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Heat of Neutralization

This experiment determines the heat of neutralization of a strong acid and strong base reaction. It involves measuring the temperature change that occurs when an acid and base are mixed in a calorimeter. First, the heat capacity of the empty calorimeter is determined by adding hot water. Then, equal volumes of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions are mixed in the calorimeter and the temperature change is recorded. Using this temperature change and the known heat capacities, the heat of neutralization can be calculated. Safety precautions are needed due to the corrosive nature of the strong acid and base.

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2K views5 pages

Heat of Neutralization

This experiment determines the heat of neutralization of a strong acid and strong base reaction. It involves measuring the temperature change that occurs when an acid and base are mixed in a calorimeter. First, the heat capacity of the empty calorimeter is determined by adding hot water. Then, equal volumes of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions are mixed in the calorimeter and the temperature change is recorded. Using this temperature change and the known heat capacities, the heat of neutralization can be calculated. Safety precautions are needed due to the corrosive nature of the strong acid and base.

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MANI
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EXPERIMENT NO.

3: DETERMINATION OF HEAT OF NEUTRALIZATION OF STRONG


ACID WITH A STRONG BASE

Objectives:

● To determine enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid with a strong base


● To determine the value of heat capacity of calorimeter

Glassware/Apparatus:

● Thermometer
● Beakers
● Measuring cylinders
● Erlenmeyer Flask
● Stop watch
● Calorimeter

Chemicals:

● NaOH
● HCl

Scope:

Calorimetry is the process of measuring the amount of heat released or absorbed during a chemical
reaction. By knowing the change in heat, it can be determined whether or not a reaction is
exothermic (releases heat) or endothermic (absorbs heat). Calorimetry also plays a large part of
everyday life, controlling the metabolic rates in humans and consequently maintaining such
functions like body temperature.

Theoretical Explanation:

Every chemical change is accompanied by a change in energy, usually in the form of heat. The
energy change of a reaction that occurs at constant pressure is termed the Heat of reaction or the
enthalpy change.

Heat of Neutralization
When acids and bases are combined a neutralization reaction occurs which produces salt, and water
and the evolution of heat known as heat of neutralization.

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

Heat of neutralization is defined as amount of energy given off when one mole of hydrogen ion
from an acid combines with one mole of hydroxide ion from an alkali or base to from 1 mole of
water in standard conditions. To measure the quantity of heat produced, a thermally insulated
container known as a calorimeter is used. In the labs a Cu Calorimeter is used or a coffee cup
calorimeter can be devised. Mathematically, the sum of the energies of the reactants, water and
calorimeter must be zero,

Energy Balance: qRxn + qsoln + qcal = 0


(1)

Where:

qRxn is the amount of energy involved in the dissolving reaction; qsoln is the amount of energy
transferred to or from (from in this case) the solution and qcal is the amount of energy transferred
to or from (again from in this case) the calorimeter.

Figure 1: schematics of a calorimeter


Calorimeter is a container that is thermally isolated and can measure heat absorbed or heat
released by a chemical reaction. The proportionality constant, C, is the heat capacity of the sample
which means the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature by 1 °C. Rearranging the
above equation we get,

qRxn = - (qsoln + qcal)


(2)

The amount of heat transferred from the water is,

qsoln = msoln Csoln ΔT


(3)

Where msoln is the mass of solution, Csoln is the specific heat of solution (we assume it is the same
as water, 4.184J/g°C), ΔT is the temperature of solution/calorimeter.

The amount of energy transferred from the calorimeter is represented by,

qcal = Ccal x ΔTcal


(4)

Where,

ΔTcal is the temperature change of the solution/calorimeter (same value as above) and Ccal
is the calorimeter constant. From the equation above, we could form another equation for a
homogenous sample, such as solutions which include mass of the sample and changes in
temperature. Since in this experiment we use water, so the value of specific heat capacity is 4.184
J/g ˚C. Density of the solution is assumed the same as density of water (1g/ml) because very dilute
solutions are being considered. Considering equation 3 and 4 and inserting into equation 2 we
have,

qrxn = - (Ccal ΔTcal + msoln Csoln ΔT)


(5)

Where,
ΔT= final temperature of system-initial temperature of system

msoln = mass of solution

Ccal = heat capacity of calorimeter

ssoln = specific heat capacity of solution

In this experiment, we will measure the heat of neutralization when an acid and base react
to form 1 mole of water. This quantity of heat is measured experimentally by allowing the reaction
to take place in a thermally insulated calorimeter. The heat liberated in the neutralization reaction
will cause an increase in the temperature of the solution and of the calorimeter. The heat lost by
the neutralization reaction will equal the heat gained by the water and calorimeter. Because we are
concerned with the heat of the reaction and because some heat is absorbed by the calorimeter itself,
in the first part of this lab, we will determine the heat capacity of the calorimeter. This will be done
by measuring the temperature change that occurs when a known amount of hot water is added to
a known amount of cold water in the calorimeter. The heat lost by the water is equal to the heat
gained by the cold water and the calorimeter. Once the heat capacity of the calorimeter is
determined, we will then determine the heat released in the neutralization reaction as instructed in
the procedure.

Procedure:

Part – A: Determination of the heat capacity of calorimeter:


1. The temperature of an empty calorimeter was measured by putting a thermometer inside
the calorimeter as T1.
2. 50 mL distilled water was poured into a 100 mL beaker.
3. The beaker was heated to a temperature between 50-60 °C.
4. The hot water was poured into the calorimeter and the calorimeter was covered. The
initial temperature of the hot water was immediately measured as T2.
5. The decrease in temperature was observed until it became constant for a few minute. This
temperature was recorded as T3.

Part – B: Determination of the heat of neutralization of HCL and NaOH:


1. Prepare 1M solution of HCl and NaOH.
2. Weigh dry calorimeter (W1).
3. 25 mL NaOH 1.0 M and 25 mL HCL 1.0 M was measured using a cylinder.
4. NaOH solution was poured into the calorimeter and the HCL solution into a conical flask.
The initial temperature of each solution was recorded T1*.
5. The cover was slightly lifted without removing the thermometer and all the HCL solution
was quickly poured into the calorimeter with NaOH already added.
6. The cover of the calorimeter was quickly replaced, Note the Temperature T2*.
7. The solution was stirred, and the temperature was recorded every 15 seconds for at least 2
minutes. The maximum temperature was noted, T3*.
8. When temperature becomes constant, take the average of temperature.
9. Reweight the calorimeter (W2).

Calculations and Observations:

Discussion:

Conclusion:

Precautions:

● Deal carefully with NaOH and HCl as these are skin irritants.
● Use gloves and eye protection while preparing and performing the experiments.
● Note down temperature carefully.
● Wash and dry calorimeter properly.

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