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Chapter 2:
Motion along a straight line
Exercises: 3, 7, 9, 13, 15, 19, 21, 31, 33, 37, 39, 43, 45, 57, 51, 53
Problems: 57(57), 59(59), 65(65), 67(67), 69(69), 73(73), 75(75), 79(79), 81(81), 83(83),
85(85), 89(89), 93(93)

Vu Xuan Hien

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Chapter 2. Motion Along a Straight Line

displacement the change in position xAB = xB - xA distance traveled

x
the total length of the path traveled
distance traveled xB
between two positions d  xAB B
𝑉
displacement M
=
time
displacement
xA
A

t
0 tA tB

distance traveled
Speed = 0
time
velocity
Acceleration =
time

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In general

Motion equation: x(t)

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2.57. Dan gets on Interstate Highway I-80 at Seward, Nebraska, and drives
due west in a straight line and at an average velocity of magnitude 88 km/h.
After travelling 76 km, he reaches the Aurora exit. Realizing he has gone
too far; he turns around and drives due east 34 km back to the York exit at
an average velocity of magnitude 72 km/h. For his whole trip from Seward
to the York exit, what are (a) his average speed and (b) the magnitude of his
average velocity?
(a) his average speed
distance traveled
average speed 
time
Distance traveled for his whole trip (Seward- Aurora-York): d = 76 + 34 = 110 km  km 
76 34 avg. speed  82  
The total elapses time (Seward- Aurora-York) t  t  t  
SA AY
 0.8636  0.4722  1.336h  h 
88 72
b, his average velocity
displacement
average velocity 
time
Displacement = x(York)-x(Seward)= 76-34 = 42 km  km 
avg. velocity  31 
The total elapses time t = 1.336 h  h 

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2.59. A world-class sprinter accelerates to his maximum speed in 4.0 s. He then maintains this speed for the remainder of a
100m race, finishing with a total time of 9.1 s. (a) What is the runner's average acceleration during the first 4.0 s? (b) What
is his average acceleration during the last 5.1 s? (c) What is his average acceleration for the entire race? (d) Explain why
your answer to part (c) is not the average of the answers to parts (a) and (b).
a, During he accelerates to his maximum speed: t1= 4.0 s t2= 9.1s
v1
v  v a t
x 0x
1 v a t
x
1 x 1
xx v t a t 1
2

0 x1
0
2 x  at
0x x 2
x2=100 m x
x  0; v  0
0 0x 2
1 x 1

During he maintains speed (ax=0):

1 2x 2  100 m
x  x  v t  x  v (t  t )  x  a t  a t (t  t )  a   2
 3.5   2

t  2t (t  t ) 4.0  2  4.0  (9.1  4.0) s 

x
2
2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 x 1 x 1 2 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 1

b, His average acceleration during the last 5.1 s: ax = 0.

Velocity v a t 3.5  4.0 m
c, His average acceleration for the entire race? a     1
 1.5  
x 1

time t t 9.1 s 
avg 2
2

(d) Explain why your answer to part (c) is not the average of the answers to parts (a) and (b).
The runner spends different times moving with the average accelerations of parts (a) and (b).

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65. A ball starts from rest and rolls down a hill with uniform acceleration, traveling 150 m during the second 5.0 s of its
motion. How far did it roll during the first 5.0 s of motion? y t1= 5s
x1= ?
t2= 5s
t0= 0s x1 x 2= 150 m

t1= 5s
x2
t2= 10 s x

uniform acceleration  ax = constant

1
Motion equation of ball along x-axis 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑣 𝑡 + 𝑎 𝑡
2
1
𝑥 = 0; 𝑣 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑡
2
1
𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑡
1 2.x 2  150 m
𝛥𝑥 = 𝑎 (𝑡 − 𝑡 )  a  (t  t )  10  5  4.0  s 
2 x 2
2
2 2 2 2
1 2 2 1
𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑡 1 1 1
2 𝛥𝑥 = 𝑎 (𝑡 − 𝑡 ) = 𝑎 𝑡   4.0  5  50.0  m 
2

2 2 2

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2.67 Large cockroaches can run as fast as 1.50 m/s in short bursts. Suppose you turn on the light in a cheap motel and see
one scurrying directly away from you at a constant 1.50 m/s. If you start 0.90 m behind the cockroach with an initial speed
of 0.80 m/s toward it, what minimum constant acceleration would you need to catch up with it when it has traveled 1.20 m,
just short of safety order a counter?
0.90 m
Take x = 0 to be at the t = 0 location of the roach and positive x
to be in the direction of motion of the two objects. a1 = ?
V = 0.80 m/s
10
You:
1 2 1 2 a2 = 0
x1 (t )  x10  v10t  a1t  0.80t  a1t
2 2 V20 = 1.50 m/s
Cockroaches
1
x2 (t )  x20  v20 t  a2 t 2  0.90  1.50t
2 X10 = 0 x20= 0.90 x-axis
You catch up with the cockroaches when both objects are at the
same place at the same time x1 (t )  x2 (t )
1
0.80t  a1t 2  0.90  1.50t
2

you need to catch up with roach when it has traveled 1.20 m: x2 (t )  x20  1.20 m  1.50t  1.20  t  0.8s  a1  4.6 m / s
2

Minimum constant acceleration: 4.6 m/s2

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2.69 An automobile and a truck start from rest at the same instant, with the automobile initially at some distance behind
the truck. The truck has a constant acceleration of 2.10 m/s2, and the automobile an acceleration of 3.40 m/s2. The
automobile overtakes the truck after the truck has moved 40.0 m. (a) How much time does it take the automobile to
overtake the truck? (b) How far was the automobile behind the truck initially? (c) What is the speed of each when they
are abreast? (d) On a single c, sketch the position of each vehicle as a function of time. Take x = 0 at the initial location
of the truck.
a1= 3.4 m/s2 a2= 2.1 m/s2
Car: 1 1 V10=0 V20=0
x1 (t )  x10  v10t  a1t 2  x10   3.40  t 2
2 2
Truck: x10 X20 =0 x
1 2 1
x2 (t )  x20  v20t  a2t   2.10  t 2
2 2 x1 (t )  x2 (t )
The automobile overtakes the truck after the truck has moved 40.0 m
x2 (t )  x20  40  m 
2.10 2
(a) x2 (t )  x20  40  m   t  40  t  6.17( s )
2
3.40 2 2.10 2
(b) x1 (t )  x2 (t )  x10  t   t  40  x10  24.8( m)
2 2
(c) they are abreast at t = 6.17 s  v  v  a t  21.0  m / s  ; v  v  a t  13.0  m / s 
1 10 1 2 20 2

(d) Graph

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2.73. Passing. The driver of a car wishes to pass a truck that is traveling at a constant speed of 20.0 m/s (about 45 mile/h).
Initially, the car is also traveling at 20.0 m/s and its front bumper is 24.0 m behind the truck's rear bumper. The car accelerates
at a constant 0.600 m/s2, then pulls back into the truck's lane when the rear of the car is 26.0 m ahead of the front of the truck.
The car is 4.5 m long and the truck is 21.0 m long. (a) How much time is required for the car to pass the truck? (b) What
distance does the car travel during this time? (c) What is the final speed of the car?

v10x= 20 m/s a2= 0 m/s2

a1= 600 m/s2 v20x= 20 m/s v20x= 20 m/s

* * x 0 * *
0 x
4.5 24.0 21.0 21.0 26.0 4.5

Take x = 0 at the initial location of the car before the car accelerates; position of car and truck note by (*) symbol; origin of
time t0 = 0.
1 1
The car: 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑣 𝑡 + 2 𝑎 𝑡 = 0 + 20𝑡 + 2 0.600𝑡 At time t, the car to pass the truck
1 𝑥 − 𝑥 = 26.0 + 21.0 = 47.0m
The truck: 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑣 𝑡 + 2 𝑎 𝑡 = (4.5 + 24.0) + 20𝑡

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1 1
The car: 𝑥 =𝑥 +𝑣
𝑡 + 𝑎 𝑡 = 0 + 20𝑡 + 0.600𝑡
2 2 v10x= 20 m/s a2= 0 m/s2
1 a1= 600 m/s2 v20x= 20 m/s
The truck: 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑣 𝑡 + 2 𝑎 𝑡 = (4.5 + 24.0) + 20𝑡
𝑥 − 𝑥 = 26.0 + 21.0 = 47.0m * * x
0
4.5 24.0 21.0
Solve equations: (a) t* = 15.9 s

(b) distance the car travel during t* =15.9 s: 𝑥 −𝑥 = 20 t ∗ + 0.600𝑡 ∗ = 394 m

(c) the final speed of the car 𝑣 (𝑡 ∗) = 𝑣 + 𝑎 𝑡 ∗= 20 + 0.600 × 15.9 = 29.5 𝑚⁄𝑠

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2.75 The acceleration of a particle is given by ax(t) = -2.0m/s2 + (3.00m/s3)t.

(a) Find the initial velocity v0x, such that the particle will have the same x-coordinate at t = 4.00 s as it had at t = 0.
(b) What will be the velocity at t = 4.00 s?
(a) Find the initial velocity v0x
t
v  t   v0   a  t  dt  v0  2.0t  1.5t 2
0
t
x  t   x0   v  t  dt  x0  v0t  t 2  0.5t 3
0
xt 0  xt 4  v0  4.0  m / s 
(b) What will be the velocity at t = 4.00 s?
t  4.0 s  v  t  4.0s   12.0  m / s 

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2.79 Visitors at an amusement park watch divers step off a platform 21.3 m (70 ft) above a pool of water. According to the
announcer, the divers enter the water at a speed of 56 mi/h (25 m/s). Air resistance may be ignored. (a) Is the announcer
correct in this claim? (b) Is it possible for a diver to leap directly upward off the board so that, missing the board on the way
down, she enters the water at 25.0 m/s? If so, what initial upward speed is required? Is the required initial speed physically
attainable? y-axis y-axis
g
(a) The speed of the divers when he enters water:
1
Motion equation of divers: y (t )  y0  v0 y t  a y t 2
2 vi
with y0  21.3m; v0 y  0; a y  9.8  m / s 2 
9.81 2
The divers enter the water: y(t)  0  21.3  t f  0  t f  2.08  s 
2
v y (t)  v 0 y  a y t  vf  9.81 2.08  20.4  m / s 
The announcer has exaggerated the speed of the diver.
(b) what initial upward speed vi =?
0 0
1
y (t )  y0  v0 y t  a y t 2
2 v  14.4  m / s  vf vf
0y
v y (t)  v 0 y  a y t  25.0
y0  21.3m; v0 y  ?; a y  9.8  m / s 2 

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2.81 A football is kicked vertically upward from the ground and a student gazing out of the window sees it moving upward
pass her at 5 m/s. The window is 12m above the ground. Ignore the air resistance.
(a) How high is the ball go above ground?
(b) How much time does it take to go from the ground to its highest point?
y
v2
Motion equation of ball g
1 2
y(t)  y 0  v 0 y t  a y t
2
v y (t)  v 0y  a y t
At position of the student v1 = 5 m/s
 9.81 2 v1
y(t)  y1  12 0  v oy t  t  12 y1 =12 m
 2  v 0y  16.1m / s g = 9.81 m/s2
v y (t)  v1  5
 v 0 y  9.81 t  5

(a) How high is the ball go above ground?
12.0 v0
v 2 y  v 2 0y  2a y (y max  y 0 )  m
  y max  13.3m
vy  0 
(b) How much time does it take to go from the ground to its highest point?
v y (t)  v 0y  a y t  0  t  1.64s

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2.83 Look Out Below. Sam heaves a l6-lb shot straight upward, giving it a constant upward acceleration from rest of
45.0 m/s2 for 64.0 cm. He releases it 2.20 m above the ground. You may ignore air resistance. (a) What is the speed of the
shot when Sam releases it? (b) How high above the ground does it go? (c) How much time does he have to get out of its
way before it returns to the height of the top of his head, 1.83 m above the ground?
Motion of the shot: 2 Periods y-axis
g
(1) Straight upward: from y1= 64.0 cm to y2 = 2.20 cm; a1= 45.0 m/s2
(2) Freely falling body: y20 = 2.20 cm; v20= v2; a2= -9.81 m/s2.
(a) What is the speed
 2a(y 20  y10 )  v 20  7.59  m / s 
release
Period 1: v 220  v10
2
y20 v20

(b) How high above the ground does it go

2.20 m
v10=0

Period 2: v 2 (t)  v20  a 2 t  0  t  0.77s y10

1
y 2 (t)  y 20  v 20 y t  a 2 t 2  5.14m 0.64 m
2 a
(c) it returns to the height of the top of his head, 1.83 m above the ground y=0
y 2 (t)  1.83  t  1.60s

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89. Falling Can. A painter is standing on scaffolding that is raised at constant speed. As he travels upward, he accidentally
nudges a paint can off the scaffolding, and it falls 15.0 m to the ground. You are watching and measure with your
stopwatch that it takes 3.25 s for the can to reach the ground. Ignore air resistance. (a) What is the speed of the can just
before it hits the ground? (b) Another painter is standing on a ledge, with his hands 4.00 m above the can when it falls off.
He has lightning-fast reflexes and if the can passes in front of him, he can catch it. Does he get the chance?
+y Motion equation of can:
𝑔⃗
1
𝑦 =𝑦 +𝑣 𝑡+ 𝑎 𝑡 𝑔
2
𝑣 = 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑦 = 15 + 𝑣 𝑡 − 𝑡
v 2
v 𝑎 = −𝑔 = −9.8 𝑚⁄𝑠
The can reach the ground: y = 0 when t = t* = 3.25s  v0 = 11.31 m/s
h0= 4 m
t0= 0 (a) The speed of the can just before it hits the ground when t = t* = 3.25s
v ∗= v + a. t ∗= 11.31 − 9.81 × 3.25 = −20.57 m⁄s
(b) Does he get the chance?
y0= 15 m
Position of second painter: y1= y0 + h0 = 15 + 4 = 19 m

Method 1: solve y = y1; 15 + 11.31𝑡 − 𝑡 = 19; have chance 0 t 3.25 s

t*= 3.25 s Method 2: find highest position of can (v = 0) ; have chance when ymax  y1
0
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2.85 Juggling Act. A juggler performs in a room whose ceiling is 3.0 m above the level of his hands. He throws a ball
upward so that it just reaches the ceiling. (a) What is the initial velocity of the ball? (b) What is the time required for the ball
to reach the ceiling? At the instant when the first ball is at the ceiling. the juggler throws a second ball upward with two-
thirds the initial velocity of the first: (c) How long after the second ball is thrown did the two balls pass each other? (d) At
what distance above the juggler's hand do they pass each other?
1
Motion equation of ball 1 y1 (t)  y10  v10 t  a1t 2 y-axis g
2
v1 (t)  v10  a1t
y10  0;a1  9.81 m / s 2 
(a,b) Ball just reaches the ceiling: y1max = 3.0 m; v1max(t)=0.
2
v1max  v10
2
 2(y1max  y10 )  v10  7.67  m / s  3m
v1 (t)  v10  a1t*  0  t*  0.78s
v0 y=0
(c) two balls pass each other
1
y1 (t)  y10  v10 t  a1t 2
2
1
y 2 (t)  y 20  v 20  t  t *  a 2  t  t * with: y20 = 0 m; v20 = 2/3 v10.
2

2
y1 (t)  y 2 (t)  t  1.37s  t  t*  0.59s
(d) y1 (1.37s)  1.31m

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Two cars, A and B, travel in a straight line. The distance of A from the starting point is given as a function of time by xA(t) =
αt + βt2, with α = 2.60 m/s and β = 1.20 m/s2. The distance of B from the starting point is xB(t) =γt2 - δt3, with γ = 2.80m/s2
and δ = 0.20m/s3. (a) Which car is ahead just after they leave the starting point? (b) At what time(s) are the cars at the same
point? (c) At what time(s) is the distance from A to B neither increasing nor decreasing? (d) At what time(s) do A and B
have the same acceleration?

Analyze
(a) Which car leave the starting point first – at t = 0, which car has v > 0?
(b) Two cars at the same position  solving equation xA(t) = xB(t) with t >0
(c) AB=const  d(AB)/dt = 0 or vA = vB (t>0) ;
(d) axA= axB d2xA(t)/dt2 = d2xB(t)/dt2 (t>0);

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2.93 Two cars, A and B, travel in a straight line. The distance of A from the starting point is given as a function of time
by xA(t) = t + t2, with a = 2.60 m/s and b = 1.20 m/s2. The distance of B from the starting point is xB(t) = t2 - t3, with
 = 2.80m/s2 and  = 0.20m/s3. (a) Which car is ahead just after they leave the starting point? (b) At what time(s) are the
cars at the same point? (c) At what time(s) is the distance from A to B neither increasing nor decreasing? (d) At what
time(s) do A and B have the same acceleration?

(c) AB  0.2t 3  1.6t 2  2.6t  const

d  AB 
  0.6t 2  3.2t  2.6  0
dt
 t1  1.00 s; t2  4.33s
(a) Which car is ahead just after they leave the starting point

(d)
(b) At what time(s) are the cars at the same point?
Cars at the same point implies xA = xB a A  aB
 2  1.2  2  2.8  1.2t
 t  2.67 s

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