12

CENSUS AND SAMPLE METHODS OF COLLECTION OF DATA

There are 2.000 students in a college. An investigator wants to collect data regarding their family
background. He has two possible choices. First, he collects information relating to all the 2,000
students. Second, he collects information relating to some of the students (sample of students) who
would represent all the 2,000 students. In Statistics, the first approach for collecting data is called
Census Method and the second approach is called Sample Method. The present chapter focuses on a
comprehensive of the census and sample methods of data collection. Beginning: with the concepts
of Census and Sample techniques the chapter offers a detailed discussion of the merits and demerits
of the two techniques. Also, various techniques of ‘sampling’ are discussed with a comparative look
at their merits and demerits.

1. CONCEPTS OF ‘CENSUS’ AND ‘SAMPLE

Chapter 2 of the book introduces the concept of universe or population. It would be useful to
recapitulate this concept for a comprehensive understanding of the concepts of ‘Census’ and
‘Sample”.

In Statistics, universe or population simply refers to an aggregate of items to be studied for un

investigation. Ordinarily, the term population is used to mean total number of people living in a
country. Population of India was approximately 121.02 crore in 2010-11. But in Statistics, the term
population is used differently. In Statistics, the term population means the aggregate of all items
about which we want to obtain information. To illustrate, there are 2,000 students in a particular
college. If an investigation relates to all the 2,000 students, then 2,000 would be taken as universe or
population. Each unit of these 2,000 is called Item. To further illustrate, I sugar mill out of the 10
sugar mills we are studying, would be

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Called an item. All the 10 sugar mills would constitute population

Or the universe If a statistical inquiry is based on all items of the universe, it is of life of the 25,000
households in your town and you decide t collect the relevant statistical data of all 25,000
households (that is, your statistical inquiry is covering all the items of the universe is covering the
entire universe) you are relying on census method of your statistical inquiry. Alternative is that you
collect statistic data for every 5th or 10th household of your town, which you think should represent
all the 25,000 households of the town. Now you are not covering each and every item of the
universe; instead you are covering only a ‘sample’ of the universe. Characteristics of the ‘sample’ are
supposed to represent characteristics of the entire universe. Or, quality of life of a sample of (say)
2,500 families is supposed to represent quality of life of all the 25.000 families of your town. This is
called a sample method of a statistical inquiry

The concepts of ‘Sample’ and ‘Population’ are projected in Fig. 1. Bigger part of this picture is
comprising the entire 27 items showing population or universe and the corresponding part
comprising of 3 items shows sample.

Population

Sample

Now you must be sure that Sample is only a part of the population or the universe. But it must be
That part which, in terms of ts characteristics represents the entire populmon

3 items

(27 Items)

Fig. 1

Methods of Statistical Inquiry

(1) Census Method

(2) Sample Method

2. CENSUS METHOD METHOD OF COMPLETE ENUMERATION

Census method is that method which data are collected covering every item of the universe or
population relating to the problem under

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To illustrate, you may be interested in the investigation of colour composition of the Maruti cars in
India. According to the Census Method, you are required to collect data on the colour of cach and
every Maruti car sold in India.

Census method implies complete enumeration of the universe/ population: Census of population is
the most suitable example of the census method of a statistical enquiry, For the estimation of the
country’s population, house to house enquiry is conducted and even people living at the roadside
are contacted in India. Census of population is conducted every ten years, and the last census was
conducted in February 2011.

Census of India 2011 reveals that in terms of the size of population India is the second largest
country

In the world next only to China

Suitability

Census method is suitable particularly for such statistical investigations which have (i) small size of
population, (ii) widely diverse items in the population, (iii) requirement of intensive examination of
different items, and (iv) high degree of accuracy and reliability.

Merits

Principal merits of census method are as under: (1) Reliable and Accurate: Results based on census
method are

Accurate and highly reliable. This is because each and every item of the population is studied. (2)
Less Biased: Results based on census method are less biased.
It is because of the absence of investigator’s discretion

Regarding the selection of sample items.

(3) Extensive Information: Information collected through the census method is quite exhaustive
and therefore, more meaningful because all the items of a universe are examined. For
example, population census in India gives exhaustive information relating to the number of
people in different parts of the country, their age and sex composition, education, status,
occupation, and the like.

(4) Study of Diverse Characteristics: By using census method,

One can study diverse characteristics of the universe. (5) Study of Complex Investigation: When
items in a universe are of complex nature and it is necessary to study each item, only census method
can produce the desired results. Data on country’s population are collected by this method.

Census and Sample Methods of Collection of Do

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(5) Indirect Investigation: Census method can be successfully used in indirect investigations
relating to unemployme poverty, corruption, etc.

Demerits

However, there are certain demerits of census method as under: (1) Costly: Census method is very
costly and is, therefore, generally not used for ordinary investigations. Only the Government or
some big institutions can afford to use this method and that too for specific purposes only.

(2) Large Manpower: Census method requires large manpower

(enumerators). Training of a large number of enumerators

Becomes essential, which is a very difficult process.

(3) Not Suitable for Large Investigations: If the universe

Comprises a large number of items, then it may not be possible to cover each and every item.
Census method becomes practically inoperative in such situations.

3. SAMPLE METHOD

Sample method is that method in which data is collected about the sample

On a group of items taken from the population for examination and

Conclusions are drawn on their basis.

Sample method is widely used in our day-to-day life. A lady in the kitchen, for example, tests only a
grain or two of the rice to know whether the rice is boiled or not. By examining only a few drops of
blood, a doctor determines the blood group of a person.

Suitability

Sample method is particularly suitable when: (1) the size of population is very large, (ii) very high
degree of accuracy is not needed, (iii) intensive examination of diverse items is not required. And (iv)
when different units of the universe are broadly similar to each other.

Merits

Some of the principal merits of the sample method are as under (1) Economical: Sample method of
investigation is economical because only some units of the population are studied.

(2) Time Saving: In this method, only limited number of the items are investigated. As such the
process of investigation time-saving, not time-consuming.

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B

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(3) Identification of Error: Because only a limited number of items are covered, errors can be easily
identified. To that extent sampling method shows better accuracy.

(4) Large Investigations: Sample method is more feasible in situations of large investigations than the
census method which generally involves unaffordable cost.

(6) Administrative Convenience: There is an administrative

Convenience in handling a limited number of items. More

Capable and efficient investigators can be appointed. (6) More Scientific: According to R. Fisher,
Sample Method is more scientific because the sample data can be conveniently

Investigated from various angles.

Demerits

Yet there are some demerits of the sample method as under: (1) Partial: It is only a partial
investigation of the universe. The investigator’s bias in the selection of the sample is not ruled

Out. Accordingly, the results may be biased as well.

(2) Wrong Conclusions: If the selected sample does not represent the characteristics of the universe,
the study may end up with wrong conclusions. (3) Difficulty in Selecting Representative Sample: It is
not

Very easy to select a sample which would represent the

Characteristics of the entire population..

(4) Difficulty in Framing a Sample: Sometimes the universe may be so diverse that it becomes
difficult to frame a sample. (5) Specialised Knowledge: Sampling involves a set of technical
procedures. One must have the technical knowledge of choosing a representative sample from the
universe. Persons who are well-versed with all the techniques of sampling are not easily available..

Essentials of a Sample

In order to arrive at an unbiased and right conclusions, a sample w must have the following qualities
or essentials:

Of

TH

(1) Representative: A sample must represent all the characteristics of the universe. It is possible
only when each unit of the universe stands equal chances of being selected in the sample.

(2) Independent: All units of a sample must be independent of each other. In other words,
inclusion of one item in the sample should not be dependent upon the inclusion of some
other items of the universe.

Census and Sample Methods of

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(3) Homogeneity: If more than one sample are selected from a universe, these samples should
be homogeneous (and no contradictory) to each other. (4) Adequacy: The number of items
in the sample should be

Fairly adequate so that some reliable conclusions are drawn covering the characteristics of the
universe as a whole.
Learning by doing

Which method

Crinis or sample would you prefer if you are to study economic conditions of

The people in your area? Would you opt for a census method if you are to assess performance of
Economics teacher in your

School! Gite reasons

If your teacher is to assess IQ level of the students in your class, would a sample of 50 be enough to
get good results?

Of 10 students out

METHODS OF SAMPLING Following are the principal methods or techniques of sampling:

Methods of Sampling

Random Sampling

Lottery Method

Tables of Random Numbers

Purposive Sampling

Stratified Sampling

Non-random Sampling
(2)

(iv) Quota Sampling

(1)

(v) Convenience Sampling

(1) Random Sampling

Systematic Sampling

Random sampling is that method of sampling in which each and even item of the universe has equal
chance of being selected in the sample. In other words, there is an equal probability for every item
of the universe being selected in the sample.

Which of the various items of the universe would get selected in the sample is beyond the control of
the investigator. The selection left entirely to the chance factors. This method is used particularly
when various items of the universe are homogeneous or identical to each other. This method is
impartial and economical. Random Sampling may be done in any of the following ways:

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(i) Lottery Method: In this method, paper-slips are made for each item of the universe.
These slips are shuffled in a box. Then, impartially, some of the slips are drawn to form a

Sample of the universe.

(ii) Tables of Random Numbers: Some statisticians have prepared a set of tables called
Tables of Random Numbers A sample is framed with reference to these tables. Of all
these tables Tippet’s Table is most widely used. Using 41,600 figures. Tippet has involved
10,400 numbers comprising of four units each. For the use of this method, all items of
the universe are first arranged in an order. Then using Tippet’s Table the required
number of items are selected as are needed for a sample.
Merits

Following points may be noted on the merits of random sampling: Random Sampling The Principal
Merit of

(i) This method is free from personal bias of the investigator. (ii) Each and every item of the
universe stands equal chances

It that each and every item of the universe has of equal chance for equil probability) of being
selected

Being selected.

(ii) The universe gets fairly represented by the sample. (iv) This is a very simple and
straightforward method.

Demerits

However, there are two notable demerits of this method. These

Are as under:

(i) This method does not guarantee proportionate representation

Of different items in the universe. (ii) Random sampling does not give weightage to certain

Important items in the universe. Random sampling is not Haphazard sampling. Note the difference:

Random Sampling

(i) Random sampling is in

Accordance with the rules of

Sampling

Haphazard Sampling

(1) Haphazard sampling is not in accordance with the rules of sampling

(i) Random sampling allows every (ii) Haphazard sampling does not item an equal
chance (or equal probability) of being selected in the sample.

Allow every item an equal chance (or equal probability) of being selected in the sample

Random Sampling and Exit Polls

Exit polls is an interesting example of random sampling. What does it mean? It means a small
percentage of the people exiting the poll booths are contacted and asked whom they voted for From
the sample of information thus collected, a prediction is made about the victory chances of different
candidates contesting election

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(2) Non-Random Sampling

Non-randimpling includes all those methods of sampling in all the wins of population do not have
equal probability (or equal chances being selected in the sample of study. Instead, convenience of
the investigator or his personal judgement plays an important role in the selection of a sample.
Some of the well known methods of non-random sampling are as under:

6) Purposive or Deliberate Sampling: Purpose sampling is th method in which the investigator

himself makes the choice of the samp
Items which in his opinion are the best representative of the immerse Thus, in this method of
sampling, selection of the sample items is not left to the chance factors; it is simply made by choice.
This method of sampling is specifically suitable when some of the items in the universe are of special
significance and ought to be included in the sample. For example, if an investigation is to be made
relating to the iron and steel industry in India, then the inclusion of such industries as the Tata Iron
and Steel Company is obviously a purposive selection. However, there is a considerable possibility of
personal bias in purposive sampling. As a result, it loses its credibility.

Merits

(a) This method is flexible to allow the inclusion of those items in the sample which are of
special significance. (b) Selection of items can be deliberately tuned to the

Purpose of study.

(b) It is a very simple technique of selection of the sample

Items.

Demerits

(a) There is a possibility of personal bias in the selection of

Items.

(b) Because of the possibilities of personal bias, reliability of the results becomes doubtful.

(ii) Stratified or Mixed Sampling: This method of sampling is generally adopted when
population consists of different groups with different characteristics. According to this
method of sampling, population is divided into different strata having different
characteristics and some of the items are selected from each strala, that the entire
population gets represented. Each stratum should be represented in correct proportion
in the sample To illustrate, suppose there are 50 students in Class XI. Out of them, 30
have studied Mathematics and 20 have studied

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Home Science in their Class X. Thus, the population of the 50 students gets divided into two strata
consisting of 30 and 20 students respectively. From each of these strata, items would be selected
proportionately such that the sample represents the characteristics of the entire population. If, of the
total 50 students, only a sample of five is to be selected. Then we shall randomly select three out of
the first stratum (comprising 30 students) and two out of the second stratum (comprising 20 students).
However, items may also be selected unproportionately from different strata.

An investigator may prefer to select four students from amongst those who studied Mathematics and
only one from amongst those who studied Home Science. The choice will be governed by the nature
of the enquiry and wisdom of the investigator.

Stratified Sampling is also called Mixed technique of sampling because this method involves the
mixture of both purposive sampling and random The division of population into different strata is
purposely done while selection of the items is done at random.

Merits

(a) This method covers diverse characteristics of the lows selection of such items which (b) On
the basis of diverse characteristics of the population, characteristics of the represent diverse
population

Population.

A comparative analysis of the data becomes possible.

(b) This method of sampling offers reliable as well as

Meaningful results.

Demerits

(a) This method is suitable only when there is a complete knowledge about the diverse
characteristics of the population. Therefore, this has a limited scope.

(b) There is a possibility of bias at the time of classification of the population into different strata.
(c) When the size of population is already small, it may be
Difficult to further divide it into smaller parts/strata.

(iii) Systematic Sampling: According to this method, units of the population are numerically,
geographically and alphabetically arranged. Every nth item of the numbered items is
selected as a sample item. To illustrate, if 10 out of 100 students are to be selected for a
sample, then 100 students would be numbered and systematically arranged. One item of
the first 10 would be selected at random. Subsequently, every 10 th item from

The Principal Merit of Stratified Sampling

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The selected number will be selected to frame a sample. If

The first selected number is 5th item, then the subsequent

Numbers would be 15th, 25th, 35th, 45th, 55th, 65th, 75th,

Merits

(c) There is hardly any possibility of personal bias in this

Method.

Demerits
85th and 95th. This method of sampling is, in fact, a short. Cut method of Random Sampling. (a) This is
a very simple method. Sample is easily determined

The Principal Demerit of Systematic Sampling

Does not allow every tem of the universe equal chance (or equal probability of being selected in the
sample

(a) Every item in the population does not get equal chance of being selected because only the
first item is selected

On the basis of random sampling. (b) If all the items in the population are homogeneous, this
method of sampling serves no specific purpose.

(iv) Quota Sampling: In this method,

A high possibility of personal bias at the time of selection of

The items by the investigator. Accordingly, the reliability of

Results becomes questionable.

The population is divided into different groups or classes according to different characteristics of the
population. Some percentage of different groups in total population is fixed. Further, some quota of
the items to be selected as sample-items is fixed for each group. The investigator selects the fixed
number of items from each group to frame a sample. This method of sampling is not very expensive.
But there is

(v) Convenience Sampling: In this method, sampling is done by

The investigator in such a manner that suits his convenience. To

Illustrate, an investigator may select a sample of teachers merely by referring to the college
prospectus. This method is the simplest and least expensive, but unscientific and unreliable. It
depends too much on the whims of enumerators

Reliability of Sampling Data

The reliability of the sampling data means that the characteristics

Of the universe are fully represented by the sample. It depends

Mainly on the following factors:

(1) Size of the Sample: Reliability of sampling depends on the size of the sample. If its
size is very small, will fail to represent the population. Accordingly, the conclusions
would lack reliability.

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(2) Method of Sampling: If the method of sampling is not simple and exhaustive, it will
not adequately represent the population. Consequently, the results will not be
dependable.

(3) Bias of Correspondents and Enumerators: Personal bias of the correspondents and
enumerators should be as less as possible. Otherwise, reliability of the sampling data
is bound to suffer. (4) Training of Enumerators: Reliability of sample also depends

Upon the training of the investigators. If they are not trained

To make them expert in their field of investigation, the sample

Will lack reliability.

Census and Sampling Methods: A Comparative Look Some of the principal differences between
census and sampling methods are as under:

(1) Coverage: In the census technique, an investigator collects information relating to all
the items in the population. In sampling method, on the other hand, only some of
the items which represent the population are covered for an investigation.

(2) Suitability: Census method is suitable when the area of

Investigation is relatively small. On the other hand, when the

Area of investigation is large, it is the sampling method which

Is generally used.

(3) Accuracy: There is generally a greater degree of accuracy in the results based on the
census method than the sampling method. This is because in the census method
each and every item of the population is studied. As against it, there is less accuracy
and reliability in the sampling method because it studies only a few items of
population. However, errors can be easily detected and removed in the sampling
method because of the small number of items. To that extent sampling method
shows greater accuracy than the census method.

(4) Cost: Sampling method is certainly much less expensive than the census method.
Smaller the sample size out of the given population, lesser the cost of investigation.

(5) Time: Sample method is less time consuming than the census method.

(6) Nature of Items: Census method is particularly suitable when

The items in the population have diverse characteristics. On

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24

40

The other hand, sample method is suitable when items in t population are homogeneous.

(7) Verification: Verification of the statistical informatics obtained through census

method is generally not possible It would involve huge expenses and the repetition
of the whole process. Sample information, on the other hand, be easily verified. In
case of doubt, enumeration can be done again and facts verified accordingly.

In short, sample method of statistical investigation is generally preferred to the census method
because the former is les expensive in terms of the time, money and efforts involved However, for
the successful application of the sample method, is is very essential that the sample items represent
the characteristics of population as a whole..

Statistical Errors: Sampling and Non-Sampling Errors Statistical errors are broadly classified as (1)
sampling errors, and (i) non-sampling errors. Following are the details

Sampling Errors: These are related to the size or nature of the sample selected for the

Study. Due to a very small size of the sample selected for study or due to non-representative nature
of the sample, the estimated value may differ from the actual value of a parameter The onor thus
emerging is called sampling error. For example, if the estimated value of a parameter is found to be
10 while the actual/true value is 20 then, the sampling error estimated value of the parameter-true
value of the parameter -10-20—10

(i) Non-sampling Errors: These are errors related to the collection of data. These are of the
following types

Error of Measurement: Error of measurement may occur due to: (a) difference in the scale of
measurement, and (b) difference in the rounding off procedure adopted by different Error of Non-
response: This arises when the respondents do not offer the required information
Investigators

Error of Misinterpretation: This arises when the respondent fails to interpret the questions in

The questionnaire

Error in Data Acquisition: Such errors occur when responses are recorded incorrectly. Also, thers
could be errors related to addition, subtraction or multiplication of data Or, there could be recording
errors Me 05 may be recorded instead of 50 population

Error of Sampling Bias: It occurs when, for some reason or the other part of target cannot be
included in the choice of a sample

The field of investigation or larger the population size greater is the possibility of errors related
ection of dista or data acquisition. It must be noted here that a non-sampling error is more sericus
than a sampling error. Because a sampling error can be minimised by opting for a larger ample size
No such possibnity exists in case of non-sampling errors

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EXERCISE 1. Objective Type Questions

A. Multiple Choice Questions: Choose the Correct Answer

1. Census method is suitable for that investigation in which: (a) the size of population is
large

(c) High degree of accuracy is not required

(d) There are widely diverse items

 (e) Intensive examination of diverse items is not required 2. Which of the following methods is
used for the estimation of population in a country?

(a) Census method

(b) Both (a) and (b)

(c) Sampling method

(d) None of these

2. Reliability of sampling data depends on:

(a) Size of sample

(b) Training of enumerators

(c) Method of sampling

(d) All of these

3. For drawing lottery (a) random

Sampling is used.

(b) Stratified

(c) Purposive
(d) Quota

4. Personal bias is possible under:

(a) Random sampling

(b) Purposive sampling

(c) Stratified sampling

(d) Quota sampling

5. If the investigator wants to select a sample on the basis of diverse characteristics of

the population, which method should he use?

(a) Convenience sampling method (c) Stratified sampling method

(b) Quota sampling method

(c) Both (b) and (c) 7. Which of the following factor(s) are considered when
comparison between sampling and census method is made?

(a) Area of survey (c) Cost of collection

(b) Accuracy of data

(c) All of these

8. Under random sampling, each item of the universe has chance of being selected.

(a) Equal (c) zero

(b) Unequal

(c) None of these

Answers

1. (c)

2. (a)

3. (d)

4. (a)

5, (b)

5. (d)

6. (d)

7. (a)

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B. Choose appropriate word and fill in the blank

Method a suitable for small size of population

2. Sampling method is suitable when the area of investigation is sampling adopted when population
consists of different groups with differes

Characteristics

4. Urror of

Arises when the respondents do not offer the required informato

(Stratified/System

(non-response/calculation

In such a manner that suits t

(investigator/enumeration

(Quota/Convenienc

5. In Convenience Sampling sampling is done by the convenience.

6.
Sampling method is unscientific and unreliable.

7.

Errors are related to the collection of data

(Sampling/Non-sampling

Answers

3. Stratified

4. Non-response 5. Investigator

2 large

1. Census

6 Convenience

6. Non-sampling

C. State whether the following statements are True or False 1. Every item of population is
included under the random sampling method.

(True/False

(True/Fa

2. Sampling method is comparatively less expensive

 3. Under purposive sampling, population is divided into different groups having
different characteristics.

(True/Fa

4. Sampling errors are related to the size or nature of the sample selected.

True/Fa

5. Census method needs less number of enumerators. 6. For the estimation of the
country’s population, census method is used in India.

(True/Fal

6. Reliability of sample depends upon the training of the investigators.

Answers

1. False

2. True

3. False

4. True

5. False

6 True
 6. True

D. Matching the Correct Statements From the set of statements given in Column and Column II,
choose the correct pair of statements

Column I

Column II

(i) Sample method

1) Census method

Systematic Sampling

Tables of random numbers

(a) Process of Investigation is time-consuming (b) Widely used in our day-to-day life

(b) Represent diverse characteristics of the popula

(c) Paper-slips are made for each item of the unive (e) A mixture of both purposive sampling
and rand

Sampling

V Strathed Sampling

58page
23

Identify the correct sequence of alternatives given in Column il by matching them with respective
items In Column :

Column 1

To Sample method

(Deliberate Sampling method

Column 11

(3) A short-cut method of Random Sampling

(c) Occurs due to the difference in the scale of

Random Sampling

(W) Systematic Sampling method

Measurement

(d) Only a partial investigation of the universe

(vi) Error of measurement

(e) Allows every item an equal probability of being selected in the sample (e) Selection of the
sample items is made by choice

Answers
L (v) Stratified Sampling-(e) A mixture of both purposive sampling and random sampling 11. (c), (u)-
(e), (ul)-(d), (iv)-a). (v)-(b)

E. Concept-based Objective Questions

1. What is meant by universe?

Ans. In Statistics, universe or population refers to an aggregate of items to be studied for an

investigation

2. What is meant by sample?

Ans. Sample is a group or collection of items from the universe wherein the characteristics of the
former are supposed to represent characteristics of the latter

3. What is meant by census method?

Ans. Census method is that method in which data are collected covering every item of the universe

Relating to the problem under investigation.

4. What is meant by sample method?

Ans. Sample method is that method in which data is collected about the sample on a group of items
taken from the population for examination and conclusions are drawn on their basis. 5. What is
meant by random sampling?

Ans. Random sampling is that method of sampling in which each and every item of the universe has
equal chance of being selected in the sample.

5. What is meant by purposive or deliberate sampling?

Ans. Purposive sampling is that method in which the investigator himself makes the choice of the
sample

Items which in his opinion are the best representative of the universe

6. What is meant by stratified or mixed sampling? Ans. In stratified sampling,

population is divided into different strata having different characteristics and some
of the items are selected from each strata, so that the entire population gets
represented.

7. Define systematic sampling.

Ans. In systematic sampling, units of the population are numerically, geographically and
alphabetically arranged. Every nth item of the numbered items is selected as a sample item.

8. Define quota sampling.

Am. In quota sampling, the population is divided into different groups or classes according
characteristics of the population

To different

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59page

9. Define convenience sampling

Ans. In convenience sampling, sampling is done by the investigator in such a manner that suits
convenience

(3-4 marks)
2. Short Answer Type Questions

1. What is meant by census method? What are its uses?

2. What is meant by sample method? What are its uses? 3. What is the difference
between census method and sampling method?

3. Mention four main merits of census method. 5. Mention four main demerits of
census method,

7. Mention the four main merits of the sample method.

8. Mention the four demerits of the sample method.

9. What are the advantages of sampling method of collection of data over the census method?

10. Discuss how you would use the lottery method to select 3 students out of 10 in your class.
10. Does the lottery method always give you a random sample? Explain.

11. Explain the procedure of selecting a random sample of 3 students out of 10 in your class, by
using

Random number tables

12. What is meant by census method? In what conditions is this method used?

13. What is meant by sample method? Under what circumstances this method is more suitable?

14. What are the main elements of sampling?

 15. What are the main methods of sampling?

16. What are the main ments of random sampling?

17. What are the main demerits of random sampling?

18. What is the difference between universe and sample? 19. Distinguish between (0) sampling,
and (ii) non-sampling errors.

19. Define random sampling. How is it different from haphazard sampling?

4. Long Answer Type Questions

1. What is meant by census method? Give its merits and demerits

2. Explain the meaning of sampling survey. What are its advantages and
disadvantages?

3. Distinguish between random sampling and systematic sampling. Give

suitable examples

(6 marks)

4. Distinguish between census and sample surveys. List four important types
of sampling methodi Explain the reasons for preparing sample surveys in
the collection of Statistics.

$ Compare the census and sample methods of collecting data with reference to reliability, time
Involved and cost 6. Describe the various methods of sampling. How is random sampling better than
systemate sampling?

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7. What are the kinds of errors you would expect in a field survey by census
method? & Distinguish between random sampling and stratified sampling,
dearly explaining the two in detail

Give examples of both

5. Essential Practicals

1. There are 10 students in your school who excel in the game of cricket. All
are equally brilliant but you are to select only 3 out of 10 for representing
your school in the inter-zonal cricket tournament. How would you do it?
Give details with reason

2. There are 40 students in your school who are cricket players. You are to
form a team of 11 players How would you do it? Would you resort to
random sampling technique? Give reasons in support of

Your answer

3. You want to conduct a survey on the popularity of Noodles among the

students of different schools in your town. How would you design and
choose your sample of study? Give reasons in support of your answer

4. In a village comprising 300 small and big farmers, you are to select a
sample of 10% farming households. The idea is to study cropping pattern
in the village. How would you take your decisions

On selecting the sample? 5. How would you use the random sampling method when you are to
select a sample of 3 out of 10 students in your class?
 5. NCERT Questions (With Hints to Answers)

1. State whether the following statements are true or false () There is a certain bias involved in
the non-random selection of samples

(a) Non-sampling errors can be minimised by taking large

[() True, (i) False]

2. In a village of 200 farms, a study was conducted to find the cropping pattern. Out of the 50
farms surveyed, 50% grew only wheat. Identify the population and the sample here.
(Population=200, Sample = 50]

3. Give two examples each of sample and population.

4. Which of the following is a preferred method of statistical studies, and why?

(Pope 45, 46]

(a) Census (b) Sample

[Sample method of statistical investigation is generally preferred to the census method because the
former is less expensive in terms of the time, money and efforts involved. However, for the
successful application of the sample method, it is very essential that the sample items represent the
characteristics of population as a whole]

Census and Sample Methods of Collection of Dute

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 5. Which of the following errors is more serious and why?

(a) Sampling error.

(b) Non-sampling error.

(Non-sampling error is more serious than a sampling error. Because a sampling error can be
minimised by opting for a larger sample size. No such possibility exists in case of non-sampling
errors.] 6. Suppose there are 10 students in your class. You want to select three out of them. How
many samples

Are possible? (Selecting 3 students out of 10 is given by 1°C, 120 120 samples are possible)

6. Discuss how you would use the lottery method to select 3 students out of 10 in your class?

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7. Explain the procedure of selecting a random sample of 3 students out of 10 in your class, by
using random number tables.

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