POWER SYSTEM OPERATION &

CONTROL LAB

At:Jamunalia, Po: Old Town, Keonjhar

Dist: Keonjhar, Pin: 758002, Odisha
Website: gcekjr.ac.in

Head of Department: Prof.(Dr) Subhranshu Sekhar Dash

Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Rakesh Rajan Shukla

1 Electrical Engineering Department

Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar-odisha
 Vision of the Department

To provide holistic education to build competent and productive researchers and graduates.

Mission of the Department

M1: To provide quality education facilities for preparing professionals who match global standards.

M2: To create good atmosphere for research and innovation by providing state of the art laboratories.

M3: To prepare a cadre of engineers and scientists who will cater to the industrial development and
economic growth of the society and country in future.

M4: To strengthen industry- institute interactions and interactions with alumni for mutual benefits by
the exchange of knowledge, ideas and visions to promote lifelong learning.

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 Program Outcomes:

PO1 Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of basic sciences and fundamental
engineering concepts in solving engineering problems.

PO 2 Problem analysis: Identify and define engineering problems, conduct experiments and
investigate to analyze and interpret data to arrive at substantial conclusions.

PO 3 Design/development of solutions: Propose an appropriate solution for engineering

problems complying with functional constraints such as economic, environmental, societal,
ethical, safety and sustainability.

PO 4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: Perform investigations, design and conduct

experiments, analyze and interpret the results to provide valid conclusions.

PO 5 Modern tool usage: Select/ develop and apply appropriate techniques and IT tools for the
design and analysis of the systems.

PO 6 The engineer and society: Give reasoning and assess societal, health, legal and cultural
issues with competency in professional engineering practice.

PO 7 Environment and sustainability: Demonstrate professional skills and contextual reasoning

to assess environmental/ societal issues for sustainable development.

PO 8 Ethics: An ability to apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.

PO 9 Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual and as a member or

leader in diverse teams and in multi-disciplinary situations.

PO 10 Communication: An ability to communicate effectively.

PO 11 Project management and finance: Demonstrate apply engineering and management

principles in their own / team projects in multi-disciplinary environment.

PO 12 Life-long learning: An ability to do the needs of current technological trends at electrical

industry by bridging the gap between academic and industry.

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 Program Specific Outcomes:

PSO 1 Apply the knowledge of electrical engineering to analyze and solve the complex problems
in electrical power and engineering with social utility.

PSO 2 The application of recent techniques along with modern software tools for design,
simulation and analyzing electrical systems.

PSO 3 Adapting to technological changes and professional and societal needs by engaging in
lifelong learning, thereby contributing to career development.

Program Educational Objectives:

PEO 1 To apply fundamental knowledge in mathematics, science and engineering concepts in

electrical engineering for the development of engineering field.

PEO 2 To analyze, plan and design electrical system including modern methodologies to address
the issues in a technically sound and economically viable manner.

PEO 3 To develop a skilful workforce who can practice as a team professionally and ethically in a
wide range of electrical engineering related fields.

PEO 4 To prepare them for lifelong learning for successful carrier development by giving them
the state- of the-art technology in the learning process

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 Course Objectives:

 To determine the sequence reactance and sub-transient direct axis and

sub-transient quadrature axis reactance of alternator.

 To determine the IDMT and differential relay characteristics.

 To determine the location of fault in a cable.

Course Outcomes:

After completion of this lab, the student will be able to:

 Perform various load flow techniques.
 Understand different relay operation.
 Analyze the experimental data and draw the conclusion.

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 Syllabus
(Any 10 experiments out of which at least 7 experiments from Group-A and
3 experiments from Group-B.)
Group A: HARDWARE BASED

1. To determine negative and zero sequence synchronous reactance of an alternator.

2. To determine sub-transient direct axis and sub-transient quadrature axis synchronous
reactance of a 3-ph salient pole alternator.
3. To determine fault current for L-G, L-L, L-L-G and L-L-L faults at the terminals of an
alternator at very low excitation.
4. To study the IDMT over-current relay and with different plug setting and time setting
multipliers and plot its time – current characteristics.
5. To determine the operating characteristics of biased different relay with different % of
biasing.
6. To study the MHO and reactance type distance relays.
7. To determine A, B, C, D parameters of an artificial transmission line.
8. To compute series inductance and shunt capacitance per phase per km of a three
phase line with flat horizontal spacing for single stranded and bundle conductor
configuration.
9. To determine location of fault in a cable using cable fault locator.
10. To study the Ferranti Effect and voltage distribution in HV long transmission line using
transmission line model.
11. Insulation test for Transformer oil.
a) Study of various types of Lightning arrestors.
b) Study of layout of outdoor pole mounted & plinth mounted sub-stations.

Group B :SIMULATION BASED (USING MATLAB OR ANY OTHER SOFTWARE)

1. To obtain steady-state, transient and sub-transient short-circuit currents in an

alternator.
2. To formulate the Y-Bus matrix and perform load flow analysis.
3. To compute voltage, current, power factor, regulation and efficiency at the receiving
end of a three phase Transmission line when the voltage and power at the sending end are
given. Use П model.
4. To perform symmetrical fault analysis in a power system.
5. To perform unsymmetrical fault analysis in a power system.
6. Write a program in ‘C’ language to solve economic dispatch problem of a power

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 ATTAINMENT OF PROGRAM OUTCOMES & PROGRAM SPECIFIC
OUTCOMES

Exp. Program Program

No. Name of the Experiment Outcomes Specific
Attained Outcomes
Attained
1 To determine negative and zero sequence synchronous reactance of
an alternator. PO1,PO2,PO5 PSO2

2 To determine sub-transient direct axis and sub-transient quadrature

axis synchronous reactance of a 3-ph salient pole alternator. PO1,PO2,PO5 PSO2
3 To determine fault current for L-G, L-L, L-L-G and L L-L faults at
the terminals of an alternator at very low excitation. PO1,PO2,PO5 PSO2

4 To study the IDMT over-current relay and with different plug setting
and time setting multipliers and plot its time – current characteristics. PO1,PO2,PO5 PSO2

5 To determine the operating characteristics of biased different relay

with different % ofbiasing. PO1,PO2,PO5 PSO2

6 To study the MHO and reactance type distance relays.

PO1,PO2,PO5 PSO2
7 To determine A, B, C, D parameters of an artificial transmission
line. PO1,PO2,PO5 PSO2

8 To compute series inductance and shunt capacitance per phase per

km of a three phase line with flat horizontal spacing for single PO1,PO2,PO5 PSO2
stranded and bundle conductor configuration.

9 To determine location of fault in a cable using cable fault locator.

PO1,PO2,PO5 PSO2
10 To study the Ferranti Effect and voltage distribution in HV long
transmission line using transmission line model. PO1,PO2,PO5 PSO2

11 Insulation test for Transformer oil.

PO1,PO2,PO5 PSO2
12 (a) Study of various types of Lightning arrestors.
(b) Study of layout of outdoor pole mounted & plinth mounted sub- PO1,PO2,PO5 PSO2
stations.

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Group B:
1 To obtain steady-state, transient and sub-transient short-circuit
currents in an alternator. PO1,PO2,PO5 PSO2

2 To formulate the Y-Bus matrix and perform load flow analysis.

PO1,PO2,PO5 PSO2
3 To compute voltage, current, power factor, regulation and efficiency
at the receiving end of a three phase Transmission line when the PO1,PO2,PO5 PSO2
voltage and power at the sending end are given. Use П model.

4 To perform symmetrical fault analysis in a power system.

PO1,PO2,PO5 PSO2
5 To perform unsymmetrical fault analysis in a power system.
PO1,PO2,PO5 PSO2
6 Write a program in ‘C’ language to solve economic dispatch
problem of a power PO1,PO2,PO5 PSO2

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 LABORATORY PRACTICE SAFETY RULES

1. SAFETY is of paramount importance in the Electrical Engineering Laboratories.

2. Electricity NEVER EXECUSES careless persons. So, exercise enough care and attention in
handling electrical equipment and follow safety practices in the laboratory. (Electricity is a
good servant but a bad master).

3. Avoid direct contact with any voltage source and power line voltages. (Otherwise, any such
contact may subject you to electrical shock)

4. Wear rubber-soled shoes. (To insulate you from earth so that even if you accidentally contact
a live point, current will not flow through your body to earth and hence you will be protected
from electrical shock)

5. Wear laboratory-coat and avoid loose clothing. (Loose clothing may get caught on an
equipment/instrument and this may lead to an accident particularly if the equipment happens
to be a rotating machine)

6. Girl students should have their hair tucked under their coat or have it in a knot.

7. Do not wear any metallic rings, bangles, bracelets, wristwatches and neck chains. (When you
move your hand/body, such conducting items may create a short circuit or may touch a live
point and thereby subject you to Electrical shock)

8. Be certain that your hands are dry and that you are not standing on wet floor. (Wet parts of
the body reduce the contact resistance thereby increasing the severity of the shock)

9. Ensure that the power is OFF before you start connecting up the circuit. (Otherwise you will
be touching the live parts in the circuit).

10. Get your circuit diagram approved by the staff member and connect up the circuit strictly as
per the approved circuit diagram.

11. Check power chords for any sign of damage and be certain that the chords use safety plugs
and do not defeat the safety feature of these plugs by using ungrounded plugs.

12. When using connection leads, check for any insulation damage in the leads and avoid such
defective leads.

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 13. Do not defeat any safety devices such as fuse or circuit breaker by shorting across it. Safety
devices protect YOU and your equipment.

14. Switch on the power to your circuit and equipment only after getting them checked
up and approved by the staff member.

GUIDELINES FOR LABORATORY NOTEBOOK

The laboratory notebook is a record of all work pertaining to the experiment. This record
should be sufficiently complete so that you or anyone else of similar technical background can
duplicate the experiment and data by simply following your laboratory notebook. Record everything
directly into the notebook during the experiment. Do not use scratch paper for recording data. Do not
trust your memory to fill in the details at a later time.

Organization in your notebook is important. Descriptive headings should be used to separate

and identify the various parts of the experiment. Record data in chronological order. A neat,
organized and complete record of an experiment is just as important as the experimental work.

1. Heading:

The experiment identification (number) should be at the top of each page. Your name and date
should be at the top of the first page of each day's experimental work.

2. Object:
A brief but complete statement of what you intend to find out or verify in the experiment should be at
the beginning of each experiment .

3. Diagram:
A circuit diagram should be drawn and labeled so that the actual experiment circuitry could be easily
duplicated at any time in the future. Be especially careful to record all circuit changes made during
the experiment.

4. Equipment List:
List those items of equipment which have a direct effect on the accuracy of the data. It may be
necessary later to locate specific items of equipment for rechecks if discrepancies develop in the
results.

5. Procedure:
In general, lengthy explanations of procedures are unnecessary. Be brief. Short commentaries
alongside the corresponding data may be used. Keep in mind the fact that the experiment must be
reproducible from the information given in your notebook.

6. Data:
Think carefully about what data is required and prepare suitable data tables. Record instrument
readings directly. Do not use calculated results in place of direct data; however, calculated results

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may be recorded in the same table with the direct data. Data tables should be clearly identified and
each data column labeled and headed by the proper units of measure.

7. Calculations:
Not always necessary but equations and sample calculations are often given to illustrate the treatment
of the experimental data in obtaining the results.

8. Graphs:
Graphs are used to present large amounts of data in a concise visual form. Data to be presented in
graphical form should be plotted in the laboratory so that any questionable data points can be
checked while the experiment is still set up. The grid lines in the notebook can be used for most
graphs. If special graph paper is required, affix the graph permanently into the notebook. Give all
graphs a short descriptive title. Label and scale the axes. Use units of measure. Label each curve if
more than one on a graph.

9. Results:
The results should be presented in a form which makes the interpretation easy. Large amounts of
numerical results are generally presented in graphical form. Tables are generally used for small
amounts of results. Theoretical and experimental results should be on the same graph or arrange in
the same table in a way for easy correlation of these results.

10. Conclusion:
This is your interpretation of the results of the experiment as an engineer. Be brief and specific.
Give reasons for important discrepancies.

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 Index
S.No. Page No.

Experiment No. 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13

Experiment No. 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------17
Experiment No. 3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20
Experiment No. 4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
Experiment No. 5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25
Experiment No. 6 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28
Experiment No. 7 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29
Experiment No. 8 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
Experiment No. 9 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32
Experiment No. 10 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33

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 Experiment No. 1
Aim: To determine negative and zero sequence reactances of an alternator.
Apparatus Used:
Items Qty.
1. M.I. Ammeter Portable 0-2.5/5 A 1
2. M.I. Voltmeter Port 300/600v 1
3. M.I. Voltmeter Port 75/1 5 0/3 Oov 1
4. Rheostat 1.4 Amp 230 Ohms 1
5. Rheostat 1.1 A 1800 Ohms 1
6. M.C. Voltmeter Port 150/300 V 1
7. M.C. Ammeter Port 1/2 Amp 1
8. Upf Wattmeter 2.5/5 Amp, 125/250/500 V 1
9. Single Phase Variac 4 A 1
10. M G Set: D C Shunt Motor/3 Phase Alternator 1

THEORY : Direct-axis synchronous reactance and Quadrature axis synchronous reactance are
the steady state reactances of the synchronous machine. These reactances can be measured by
performing, open circuit, short circuit test and the slip test on a synchronous machine.
Direct-axis synchronous reactance, Xd: The Direct-axis synchronous reactance of synchronous
machine in per unit is equal to the ratio of field current, Ifsc at rated armature current from the
short circuit test, to the field current, Ifo at rated voltage on the air gap line. Synchronous
reactance,

Thus Direct-axis synchronous reactance can be found out by performing open circuit and
short circuit test on an alternator.
Quadrature axis synchronous reactance, Xq by slip test
For the slip test the alternator should be driven at a speed, slightly less than the synchronous
speed with its field circuit open. 3 phase balanced reduced voltage of same frequency is
applied to armature (stator) terminals of the synchronous machine. Applied voltage is to be
adjusted, so that the current drawn by the stator winding is full load rated current. Under
these conditions of operation, the variation of the current drawn by the stator winding,
voltage across the stator winding and the voltage across the field winding. The wave shapes
of stator current and stator voltage clearly indicated that these are changing between
minimum and maximum value. When the crest of the stator mmf wave coincides with the
direct axis of the rotating field the inducted emf in the open field is zero, the voltage across
the stator terminals will be maximum and the current drawn by the stator winding is
minimum. Thus approximate value of Direct-axis synchronous reactance, Xds is given by,

Circuit Diagram:

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For Slip Test:

PROCEDURE :
(a) Open Circuit Test
1. Connect the circuit as per circuit Diagram.
2. Ensure that the external resistance in the field circuit of DC motor acting as a prime mover for
alternator is minimum and the external resistance in the field circuit of alternator is maximum.
3. Switch on DC supply to DC motor and the field of alternator.
4. Start the DC motor with the help of stator. The starter arm should be moved slowly, till the
speed of the motor builds up and finally all the resistance steps are cut out and the starter arm is
held in on position by the magnet of no volt release.
5. Adjust the speed of the DC motor to rated speed of the alternator by varying the external
resistance in the field circuit of the motor.
6. Record the field current of the alternator and its open circuit voltage per phase.
7. Increase the field current of alternator in steps by decreasing the resistance and record the field
current and open circuit voltage of alternator for various values of field current.
8. Field current of alternator is increase till the open circuit voltage of the alternator is 25 to 30
percent higher than the rated voltage of the alternator.

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9. Decrease the field current of alternator to minimum by inserting the rheostat fully in the field
circuit.
(b) Short Circuit Test
10. With the DC motor running at rated speed and with minimum field current of alternator close
the switch, thus short-circuiting the stator winding of alternator.
11. Record the field current of alternator and the short circuit current.
12. Increases the field current of alternator in steps till the rated full load short circuit current.
Record the reading of armature in both the circuit at every step. 4 to 5 observations are sufficient
as short circuit characteristics is a straight line.
13. Decrease the field current of alternator to minimum and also decrease the speed of DC motor
by field rheostat of the motor.
14. Switch off the DC supply motor as well as to alternator field.

(c) Slip Test

1. Connect the circuit of alternator as shown in Fig ‘D’ keeping the connections of the DC motor
same.
2. Ensure that the resistance in the field circuit of DC motor is maximum.
3. Switch on the DC supply to the motor.
4. Repeat steps 4 described is (a).
5. Adjust the speed of the DC motor slightly less than the synchronous speed of the alternator by
varying the resistance in the field circuit of the motor. Slip should be extremely low, preferably
less that 4 percent.
6. Ensure that the setting of 3 phase Variac is at zero position.
7. Switch on 3 phase AC supply to the stator winding of alternator.
8. Ensure that the direction of rotation of alternator, when run by the DC motor and when run as
a 3 phase induction motor at reduced voltage (alternator provided with damper winding can be
run as 3 phase induction motor) is the same.
9. Adjust the voltage applied to the stator winding till the current in the stator winding is
approximately full load rated value.
10. Under these conditions the current in the stator winding the applied voltage to the stator
winding and the induced voltage in the open field circuit will fluctuate from minimum values to
maximum values which may be recorded by the meters included in the circuit. For better results,
oscillogram may be take of stator current applied voltage and induced voltage in the field circuit.
11. Reduce the applied voltage to the stator winding of alternator and switch off 3 phase AC
supply.
12. Decrease the speed of DC motor and switch off DC supply.

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Observation Table:

Result: We have performed the experiment and determine negative and zero sequence
reactances of an alternator

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 Experiment No. 2
Aim: To determine sub-transient direct axis reactance (xd) and sub-transient quadrature axis
reactance (xq) of a salient pole alternator.
Apparatus Used:

Theory: The direct-axis subtransient reactance and quadrature-axis subtransient reactance of 3

phase synchronous machine can be measured by applying a reduced single phase voltage to the
two stator phase connected in series, with the field winding short circuited and the machine being
stationary. The rotor is moved by hand, so that the current in the short circuited field winding is
maximum. Under this condition. The reactance offered by the armature is direct-axis subtransient
reactance i.e.

Next the rotor is turned through half a pole pitch, so that q axis coincides with the crest of the
armature mmf and the current in the field winding is minimum. The reactance offered by the
armature under this condition will be quadrature-axis subtransient reactance. This method
necessitates an exact alignment of the rotor with the armature mmf wave, which is not possible.
As such a more convenient method discussed below can be adopted for the measurement of
subtrasient reactances.
Direct-axis subtransient reactance, Xd”
Direct-axis subtransient reactance can be determined by applied voltage method (most
convenient method) in which single phase voltage of reduced magnitude and of rated frequency
is applied across the two terminals of the stator winding the third being left isolated as shown in
Fig ‘A’. The test is repeated for another two combinations of connections of stator terminals i.e.
first voltage applied between terminals A,B, second between B,C and third between terminals
C,A. During this test rotor is stationary and the field winding on the rotor is short circuited
through an armature. The test should be conducted at full load current flowing in the stator
winding as such applied voltage should be adjusted accordingly. Direct-axis subtransient
reactance can now be found out as discussed below.

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Circuit Diagram:

1. Let the applied voltage across the terminals A,B of the stator winding with terminal C
kept isolated be E volts and the current flowing through the winding in currentbe I
amperes. The ration of voltage across each phase to current is a reactance which can be
represented by a quantity A’ i.e.

2. Similarly the ratio of applied voltage E’/2 across each phase with voltage E’ across the
terminals B,C and the resultant current flowing, I’ can be represented by a quantity B’ i.e.

3. In a similar way the ratio of applied voltage, E”/2across each phase with voltage E”
across the terminals C.A and current flowing I” is represented by a quantity C’ i.e.

4. From the value od A’, B’, and C’ determined from the experimental data, calculate the
values of K and M from the equations given below.

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 5. Then direct-axis subtransient reactance Xd” = K – M (smaller possible stationary rotor
reactance).

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Ensure that the moving knob of single phase variac is at zero position.
3. Switch on the AC supply.
4. Apply a reduced voltage to the circuit consisting of stator terminals A and B in series, so that
the current flowing in the stator winding is of full load value. Record the voltage applied and the
current flowing in the circuit.
5. Repeat step 4 with stator terminals B and C connected in series.
6. Repeat step 4 with stator terminals C and A connected in series.
7. Repeat step 4, 5 and 6 for a new position of the rotor to confirm that the value of K and Mare
same for the both the position of rotor.
8. Switch off the supply.

Observation Table:

Result: We have performed the test and direct-axis subtransient reactance of synchronous
machine.

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 Experiment No. 3
Aim: To study the IDMT over current relay and determine the time current characteristics.
Apparatus Used:
1. Voltmeter (0-300 V) Digital
2. Ammeter (0-10 A) Digital
3. Loading C.T.
4. Auto Transformer 0-270V
5. Indicating Light
6. I.D.M.T. Relay Type CDG
7. Timer with Start & Stop facility
8. Push Button for Timer START & STOP
9. Rotary Switch
10. DP Switch
11. Insulating terminals
Theory: There are several over current protection such as fuse, thermal relay & IDMT Relay.
IDMT (Inverse Definite Minimum Time) Relay is a high accuracy over current relay. If we does
not want to flow the current in lines more than 1 Amp, we will set the tripping current in our
relay 1 Amp. As the current will become 1.10 or 1.20, the relay disc will start forward and trip
the breaker after certain time. It is widely used to prevent over current on transmission lines,
power transformers etc, because the error & tripping time of the relay is tolerable by the lines
and transformer.
As the requirement of system is that the faulted line should be open instantaneously. If the
faulted line breaker fails to open the faulted line, the next supply breaker have to be open to for
making dead the faulty line. The next breaker may be at higher voltage line or the same voltage.
The next breaker should open only after the first breaker failure. So we will allow approx 0.4 sec
time to operate first breaker. If first breaker does not become open within 0.4 sec than it will be
assume failure and the next breaker will become functional. These time and current distinguish is
made by IDMT relay.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

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Study the operating current & de-operating current of disc.
(i) Keep the current source at minimum.
(ii) The amp adj / relay test rotary switch is kept at AMP ADJ.
(iii) Switch ON the test set.
(iv) Increase the current source slowly and pay attention at disc of relay.
(v) At certain current, it just moves in forward direction, this current is operating current and
note the current.
(vi) Now decrease the current through current source and pay hard attention at disc.
(vii) The disc will stop at certain current and moves in reverse direction just after reducing the
current. This current is de-operating current and note its value.

Observation Table:

Result: We have draw the characteristics of IDMT relay after performing the test.

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 Experiment No. 4
Aim: To study ferranti effect and voltage distribution in H.V. long transmission line using
transmission line model.
Apparatus Used: Transmission line model is consisting of four actions of transmission on line
operatable at 220V with current rating at 2A connected in pi network. A continues variable
power supply with two Digital voltmeter and two digital ammeter mounted on front panel with
Resistive, Inductive, Capacitive load fitted in m.s. sheet complete with patch chords for
interconnection. Additionally one LPF Wattmeter is required if A.B.C.D. parameter with phase
angle is to be calculated, for which the calculation are given in our manual.
Theory: Transmission line model consists of four sections and each section represents 50 km
long 400 KV transmission line. Parameters of 50 km long 400 KV Transmission line are taken as
:-
Series Inductance = 80 mH
Series Resistance = 2 ohm
(In addition to resistance of inductance coil)
Shunt Capacitance = 0.47 microF
Leakage resistance or Shunt Conductance = 470 kohm
For actual 400 KV transmission lines range of parameter is :-
l = Series Inductance = 1.0 to 2.0 mH/Km
r = Series Resistance = 0.5 to 1.5 ohm /Km
c = Shunt Capacitance = 0.008 to 0.010 microF/Km
g = Leakage resistance (Shunt Conductance) = 3 x 10–8 to 5 x 10–8 mho/Km
A long transmission line draws a substantial quantity of charging current. If such a line is open
circuited for a very lightly loaded at the receiving end, the voltage at the receiving end may
become higher then the voltage at the sending end. This is known as ‘FERRANTI EFFECT’ and
is due to the voltage drop across the line inductance (due to the charging current) being in phase
the sending end voltage. The both capacitance and inductance are necessary to produce this
phenomenon. The capacitance and charging current is negligible in short line but significant in
medium length lines and appreciable in long lines. Therefore, phenomenon occures in medium
and long lines.
In the phaser diagram, Ferranti effect is illustrated. The line may be represented by a nominal pi
circuit so that half of the total line capacitance is assumed to be concentrated at the receiving
end. OM represents the receiving end voltage. OC represents the current drawn by the
capacitance assumed to be consetrated at the receiving end. MN is the resistance drop and NP is
inductive reactance drop. OP is the sending end voltage under no load condition and is less than
receiving end voltage.

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Circuit Diagram: Figure 1

Figure 2

Procedure:
(i) Apply the voltage (200 V max.) to the sending end and connect power factor meter. Also
connect 1 ammeter and voltmeter to each end (receiving and sending).
(i) Connect the load comprising of R, L and C at the receiving end and note down the value of
receiving end voltage.
(ii) Now remove the load from the receiving end and note down the voltage on receiving end.
This voltage at the receiving end is quite large as compared to sending end voltage.

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Observation Table:

Result: We have performed ferranty effect and voltage distribution in H.V. long transmission
line using transmission line model.

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 Experiment No. 5
Aim: To determine location of fault in a cable using cable fault locator.
Apparatus Used:
1. Rheostat 1.1 A, 800 Ohms – 2 Nos.
2. Galvanometer – 1 No.
3. Measuring Tape (5M) – 1 No.
4. 3 Core Cable (25M) – 1 No.
5. DC Power Source – 1 No.
6. Digital Multimeter

Theory: Most of the distribution and part transmission of electrical power is now-a-days carried
out through underground cables because of several advantages over the over head system. Many
a times locating a fault becomes a difficult task because cable is buried under the ground and is
not accessible. The faults which are most likely to occur are :-
(a) Ground Fault :- A break down of the insulation of the cable which allows current to flow
from core to earth or to cable sheath.
(b) Short Circuit :- A cross or short circuit between two cables or between two cores of a
multicore cable.
Amongst various methods used for localizing cable faults. Murray Loop Test is very common
and is described here.
This test is carried out for locating a ground or a short circuit fault, provided that a cable runs
along with the grounded cable or with two cables (or with two cores of a multi-core cable) which
are short circuited. The advantage of loop test is that the resistance of the fault does not affect the
results obtained. Provided this resistance is not very high. Otherwise it may adversely affect the
sensitivity.

Circuit Diagram:
Figure 1

Figure 2

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Procedure:
1. Take a multicore cable (say 3 core) of known length (say 25M). Measure the resistance
of each core. Make connections as shown in Figure 1. Short circuit the two cores of the
cable at the other end. Adjust P and Q such that balance is obtained. Note P, Q and
calculate distance of fault x. Take three-four observations and take the mean of calculated
value of length of the fault from each set of readings. This length should be equal to the
distance of fault from the lower end of resistance Q.
2. Note down the actual distance of fault by measuring the actual distance of fault and
calculate the % error.
3. Make connections as shown in Figure 2. Short circuit any two cores of cable to create
short circuit fault. Adjust P and Q such that balance is obtained. Note P and Q in the
observation table. Calculate x with. Take three-four observations and find average of x.
calculate the distance of short circuit fault from the measuring end of the cable.

Circuit Diagram:
Localization of Earth Fault

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Localization of Short Circuit Fault

Result: We have performed the location of fault in a cable using cable fault locator.

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 Experiment No. 6
Aim: To study operation of oil testing set.
Apparatus Used: Oil Testing Set

Theory: When a sample of oil is subjected to dielectric stress in a gap between two spheres the
materials of higher conductivity and higher spheres capacity are drawn into the intense field
between the spheres and causes a distortion of the field resulting in local high density and
disruption begins at these points.
When testing transformer oil it is found often that one or more discharge occur across the gap at
comparatively low voltages due to the presence of water particles but that the voltage can be
raised to a very much higher value before complete rupture occurs.
If particles of higher dielectric constant than the oil are drawn into the intense field, they will
cause excessive local stress which may result in dissociation or ionization of oil and the gases of
ionization may bridge the gap and causes complete rupture.
In standard specifications for ‘Insulating Oil’ the method of applying the testing voltage (which
must be alternating or approximately sine waveform of frequency between 25 and 100 Hz and
with a peak factor of 2 +5% has been laid down. The test has to be carried out under standard
conditions. The minimum dimensions of the test cell, diameter of the electrode and the distance
between them are specified.

Procedure: When testing oils the set is operated according to a particular method (in compliance
with the regulations) i.e. with a fixed spark gap and variable testing voltage. The voltage should
be increased gradually under continues observation of the measuring until the breakdown occurs.
To test oils of high quality the distance between electrodes should be adjusted to 2 mm. The
equipment permit 310 KV/cm to be measured. For testing oils of medium quality or inferior
quality the spark gap should be adjusted to 4 mm by means of a distance gauge. The insulating
material oil testing cup is equipped normally with two calotte-shaped electrodes of 36 mm dia,
radius of each sphere is 25 mm. The oil testing cup is kept as small as possible to do with
minimum quantity of oil. Suitable safety contacts are provided to put the set out of operation as
soon as the top lid is opened in order to insert or remove the test cup, thus eliminating HT
danger. The set is disconnected automatically as soon as the puncture occurs. No oil tests are
possible as long as the lid of the rear of the cabinet is open.
Circuit Diagram:

Result: Distance between electrodes =

Breakdown voltage =

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 Experiment No. 7
Aim: To study percentage differential relay.
Apparatus Used:
1. Relay Single Pole Version 1 A (Numerical Type) ‘AREVA’ make MBCH-12
2. Timer
3. Auto Transformer 0-270V, 10 A
4. Ammeter (10 A, AC) - 2 Nos.
5. Neon lamp 1A, AC, 230 V
6. Rheostat 5 A, 45 Ohms - 1 Nos.
7. Rheostat 10 A, 20 Ohms - 1 Nos.
8. Isolation Transformer
9. Auxiliary DC Supply Unit with Transformer

Theory: It is a very important protection of the transformer. It is based on the ratio of H.T.
current and L.T. current should be constant. Consider the Fig No ‘1’, here we considering the
single pole of 132/33 KV Transformer. It’s H.T. current and L.T. current ratio will be 1:4. If the
CT of H.T. side is considered 100/1 Amp, so the CT of L.T. side will be 400/1 Amp. The
secondary current of L.T. side CT and H.T. side CT will always equal in normal condit ion. Both
the secondary of CTs will enter in Numerical type % Differential Relay. The secondary of CT
connection is make in such a way that the CT current will flow only through coil circuit and no
extra current is to flow from Differential coil. As soon as the fault occurs in transformer, the H.T.
current will high. The ratio of H.T. current and L.T. current will change. The secondary of H.T.
side CT current will become high with respect to secondary of L.T. side CT current. So the
difference of current will flow through differential winding. The secondary of differential
winding transformer will go to an electronic circuit that will operate a tripping relay to trip the
breaker of main transformer. The through windings are used to restraining the differential relay.
It will more clearly by drawing the curve between through current and differential current.

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Circuit Diagram:

Observation Table:

Result: we have perform the test on percentage differential relay.

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 Experiment No. 8
Aim: To obtain formation of Y-bus and perform load flow analysis

% From To R X
z = [ 0 1 0 1.0
0 2 0 0.8
1 2 0 0.4
1 3 0 0.2
2 3 0 0.2
3 4 0 0.08];
Y = ybus(z) % bus admittance matrix
Ibus = [-j*1.1; -j*1.25; 0; 0]; % vector of injected bus currents
Zbus = inv(Y) % bus impedance matrix
Vbus = Zbus*Ibus

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 Experiment No. 9
Aim: To perform symmetrical fault analysis in a power system
write a matlab program for the fault analysis
z12 = j*.8; z13 = j*.4; z23 = j*.4;
Ybus = j*[-8.75 1.25 2.5
1.25 -6.25 2.5
2.5 2.50 -5.0];
Zbus = inv(Ybus)
Zf = j*.16;
V0=[1; 1; 1];
I3F = V0(1)/(Zbus(3,3)+Zf)
VF = V0-I3F*Zbus(:,3)
I12 = (VF(1) - VF(2))/z12
I13 = (VF(1) - VF(3))/z13
I23 = (VF(2) - VF(3))/z23

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 Experiment No. 10
Aim: To perform unsymmetrical fault analysis in a power system
Z133 = j*0.093; Z033 = j*0.18; Z233 = j*0.0997; Zf = j*0;
disp('(a) Balanced three-phase fault at bus 2')
Ia2F = 1.0/(Z133+Zf)
disp('(b) Single line-to-ground fault at bus 2')
I03 = 1.0/(Z033 + 3*Zf + Z133 + Z233);
I012=[I03; I03; I03]
%sctm;
Iabc3 = sctm*I012
Va0=-I03*Z033
Va1=1-Z133*I03
Va2=-I03*Z233
Va=Va0+Va1+Va2
Vb=Va0+(-0.5-0.866*j)*Va1+(-0.5+0.866*j)*Va2
Vc=Va0+(-0.5+0.866*j)*Va1+(-0.5-0.866*j)*Va2

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