lower melting points.

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439 views8 pages

Physics Notes (G - 11) (ch-5)

Heat is the transfer of energy between objects due to a temperature difference. Heat can change the internal energy and temperature of an object. The specific heat capacity of an object determines how much heat is required to change its temperature by one degree. Water has a relatively high specific heat capacity, so it can store a large amount of heat without a large temperature change. Phase changes from solid to liquid to gas or vice versa absorb or release heat in the form of latent heat without changing temperature. The boiling and melting points of substances depend on pressure, with higher pressure resulting in higher boiling points and lower melting points.

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Khin Khin Than
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Chapter 5

Heat and Thermal Phenomena


Heat
Heat is the amount of energy transferred from one object to
another because of the difference in temperature.
As heat is a form of energy, heat can be expressed in energy
unit.
Units of Heat Unit Relation
SI joule (J) 1 cal = 4.184 J
CGS calorie (cal) 1kcal= 4184 J
MKS kilocalorie (kcal)
FPS British thermal unit (Btu) 1Btu = 1055J
1 ft-lb= 1.356J
Internal Energy (Thermal Energy)
The internal energy of a body is the sum of the total kinetic
energy and potential energy of the molecules in the substance.
KE of molecules is energy due to their motion.
KE is directly related to the temperature.
The rise in temperature of a substance is due to an increase
in average kinetic energy of the molecule.
Whenever there is a rise in temperature of a substance,
there must be an increase in internal energy of the
substance.
The potential energy is energy due to inter-molecular force
between the molecules. It depends on distance between
molecules or particles in substance.
Thermal Capacity (or) Heat Capacity C
The amount of thermal energy required to change the
temperature of an object by one degree is called the thermal
capacity or heat capacity of the object.
∆Q
C=
∆T
Thermal capacity of an
where ∆ Q=¿the thermal energy required object depends on mass
and the type of material
which is made of.
∆ T =T 1 T 2=¿ Temperature change
An object having the
C=¿ thermal capacity lower thermal capacity can
be heated up easily.
SI unit joule per kelvin(JK-1)
One mole of a substance
Thermal Capacity for 1 mole is molar is equal to the
thermal capacity. substance's 6,022 x
10  units (such as atoms,
23

1 ∆Q molecules, or ions). The


Molar thermal capacity C= n ∆ T 6.022 x 1023 number is
known as the number of
n = number of moles Avogadro or the constant

SI unit joule per mole per kelvin(Jmol-1K-1)


Water has relatively high thermal capacity.
Because of high thermal capacity, water is used to cool the engines.
In cold countries, water is used to store heat in solar heating system of the
houses.
Another application is used of hot water bag to keep warm.
High thermal capacity of water affects weather
Specific Heat Capacity c
The specific heat capacity of a substance is the heat needed to
change the temperature of a unit mass of that substance by one
degree.
Thermal capacity per unit mass of a substance is the
specific heat capacity.
C
c=
m SI unit of specific heat capacity

c=
∆Q joule per kilogram per kelvin(J kg-1 K-1)
m∆T
Other units kcal kg-1 °C-1, cal g-1 °C-1
∆ Q=mc ∆ T
1 kcal =4184 J
c = specific heat capacity
m = mass of substance
Law of Heat Exchange
When heat is transferred from one object to another object
the total heat lost by one object is equal to the total heat
gained by another object.
Law of heat exchange is one particular statement of law of
conservation of energy.
The specific heat capacity of substance can be determined
by law of heat exchange.
Suppose that heat is transferred from object A at temperature T A

to another object B at temperature T . Let final temperature =T. B

Heat lost by object A


∆ Q lost =m A c A ( T A −T ) =m A c A ( ∆ T ) A

Heat gained by object B


∆ Q gained =mB c B ( T −T B ) =mB c B ( ∆ T )B

By law of heat exchange


∆ Qlost =∆ Qgained

m A c A ( ∆ T ) A=mB c B ( ∆ T )B

Calorimeter
A calorimeter is a device used to Heat supply
measure the heat flow of chemical Insulating jacket

reaction and physical change. Calorimeter cup


thermometerr
It mainly consists of metallic vessel stirrer

made of copper or aluminium. Substance to be


Measured(sample)
Metallic vessel with a stirrer for
stirring the contents in vessel is kept
in an insulating jacket to prevent heat lost to the environment.
There is a hole on the lid through which a thermometer is
inserted.
Determination of Specific Heat Capacity of a Sample
The sample is placed in a calorimeter. When heating the
calorimeter and the sample, the temperature will change by ∆ T .
Heat gained by sample =mc ∆T
where m=mass of sample, c = specific heat capacity of sample
Heat gained by calorimeter =m c cc ∆ T

where m =mass of calorimeter,


c cc = specific heat capacity of
calorimeter
total heat gained ∆ Q gained =mc ∆ T +mc c c ∆ T

Heat lost by heat supply ∆ Q lost =∆ Q

By law of heat exchange,


∆ Qlost =∆ Qgained

∆ Q=mc ∆ T +mc c c ∆ T

∆ Q−mc c c ∆ T
c=
m∆ T

Change of State
Most substances can exist in three states, i.e., solid, liquid and
gas.
Phase Change
A transition from one of three states (solid, liquid, gas) to
another is called phase change.
sublimation
melting vapourization

freezing condenzation gas


liquid
solid
deposition

Sublimation
Direct change from the solid phase to gas phase is called
sublimation.
Sublimation is used in freeze- drying process which does
not damage food and preserves its quality and taste.
Temperature does not change during phase change.
The change from one state to another takes place abruptly
at a finite temperature.
The temperature at which a phase change occurs depends
on pressure.
Latent Heat
The energy absorbed or liberated by a substance in a phase
change is called the latent heat.
Specific Latent Heat (L)
The energy absorbed or liberated by a unit mass of substance in
a phase change is called the specific latent heat.
∆ Q=mL

SI unit of L - joule per kilogram (Jkg-1)


Condensation
The change of vapour (gas) phase into liquid phase is called
condensation.
Vapourization
The process of changing liquid to vapour is called vapourization.
In condensation, the substance releases heat.
In vapourization, the substance absorbs heat.
Boiling Point
The temperature at which a liquid vapourizes under the normal
pressure is called its boiling point.
Different liquids have different boiling points.
Specific Latent Heat of Vapourization ( L ¿ v

Heat that must be supplied to change 1kg of liquid at its boiling


point from liquid phase to vapour phase is called specific latent
heat of vapourization.
∆ Q=m Lv
Melting Point
The temperature at which a solid melts under the normal
pressure is called its melting point.
Melting point for ice under normal pressure is 0°C.
Specific Latent Heat of Fusion
Heat required to melt 1kg of solid at its melting point is called
specific latent heat of fusion.
∆ Q=m Lf

-10°C ice 0°C ice 0°C water 100°C water 100°C steam
∆ Q=mc ∆ T ∆ Q=m Lf ∆ Q=mc ∆ T ∆ Q=m Lv

Temperature

100°C

Water
&steam
steam

0°C
Water Water
-10°C &ice Heat
ice
Dependence of Melting Point and Boiling Point on Pressure
The melting point and boiling point vary with pressure.
The melting point of ice decreases as pressure increases.
An increase in external pressure will raise the boiling point
of water.
When a pressure cooker is in operation, the pressure inside
it is twice the normal atmospheric pressure. At that time,
water boils at a higher temperature 120°C and thus food
can be cooked in a much shorter time.
At the triple point, solid, liquid
and vapour phase may all exist
together.
At the critical point, both the
liquid and gas phases of a
substance have the same density,
and are indistinguishable.
Triple Point of Water.mp4
Effect of Pressure on the Melting Point of Ice.mp4

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