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Basics

1) The document summarizes key concepts in basic mathematics taught in Math 211 at Duke University, including algebra, geometry, vectors/matrices, trigonometry, calculus, and limits. 2) It provides the basic formulas and definitions for these topics, such as the quadratic formula, laws of sines and cosines, matrix multiplication, trig identities, derivatives via limit definition, and L'Hopital's rule. 3) It also lists common integrals that can be evaluated using techniques like u-substitution, integration by parts, and trigonometric substitutions, as well as the fundamental theorem of calculus.

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146 views2 pages

Basics

1) The document summarizes key concepts in basic mathematics taught in Math 211 at Duke University, including algebra, geometry, vectors/matrices, trigonometry, calculus, and limits. 2) It provides the basic formulas and definitions for these topics, such as the quadratic formula, laws of sines and cosines, matrix multiplication, trig identities, derivatives via limit definition, and L'Hopital's rule. 3) It also lists common integrals that can be evaluated using techniques like u-substitution, integration by parts, and trigonometric substitutions, as well as the fundamental theorem of calculus.

Uploaded by

madcow_scribd
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Math 211, Fall 2008, Duke University Basic Mathematics Summary

Algebra: ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 x =
b

b
2
4ac
2a
Geometry
Triangle: the law of cosines
c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
2ab cos Area=
1
2
(base)(height)
Parallelogram: Area=(base)(height)
Circle: center (h, k), radius r
(x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= r
2
Area=r
2
Circumference s = 2r
Ellipse: center (h, k), axes a, b

x h
a

2
+

y k
b

2
= 1
Hyperbola: center (h, k), axes a, b

x h
a

y k
b

2
= 1
Parabola: tip (h, k)
y = a(x h)
2
+ k
Volumes
Cylinder Volume=(base area)(height)
Cone Volume=
1
3
(base area)(height)
Sphere Volume=(4/3)r
3
SurfaceArea = 4r
2
Vectors, Matrices, and Linear Algebra
Multiplication: Row column

a b
c d

x z
y w

ax + by az + bw
cx + dy cz + dw

Determinants

a b
c d

= ad bc
Cramers rule
1
to solve linear system Ax = f

a b
c d

x
y

e
f

x =

e b
f d

a b
c d

y =

a e
c f

a b
c d

Inverse matrix: Ax = f x = A
1
f
A
1
=

a b
c d

1
=
1
ad bc

d b
c a

Trig
Identities
sin
2
x + cos
2
x = 1 sec
2
x = 1 + tan
2
x
tan x = sin x/ cos x sec x = 1/ cos x
cot x = cos x/ sin x csc x = 1/ sin x
Complementary angles
sin x = cos(/2 x) cos x = sin(/2 x)
tan x = cot(/2 x) cot x = tan(/2 x)
sec x = csc(/2 x) csc x = sec(/2 x)
Addition formulas
sin(x + y) = sin xcos y + cos xsin y
cos(x + y) = cos xcos y sin xsin y
Half-angle formulas (from cos(x + x))
cos
2
x =
1 + cos(2x)
2
sin
2
x =
1 cos(2x)
2
Product formulas (from Addition formulas)
sin xcos y =
1
2
(sin(x + y) + sin(x y))
sin(2x) = 2 sin xcos x cos(2x) = 2 cos
2
x 1
Derivatives
(d/dx) sin x = cos x (d/dx) cos x = sin x
(d/dx) tan x = sec
2
x (d/dx) sec x = sec xtan x
(d/dx) sin
1
x =
1

1 x
2
(d/dx) tan
1
x =
1
1 + x
2
Integrals

sin
m
xcos
n
xdx
Via u-Substitution: if m = odd, then let u = cos x
if n = odd, then let u = sin x
sec x and tan x integrals
2
: SET, TOS, sec
2
x = 1 +tan
2
x
Polar coordinates
x = r cos y = r sin
r =

x
2
+ y
2
= arctan(y/x)
Logs, Exponentials
Notations
lnx = log x = log
e
x
Properties
ln(xy) = ln x + ln y e
x+y
= e
x
e
y
ln(x
a
) = a ln x e
ax
= (e
x
)
a
b
a
= e
a ln b
e
ln x
= ln (e
x
) = x
Integrals

du
u
= ln |u| + C

e
au
du =
1
a
e
au
+ C
Hyperbolic Trig
cosh x =
e
x
+ e
x
2
sinh x =
e
x
e
x
2
Identity
cosh
2
x sinh
2
x = 1
Derivatives
(d/dx) cosh x = sinh x (d/dx) sinh x = cosh x
Integrals

cosh xdx = sinh x + C

sinh xdx = cosh x + C


1
The general formula for the solution is: n
th
variable = (det with n
th
column replaced by RHS) divided by (det of LHS matrix).
2
u =Sec if Even power of Tan and u =Tan if Odd power of Sec.
Limits
Function f(x) is continuous at x = a if
lim
xa

f(x) = lim
xa
+
f(x) = lim
xa
f(x) = f(a)
If all the limits exist, then
lim
xa
[f(x) + g(x)] =

lim
xa
f(x)

lim
xa
g(x)

lim
xa
f(x)g(x) =

lim
xa
f(x)

lim
xa
g(x)

lim
xa
f(x)
g(x)
=

lim
xa
f(x)

lim
xa
g(x)

lim
xa
f(g(x)) = f

lim
xa
g(x)

LHospitals rule: if f(a)/g(a) = 0/0 or /, then


lim
xa
f(x)
g(x)
= lim
xa
f

(x)
g

(x)
Dierential Calculus
Limit denition of derivative for y = f(x)
dy
dx
= f

(x) = lim
h0
f(x + h) f(x)
h
Power rule: y = x
r
dy
dx
= rx
r1
Product rule: y = f(x)g(x)
dy
dx
= f

(x)g(x) + f(x)g

(x)
Quotient rule: y = f(x)/g(x)
dy
dx
=
f

(x)g(x) f(x)g

(x)
g(x)
2
Chain rule: y = f(g(x))
dy
dx
= f

(g(x))g

(x)
Taylor series for f(t) at t = t
0
f(t) =

n=0
1
n!

d
n
f
dt
n

t=t0

(t t
0
)
n
Integral Calculus
Fundamental theorem of calculus: if F

(x) = f(x) then


F(x) =

x
a
f(t) dt
Anti-derivatives/Indenite integrals

f(x) dx = F(x) + C
Denite integrals

b
a
f(x) dx = F(b) F(a)
Riemann sum denition of denite integral

b
a
f(x) dx = lim
N

n=0
f(x
n
) x
n

Integration by parts
3

b
a
u(x)v

(x) dx = u(x)v(x)

b
a

b
a
u

(x)v(x) dx
Leibnizs rule
d
dt

b(t)
a(t)
f(x, t) dx

= f(b, t)
db
dt
f(a, t)
da
dt
+

b
a
f
t
dx
A table of basic integrals
1)

u
n
du =
u
n+1
n + 1
+ C (n = 1)
2)

du
u
= ln |u| + C
3)

e
u
du = e
u
+ C
4)

cos udu = sin u + C


5)

sin udu = cos u + C


6)

du

1 u
2
= sin
1
u + C
7)

du
1 + u
2
= tan
1
u + C
8)

sec
2
udu = tan u + C
9)

sec utan udu = sec u + C


10)

sec udu = ln | sec u + tan u| + C


Brief review of methods of integration: u-substitutions, integration by parts, use of trigonometric identities, trigono-
metric substitutions, completing the square, partial fractions...
3
Also known as the integral form of the product rule (uv)

= u

v +uv

uv

= (uv)

v.

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