KURSUS REKABENTUK PERPARITAN DAN PEMBETUNG JALAN

(ROAD SURFACE DRAIN & CULVERT DESIGN)

10 NOVEMBER 2020

WAWAN GUNAWAN
 ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEM (SURFACE DRAIN & CULVERT) DESIGN
PRESENTATION SCHEDULE / AGENDA
1. INTRODUCTION ON DRAINAGE SYSTEM
DEFINITION OF DRAIN, THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE, STORM WATER, PURPOSE & IMPORTANCE OF
DRAINAGE SYSTEM, DRAINAGE IN URBAN & RURAL AREA, ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEM.

2. DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEM

BASIC PRINCIPLES & METHODS OF DISCHARGE ESTIMATION (HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS) AND
HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS FOR DESIGNING ROAD SURFACE DRAINS AND CULVERTS, INCLUDING
DESIGN CALCULATION EXAMPLES.

3. ROAD DRAINAGE DESIGN DRAWINGS

EXAMPLE DESIGN DRAWINGS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF ROAD SURFACE DRAIN AND CULVERTS
COMMONLY USED FOR ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN SARAWAK’S ROAD PROJECTS.

4. SPECIFICATION FOR ROAD DRAINAGE WORKS

STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR ROAD WORKS (SSRW) PARTICULARLY FOR DRAINAGE WORKS
(NEW & OLD STANDARD SPECIFICATION), SPECIFICATION FOR PARTICULAR APPLICATION.

5. INTRODUCTION ON THE ROAD DRAINAGE CONSTRUCTION WORKS

CONSTRUCTION WORKS FOR VARIOUS ROAD SURFACE DRAINS, METHOD OF INSTALLATION
AND CONSTRUCTION WORKS FOR CULVERTS INCLUDING PILING WORKS FOR THE CULVERT
FOUNDATION.

6. ANY OTHER MATTERS RELATED TO ROAD DRAINAGE WORKS

EXAMPLE OF SUMMARY OF TENDER (SOT) AND BILL OF QUANTITY (BQ) FOR ROAD DRAINAGE
WORKS, SCHEDULE OF RATES (SOR) FOR ROAD DRAINAGE WORKS, TECHNICAL INSPECTION
AND QUALITY CONTROL DURING CONSTRUCTION FOR DRAINAGE WORKS.
KURSUS REKABENTUK PERPARITAN DAN PEMBETUNG JALAN
(ROAD SURFACE DRAIN & CULVERT DESIGN)

SECTION - 1
INTRODUCTION ON DRAINAGE SYSTEM
 DRAIN
1. INTRODUCTION : TERMINOLOGY & DEFINITION

A storm drain, storm sewer (US), stormwater drain (Australia and New
Zealand) or drainage well system (UK) or simply a drain or drain system is
designed to drain excess rain and ground water from paved streets, parking
lots, sidewalks, and roofs. Storm drains vary in design from small residential
dry wells to large municipal systems. They are fed by street gutters on most
motorways, freeways and other busy roads, as well as towns in areas which
experience heavy rainfall, flooding and coastal towns which experience
regular storms. Many storm drainage systems are designed to drain the
storm water, untreated, into rivers or streams.
 SEWER V.S. STORM DRAIN
1. INTRODUCTION : STORM WATER V.S. WASTE WATER
 STORM WATER (RAINFALL)
1. INTRODUCTION : THE WATER CYCLE
 STORM WATER (RAINFALL)
1. INTRODUCTION : THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE (MALAYSIA)
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF SARAWAK

TROPICAL CLIMATE CONDITIONS

TROPICAL CLIMATE CONDITIONS  CHALLENGES FOR DESIGNING ROAD
DRAINAGE SYSTEM (CULVERTS AND SURFACE DRAINS), RIVER CROSSING
STRUCTURES (BRIDGES) AND SLOPE STABILITY
KUCHING IS THE RAINIEST CITY IN ASIA (WITH 212 RAINY DAYS PER YEAR)
KUCHING RAINFALL AMOUNT (PRECIPITATION)
 INTENSITY DURATION FREQUENCY (IDF) CURVES

Rainfall Intensity (mm per hour)

Time Concentration (Minutes)

FLUSH FLOOD IN KUCHING AREA
FLUSH FLOOD IN KUCHING AREA
FLUSH FLOOD IN KUCHING AREA
 DRAINAGE SYSTEM
1. INTRODUCTION : TERRAIN CONDITION OF SARAWAK
 DRAINAGE SYSTEM
1. INTRODUCTION : SARAWAK’S RIVERS BASIN (CATCHMENT)
 DRAINAGE SYSTEM
1. INTRODUCTION : RIVERS, CROSSING STRUCTURES/BRIDGES & FERRY

LOG BRIDGE RSJ BRIDGE (SG. MERIT) SG. MALEH BRIDGE

BTG. LAWAS BRIDGE

Existing Ferry Service at Batang Lupar

 DRAINAGE SYSTEM
1. INTRODUCTION : SARAWAK’S MAJOR RIVERS & MAJOR BRIDGES

Btg. Rajang Bridge Btg. Baram Bridge

Btg. Kemena Bridge

Btg. Baleh Bridge

Btg. Sadong Bridge

 DRAINAGE SYSTEM
1. INTRODUCTION : SARAWAK BASIN (CATCHMENT FOR SUNGAI SARAWAK)
 DRAINAGE SYSTEM
1. INTRODUCTION : SUNGAI SARAWAK WATER MANAGEMENT
 URBAN DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN
1. INTRODUCTION : KUCHING CITY DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN (DID)
 WATERWAY STRUCTURES
1. INTRODUCTION : URBAN DRAINAGE (MATANG ROAD, KUCHING)
 WATERWAY STRUCTURES
1. INTRODUCTION : URBAN DRAINAGE (MILE 10 TO MILE 15, KUCHING)
 ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEM
1. INTRODUCTION : ROAD SURFACE DRAINS (URBAN AREA)
 ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEM
1. INTRODUCTION : ROAD DRAINAGE LAYOUT PLAN (URBAN AREA)
 ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEM
1. INTRODUCTION : ROAD SURFACE DRAIN (RURAL AREA)
 ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEM
1. INTRODUCTION : ROAD SURFACE DRAIN (RURAL AREA)
 ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEM
1. INTRODUCTION : ROAD SURFACE DRAINS (RURAL AREA)

APPLICABLE FOR PBH FROM SEMATAN TO MIRI (R5 4-LANE

DUAL CARRIAGEWAY HIGHWAY STANDARD)

APPLICABLE FOR PBH FROM TELOK MELANO TO SEMATAN ONLY

(R5 2-LANE SINGLE CARRIAGEWAY HIGHWAY STANDARD)
 ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEM
1. INTRODUCTION : ROAD DRAINAGE LAYOUT PLAN (RURAL AREA)
 ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEM
1. INTRODUCTION : ROAD CROSSING STRUCTURE (CULVERT)

UP STREAM DOWN STREAM

 ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEM
1. INTRODUCTION : ROAD CROSSING STRUCTURE (CULVERT)

TRAFFIC
LOAD

UP STREAM DOWN STREAM

 ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEM
1. INTRODUCTION : ROAD CROSSING STRUCTURE (CULVERT)
 ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEM
1. INTRODUCTION : ROAD CROSSING STRUCTURE (CULVERT)
 KURSUS REKABENTUK PERPARITAN DAN PEMBETUNG JALAN
(ROAD SURFACE DRAIN & CULVERT DESIGN)

SECTION – 2
DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEM
 REKABENTUK PERPARITAN DAN PEMBETUNG JALAN
DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEM
 ENGINEERING DESIGN OF THE ROAD COMPONENTS REQUIRED
FOR ROAD DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN SARAWAK

CROSS-SECTION DESIGN ALIGNMENT DESIGN DRAINAGE DESIGN PAVEMENT DESIGN

JUNCTION DESIGN EMBANKMENT DESIGN

TRAFFIC SIGN DESIGN BRIDGE DESIGN RET. STRUCTURE DESIGN OTHER DESIGN
 NEEDS TO COMPLY WITH AUTHORITY’S APPROVED STANDARD & CRITERIA

ROAD DESIGN GUIDELINES, MANUALS & “ARAHAN TEKNIK (JALAN)”

ENGINEERING CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPMENT OF ROADS IN SARAWAK

TROPICAL CLIMATE CONDITIONS

TROPICAL CLIMATE CONDITIONS  CHALLENGES FOR DESIGNING
ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEM (CULVERTS AND SURFACE DRAINS), RIVER
CROSSING STRUCTURES (BRIDGES) AND SLOPE STABILITY
ENGINEERING CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPMENT OF ROADS IN SARAWAK

ACCESSIBILITY DURING RAINY SEASON

ALL WEATHER ROADS?

 REQUIREMENTS FOR ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEM

GENERAL CONSIDERATION
1. THE EROSIVE/DESTRUCTIVE POWER OF FLOWING WATER INCREASES EXPONENTIALLY AS ITS
VELOCITY INCREASES. THEREFORE, WATER MUST NOT ALLOWED TO DEVELOP SUFFICIENT
VOLUME OR VELOCITY SO AS TO CAUSE RAPIDLY DAMAGE A ROAD PAVEMENT AND
FORMATION, EXCESSIVE WEAR ALONG DRAINS OR ALONG EXPOSED RUNNING SURFACES,
CUTS OR FILLS.

2. CONTROLLING STORM WATER RUN-OFF AND GROUNDWATER IS A FUNDAMENTAL PART OF

MAINTAINING AN ACCESSIBLE ROAD, MINIMISING MAINTENANCE COSTS, AND MANAGING
EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL.

3. THE PRESENCE OF EXCESS WATER OR MOISTURE WITHIN THE ROADWAY WILL ADVERSELY
AFFECT THE ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF THE MATERIALS WITH WHICH IT WAS
CONSTRUCTED. CUT SLOPE OR EMBANKMENT FILL FAILURES, ROAD SURFACE EROSION,
AND WEAKENED SUBGRADES FOLLOWED BY A MASS FAILURE ARE ALL PRODUCTS OF
INADEQUATE OR POORLY DESIGNED DRAINAGE.
THE DESTRUCTIVE POWER OF WATER
THE DESTRUCTIVE POWER OF WATER
 THE DESTRUCTIVE POWER OF WATER

TEMUDOK TEMUDOK

SEMUKOI SEMUKOI
ENGINEERING CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPMENT OF ROADS IN SARAWAK

NEEDS PROPER AND SUFFICIENT ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEM

 ROAD DRAINAGE DESIGN STANDARD

Standard for Road Drainage Design:

 JKR Malaysia (1997). Intermediate Guide to Drainage Design of Roads, Arahan Teknik
(Jalan) 15/97.
 Road Engineering Association of Malaysia (2004). Guidelines for Road Drainage Design -
Volume 1 : Hydrological Analysis : Estimation of Design Flood, REAM - GL 3/2004.
 Road Engineering Association of Malaysia (2002). Guidelines for Road Drainage Design -
Volume 2 : Hydraulic Design of Culverts, REAM - GL 3/2002.
 Road Engineering Association of Malaysia (2002). Guidelines for Road Drainage Design -
Volume 4 : Surface Drainage, REAM - GL 3/2002.
 DID Malaysia (1989). Rational Method of Flood Estimation for Rural Catchments in
Peninsular Malaysia.
 ROAD DRAINAGE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
MAIN CRITERIA FOR DESIGNING ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEM :
A ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEM MUST SATISFY CERTAIN MAIN CRITERIA IF IT IS TO
BE EFFECTIVE THROUGHOUT ITS DESIGN LIFE :

 THE ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEM CANNOT BE DESIGNED TO SUIT WORST

CONDITIONS THAT MIGHT OCCUR ON EXTREMELY RARE OCCASIONS
BECAUSE IT IS TOO COSTLY TO DO SO.

 IT MUST ALLOW FOR A MINIMUM OF DISTURBANCE OF THE NATURAL

DRAINAGE PATERN.

 IT MUST DRAIN SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE WATER AWAY FROM THE

ROADWAY AND DISSIPATE IT IN A WAY THAT PREVENTS EXCESSIVE
COLLECTION OF WATER IN UNSTABLE AREAS AND SUBSEQUENT
DOWNSTREAM EROSION.

THE DESIGN OF DRAINAGE STRUCTURES IS BASED ON THE

HYDROLOGICAL AND HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS - THE FORMER DEALS
WITH THE OCCURRENCE AND FORM OF WATER IN THE NATURAL
ENVIRONMENT (PRECIPITATION, STREAM FLOW, SOIL MOISTURE, ETC.)
WHILE THE LATTER DEALS WITH THE ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
FLUIDS IN MOTION.
 HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS

DISCHARGE ESTIMATION FOR WATERWAY STRUCTURES

HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS FOR ESTIMATING RUN-OFF :
 HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS IS THE FIRST IMPORTANT STEP IN THE
DESIGN OF ROAD DRAINAGE STRUCTURES. SUCH AN ANALYSIS IS
NECESSARY TO DETERMINE THE FLOW RATE, RUNOFF OR
DISCHARGE THAT THE DRAINAGE FACILITY WILL BE REQUIRED TO
TAKE. THE DESIGN DISCHARGE IS A “HYDRAULIC LOAD”
ANALOGOUS TO THE LOAD IN A STRUCTURAL DESIGN.

 WATERWAY STRUCTURE IS SIZED ACCORDING TO THE PROBABILITY

OF OCCURRENCE OF AN EXPECTED PEAK DISCHARGE DURING THE
DESIGN LIFE OF THE STRUCTURE. THIS, OF COURSE, IS RELATED TO
THE INTENSITY AND DURATION OF RAINFALL EVENTS OCCURRING
NOT ONLY IN THE DIRECT VICINITY OF THE STRUCTURE, BUT ALSO
UPSTREAM OF THE STRUCTURE.

 IN ADDITION TO CONSIDERING INTENSITY AND DURATION OF A PEAK

RAINFALL EVENT, THE FREQUENCY, OR HOW OFTEN THE DESIGN
MAXIMUM MAY BE EXPECTED TO OCCUR, IS ALSO A
CONSIDERATION AND IS MOST OFTEN BASED ON THE LIFE OF THE
ROAD, TRAFFIC, AND CONSEQUENCES OF FAILURE.
 RECOMMENDED ARI FOR ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEM DESIGN

Table - 1
 EXISTING & FUTURE MAJOR RURAL ROAD NETWORK IN SARAWAK (HNDP STUDY PHASE-2)

R5

PAN BORNEO HIGHWAY

R5 R6 STANDARD ROAD CURRENTLY

NOT YET AVAILABLE IN SARAWAK

KIDURONG-SAMALAJU COASTAL ROAD R3

R3

ACCESS ROAD TO MURUM HEP ACCESS ROAD TO KAPIT

 EXAMPLE EXISTING URBAN ROAD NETWORK (BANDARAYA KUCHING)

SIMPANG TIGA ROAD

KUCHING CITY CENTRE

U6 STANDARD ROAD CURRENTLY

SIMPANG TIGA INTERCHANGE NOT YET AVAILABLE IN SARAWAK
RATIONAL FORMULA FOR PEAK DISCHARGE ESTIMATION
 CATCHMENT AREA
2D VIEW

A
3D VIEW

PROPOSED ROAD

PROPOSED CULVERT

A CATCHMENT AREA

CATCHMENT BOUNDARY (IMAGINARY LINES)

EXISTING ROAD

PROPOSED NEW LINK ROAD

EXAMPLE OF CATCHMENT AREA FOR CULVERT DESIGN IN RURAL AREA
EXAMPLE OF CATCHMENT AREA FOR CULVERT DESIGN IN URBAN AREA
TIME OF CONCENTRATION
 INTENSITY DURATION FREQUENCY (IDF) CURVES

Rainfall Intensity (mm per hour)

Time Concentration (Minutes)

 INTENSITY DURATION FREQUENCY (IDF) CURVES

Rainfall Intensity (mm per hour)

95

ARI 20 Years

80
Time Concentration (Minutes)
RUNOFF COEFFICIENT

Run-off Coefficient (C)

Rainfall Intensity (mm per hour)

FLOW CHART FOR ESTIMATING PEAK FLOW (DESIGN DISCHARGE)
 DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEM

DESIGN FOR ROAD SURFACE DRAIN

(OPEN CHANNEL)
 ROAD DRAINAGE DESIGN (CULVERT & SURFACE DRAIN)
DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR ROAD SURFACE DRAIN

INTRODUCTION ON ROAD SURFACE DRAIN

1. PRIMARY PURPOSE :
TO CONTROL & REMOVE EXCESS WATER
BROUGHT BY RAINFALL ENCOUNTERED
WITHIN THE LIMITS OF R.O.W. & ADJACENT
TERITORY.
2. IMPORTANCE OF THE DRAINS :
ADEQUATE AND ECONOMICAL DRAINS IS
ESSENTIAL TO PROTEC COMPONENTS OF A
ROAD (PAVEMENT, EMBANKMENT, CUT
SLOPE, ETC.) AND FOR ENSURING THE
SAFETY OF ROAD TRAFFIC (ROAD USERS).

3. THE MAIN COMPONENTS :

CROWNED ROADWAYS, ROAD SHOULDER
SLOPES, ROAD SIDE DRAIN (ALL TYPE
ROADS), TOE DRAIN, INTERCEPTOR DRAIN,
BENCH/BERM DRAINS, CASCADING DRAIN,
MEDIAN DRAIN, GUTTERS, KERB OPENINGS
AND SUMPS (OPTIONAL).
4. DRAINS TYPE & MATERIAL :
R.C. (CAST IN-SITU OR PRECAST), STONE,
AND EARTH DRAINS.
EXAMPLE COMPONENT OF ROAD SURFACE DRAIN (LOW-VOLUME RURAL ROAD)
 EXAMPLE TYPICAL ROAD CROSS SECTION OF PROPOSED PAN BORNEO HIGHWAY

APPLICABLE FOR PBH FROM SEMATAN TO MIRI (R5

4-LANE DUAL CARRIAGEWAY HIGHWAY STANDARD)

APPLICABLE FOR PBH FROM TELOK MELANO TO SEMATAN ONLY

(R5 2-LANE SINGLE CARRIAGEWAY HIGHWAY STANDARD)
EXAMPLE OF ROAD SURFACE DRAIN (RURAL HILLY TERRAIN)
 EXAMPLE TYPICAL ROAD CROSS SECTION OF URBAN ROADS

KUBU LINK ROAD, MIRI

EXAMPLE TYPICAL SUPERELEVATED ROAD CROSS SECTION OF RURAL ROADS
CHARACTERISTIC AND FUNCTION OF ROAD SURFACE DRAIN COMPONENT
EXAMPLE OF ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEM LAYOUT PLAN DRAWINGS (RURAL HILLY TERRAIN)
EXAMPLE OF ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEM LAYOUT PLAN DRAWINGS (URBAN AREA)
VARIOUS TYPE OF ROAD SURFACE DRAINS
VARIOUS TYPE OF ROAD SURFACE DRAINS
ROAD SURFACE DRAIN : INTERCEPTOR DRAIN
ROAD SURFACE DRAIN : BENCH DRAIN (CUT SLOPE), BERM DRAIN (FILL SLOPE)
ROAD SURFACE DRAIN : CASCADING OUTFALL DRAIN
ROAD SURFACE DRAIN : ROAD SIDE DRAIN
ROAD SURFACE DRAIN : EMBANKMENT TOE DRAIN
ROAD SURFACE DRAIN : MEDIAN DRAIN AND MEDIAN SUMP
 ROAD SURFACE DRAIN DESIGN : HYDROLOGICAL & HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS

ROAD SURFACE DRAIN DESIGN

1. BASIC PRINCIPLES :
DESIGN STEPS : (1) HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS
FOR FLOOD DISCHARGE (Qd) ESTIMATION;
(2) HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS FOR SELECTION
OF PROPOSED DRAIN.
2. HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS :
THE MAIN OBJECTIVE IS TO ESTIMATE THE
MAX. QUANTITY OF WATER (Qd) EXPECTED
TO REACH THE ELEMENT OF THE SURFACE
DRAIN UNDER CONSIDERATION. USING THE
RATIONAL METHOD FOR Q ESTIMATION. HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS
(TO ESTIMATE DESIGNED FLOOD DISCHARGE)
3. HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS :
SURFACE DRAINS ARE DESIGNED BASED
ON OPEN CHANNEL THEORY : Q = CROSS
SECTION AREA x VELOCITY OF FLOW. THE
VELOCITY DETERMINED USING MANNING’S
FORMULA.

4. FACTORS IN DESIGN :
DESIGN PARAMETERS (C, I,A), GROUND
HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS
CONDITIONS, TOPOGRAPHY, DRAIN TYPE,
(TO ESTIMATE CAPACITY OF THE DRAIN)
MATERIAL, CROSS SECTION, DRAIN SLOPE.
CATCHMENT AREA FOR VARIOUS SURFACE DRAIN DESIGN IN RURAL AREA
SURFACE DRAINAGE DESIGN
SURFACE DRAINAGE DESIGN
SURFACE DRAINAGE DESIGN
DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEM

CULVERT DESIGN
 CULVERT DESIGN

INTRODUCTION ON CULVERT
1. PRIMARY PURPOSE :
TO CONVEY WATER UNDER A ROADWAY (AS
A FACILITY OF DRAINAGE CHANNEL
CROSSING ROADWAYS).

2. CONDITION & REQUIREMENT :

A CULVERT IS REQUIRED TO HAVE A FLOW
AREA WHICH PROMISES SMOOTH PASSAGE
OF THE DESIGNED FLOOD, AND ENSURES UP STREAM DOWN STREAM
SATISFACTORY FUNCTION OF ALL PART OF
THE CULVERT COMPONENTS.

3. CULVERT COMPONENT :
MAIN CULVERT, INLET/OUTLET HEADWALLS
& WINGWALLS, INLET/OUTLET APRONS,
BEDDING SLABS, FOUNDATION, SCOURING
PROTECTIONS.
4. CULVERT TYPE & MATERIAL :
RC (PRECAST) PIPE, CORRUGATED METAL/
STEEL PIPE (ARMCO), 3-W HDPE PIPE, RC
(CAST IN-SITU) BOX, RC (PRECAST) BOX.
CULVERT CONFIGURATION : SINGLE, TWIN
OR TRIPLE CULVERTS.
 CONDITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS OF A CULVERT

CONDITION & REQUIREMENT:

A CULVERT IS REQUIRED TO
HAVE A FLOW AREA WHICH
PROMISES SMOOTH PASSAGE
OF THE DESIGNED FLOOD, AND
ENSURES SATISFACTORY
FUNCTION OF ALL PART OF THE
CULVERT COMPONENTS.
HIGHWAY’S CULVERT
 CULVERT COMPONENTS

UP STREAM DOWN STREAM

UP STREAM DOWN STREAM

CULVERT TYPE AND MATERIAL
CULVERT TYPE AND MATERIAL
CAPACITY OF VARIOUS TYPE & SIZE OF CULVERTS FOR A TRIAL ON HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS
TYPE OF CULVERTS USED IN VARIOUS ROAD PROJECTS IN SARAWAK
 VARIOUS TYPE OF CULVERTS

R.C. BOX CULVERT PRECAST BOX CULVERT

R.C. PIPE CULVERT HDPE PIPE CULVERT

CULVERT TYPE : PRECAST R.C. PIPE CULVERT

R.C. PIPE CULVERT

 CULVERT TYPE : PRECAST R.C. BOX CULVERT

PRECAST BOX CULVERT

CULVERT TYPE : (CAST-IN SITU) R.C. BOX CULVERT

R.C. BOX CULVERT

 CULVERT TYPE : HDPE PIPE CULVERT

HDPE PIPE CULVERT

HDPE CULVERT VS CONCRETE CULVERT AT SOFT GROUND AREA
 CULVERT TYPE : STEEL PIPE CULVERT (ARMCO CULVERT)

STEEL/ARMCO PIPE CULVERT

 CULVERT DESIGN : HYDROLOGICAL & HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS

HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF CULVERT

1. BASIC PRINCIPLES :
DESIGN STEPS : (1) HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS
FOR FLOOD DISCHARGE (Qd) ESTIMATION;
(2) HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS FOR SELECTION
OF CULVERT TYPE & SIZE, CHECKING FLOW
CONDITIONS & CAPACITY OF THE CULVERT;
AND (3) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS.
2. HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS :
THE STATISTICAL RATIONAL METHOD USED
TO OBTAIN ESTIMATED FLOOD DISCHARGE
FOR A CULVERT. HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS
(TO ESTIMATE DESIGNED FLOOD DISCHARGE)
3. HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS :
2 MAJOR TYPES OF CULVERT FLOW : FLOW
WITH INLET & OUTLET CONTROLS ARE
USED TO CALCULATE THE CAPACITY.
4. FACTORS IN DESIGN :
DESIGN PARAMETERS (C, I, A), SECTIONAL
AREA, VELOCITY, WATER LEVEL AT INLET &
OUTLET, FREEBOARD, CULVERT LENGTH,
CULVERT SKEW, CULVERT SLOPE, MINIMUM HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS
SIZE OF CULVERT, TYPE OF CULVERT, SITE (TO ESTIMATE THE CAPACITY OF A CULVERT)
CONDITIONS, DESIGN LIFE & CONS. TIME.
 CATCHMENT AREA
2D VIEW

3D VIEW
A

PROPOSED ROAD

PROPOSED CULVERT

A CATCHMENT AREA

CATCHMENT BOUNDARY (IMAGINARY LINES)

EXISTING ROAD

PROPOSED NEW LINK ROAD

FLOW CHART FOR ESTIMATING PEAK FLOW (DESIGN DISCHARGE)
EXAMPLE OF CATCHMENT AREA FOR HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF CULVERT

RURAL AREA

URBAN AREA
EXAMPLE OF CATCHMENT AREA FOR HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF A CULVERT DESIGN
EXAMPLE ESTIMATION OF PEAK DISCHARGE FOR INDIVIDUAL CATHCMENT

IDF CURVES
GUIDANCE FOR CULVERT TYPE SELECTION
CAPACITY OF VARIOUS TYPE & SIZE OF CULVERTS FOR A TRIAL ON HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS
SELECTION OF A TRIAL CULVERT FOR HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS
FLOW CHART OF HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS FOR CULVERT DESIGN
CULVERT DESIGN : HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS
 CULVERT DESIGN : HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS

HYDRAULIC CULVERT MODELLING

CULVERT DESIGN : HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS
CULVERT DESIGN CHART – INLET CONTROL NOMOGRAPH
CULVERT DESIGN : HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS

Figure 5.9
CULVERT DESIGN : HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS
CULVERT DESIGN CHART – ENTRANCE LOSS COEFFICIENTS (Ke)
CULVERT DESIGN : HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS
CULVERT DESIGN : HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS
CULVERT DESIGN : HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS
CULVERT DESIGN : HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS
CULVERT DESIGN CHART – CRITICAL DEPTH (hc)
CULVERT DESIGN CHART – OUTLET CONTROL NOMOGRAPH
CULVERT DESIGN : HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS
CULVERT DESIGN : HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS
CULVERT DESIGN SUMMARY FORM
FACTOR IN HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF CULVERT
FACTOR IN HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF CULVERT
FACTOR IN HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF CULVERT
 KURSUS REKABENTUK PERPARITAN DAN PEMBETUNG JALAN
(ROAD SURFACE DRAIN & CULVERT DESIGN)

SECTION – 2 (Additional)
DESIGN EXAMPLE FOR ROAD SURFACE DRAIN
 ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEM
2. DESIGN EXAMPLE FOR ROAD SURFACE DRAIN & CULVERT

1. DESIGNING SURFACE DRAIN :

DESIGN EXAMPLE FOR A PROPOSED DRAIN
LUNDU TOWN
SECTION FROM CH 0+375 m TO CH. 0+575 m KPG.SELING

(L.H.S. DIRECTION)

PROPOSED SELING/BENGGANG/KUALA BANDANG ROAD

CULVERT C-5
CULVERT C-1

2. DESIGNING CULVERT C-1 :

DESIGN EXAMPLE FOR A CULVERT OF SG.
PENDAM BOYA CROSSING (@ CH. 0+615 m),
WHERE PREVIOUSLY WAS PROPOSED A
BRIDGE. IN THIS CASE, Qd (for T 100 years)
HAS BEEN CONSIDERED IN DESIGN. THE SITE

3. DESIGNING CULVERT C-5 :

DESIGN EXAMPLE FOR CULVERT C-5 AS A LOCATION FOR CULVERT C-1

BALANCING CULVERT (@ CH. 2+425 m).

 ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEM
DESIGN EXAMPLE FOR ROAD SURFACE DRAIN
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ROAD SURFACE DRAIN DESIGN

HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS
(TO ESTIMATE DESIGNED FLOOD DISCHARGE)

HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS
(TO ESTIMATE CAPACITY OF THE DRAIN)
DESIGN EXAMPLE FOR ROAD SURFACE DRAIN
KURSUS REKABENTUK PERPARITAN DAN PEMBETUNG JALAN
(ROAD SURFACE DRAIN & CULVERT DESIGN)

SECTION – 2 (Additional)
DESIGN EXAMPLE FOR CULVERT
 ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEM
DESIGN EXAMPLE FOR CULVERT C-1

CULVERT C-1
DESIGN EXAMPLE FOR CULVERT C-1
DESIGN EXAMPLE FOR CULVERT C-1
DESIGN EXAMPLE FOR CULVERT C-1
DESIGN EXAMPLE FOR CULVERT C-1
DESIGN EXAMPLE FOR CULVERT C-1
 ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEM
DESIGN EXAMPLE FOR CULVERT C-5

CULVERT C-5
DESIGN EXAMPLE FOR CULVERT C-5
DESIGN EXAMPLE FOR CULVERT C-5
DESIGN EXAMPLE FOR CULVERT C-5
DESIGN EXAMPLE FOR CULVERT C-5
 KURSUS REKABENTUK PERPARITAN DAN PEMBETUNG JALAN
(ROAD SURFACE DRAIN & CULVERT DESIGN)

SECTION – 3
ROAD DRAINAGE DESIGN DRAWINGS (EXAMPLE)
 ROAD DRAINAGE
ROAD DRAINAGE DESIGN DRAWINGS : SURFACE DRAINS & CULVERTS

EXAMPLE OF DESIGN DRAWINGS

1. DESIGN DRAWINGS FOR VARIOUS TYPE OF SURFACE

DRAIN (EARTH & CONCRETE) : INTERCEPTOR DRAIN,
BENCH/BERM DRAIN, ROAD SIDE DRAIN, MEDIAN
DRAIN & MEDIAN SUMP, EMBANKMENT TOE DRAIN,
AND DRAIN CONNECTION DETAILS.

2. DESIGN DRAWINGS FOR VARIOUS CULVERT : CAST-

IN-SITU R.C. BOX CULVERT, PRECAST CONCRETE
BOX CULVERT, R.C. PIPE CULVERT, AND HDPE PIPE
CULVERT.
 ROAD DRAINAGE
3. DRAWING : TYPICAL ROAD CROSS SECTION (RURAL AREA)
 ROAD DRAINAGE
3. DRAWING : TYPICAL ROAD CROSS SECTION (RURAL AREA)

APPLICABLE FOR PBH FROM SEMATAN TO MIRI (R5 4-LANE

DUAL CARRIAGEWAY HIGHWAY STANDARD)

APPLICABLE FOR PBH FROM TELOK MELANO TO SEMATAN ONLY

(R5 2-LANE SINGLE CARRIAGEWAY HIGHWAY STANDARD)
 ROAD DRAINAGE
3. DRAWING : TYPICAL ROAD CROSS SECTION (RURAL AREA)
 ROAD DRAINAGE
3. DRAWING : TYPICAL ROAD CROSS SECTION (URBAN AREA)
 ROAD DRAINAGE
3. DRAWING : TYPICAL ROAD CROSS SECTION (URBAN AREA)
 ROAD DRAINAGE
3. DRAWING : ROAD DRAINAGE LAYOUT PLAN (RURAL AREA)
 ROAD DRAINAGE
3. DRAWING : ROAD DRAINAGE LAYOUT PLAN (RURAL AREA)
 ROAD DRAINAGE
3. DRAWING : ROAD DRAINAGE LAYOUT PLAN (URBAN AREA)
 ROAD DRAINAGE
3. DRAWING : ROAD DRAINAGE LAYOUT PLAN (URBAN AREA)
 ROAD DRAINAGE
3. DRAWING : VARIOUS TYPE OF DRAIN DETAILS
 ROAD DRAINAGE
3. DRAWING : DRAIN CONNECTION DETAILS
 ROAD DRAINAGE
3. DRAWING : VARIOUS TYPE OF R.C. DRAIN DETAILS
 ROAD DRAINAGE
3. DRAWING : R.C. DRAIN DETAILS & GRATING COVER MANHOLE
 ROAD DRAINAGE
3. DRAWING : R.C. MEDIAN DRAIN DETAILS
 ROAD DRAINAGE
3. DRAWING : R.C. MEDIAN SUMP DETAILS
 ROAD DRAINAGE
3. DRAWING : CULVERT SCHEDULE
 ROAD DRAINAGE
3. DRAWING : LONGITUDINAL ELEVATION OF NEW CULVERT
 ROAD DRAINAGE
3. DRAWING : LONGITUDINAL ELEVATION OF EXTENSION CULVERT
 ROAD DRAINAGE
3. DRAWING : DETAIL OF R.C. PIPE CULVERT
 ROAD DRAINAGE
3. DRAWING : DETAIL OF PRECAST CONCRETE BOX CULVERT
 ROAD DRAINAGE
3. DRAWING : DETAIL OF R.C. PIPE CULVERT WITH R.C. SUMP
 ROAD DRAINAGE
3. DRAWING : DETAIL OF CAST-IN-SITU R.C. BOX CULVERT
 ROAD DRAINAGE
3. DRAWING : WINGWALL DETAIL OF CAST-IN-SITU R.C. BOX CULVERT
 ROAD DRAINAGE
3. DRAWING : CULVERT CONNECTION TO DID STORM DRAIN
 ROAD DRAINAGE
3. DRAWING : PILE LAYOUT PLAN FOR CULVERT
 ROAD DRAINAGE
3. DRAWING : DETAIL OF HDPE PIPE CULVERT (WITH TIMBER WINGWALL)
 ROAD DRAINAGE
3. DRAWING : DETAIL OF HDPE PIPE CULVERT (WITH GABION WINGWALL)
 ROAD DRAINAGE
3. DRAWING : DETAIL OF HDPE PIPE CULVERT (WITH CONC. WINGWALL)
 ROAD DRAINAGE
3. DRAWING : TYPICAL EXCAVATION & BACKFILLING WORKS FOR CULVERT
 ROAD DRAINAGE
3. DRAWING : TEMPORARY ROAD DIVERSION FOR CULVERT WORKS
 KURSUS REKABENTUK PERPARITAN DAN PEMBETUNG JALAN
(ROAD SURFACE DRAIN & CULVERT DESIGN)

SECTION – 4
SPECIFICATION FOR ROAD DRAINAGE WORKS
COMPARISON OF THE STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR ROAD
WORKS (SSRW) - SECTION 3: DRAINAGE WORKS
 CONTENT OF SECTION 3: DRAINAGE WORKS

JKR/SPJ/1988 JKR/SPJ/2013-S3

ITEM DESCRIPTION ITEM DESCRIPTION

3.1 GENERAL 3.1 GENERAL

EXCAVATION AND BACKFILLING FOR DRAINAGE EXCAVATION AND BACKFILLING FOR DRAINAGE
3.2 3.2
WORKS WORKS

3.3 CHANNEL EXCAVATION 3.3 CHANNEL EXCAVATION

3.4 SURFACE DRAINAGE 3.4 SURFACE DRAINAGE

3.5 STONE PITCHING 3.5 STONE PITCHING

SPECIFICATION OF GABIONS MOVED UNDER

3.6 GABIONS
SECTION 16: SLOPE STABILISATION

3.7 BRICKWORK 3.6 BRICKWORK

3.8 SUBSOIL DRAINS 3.7 SUBSOIL DRAINS

3.9 R.C. PIPE CULVERTS 3.8 R.C. PIPE CULVERTS

3.10 CORRUGATED METAL PIPE CULVERTS NO MORE USED FOR NEW ROAD IN MALAYSIA

3.11 PRECAST BOX CULVERTS 3.9 PRECAST BOX CULVERTS

3.12 EXTENSION OF CULVERTS 3.10 EXTENSION OF CULVERTS

CONTENT OF SECTION 16: SLOPE STABILISATION
 CONTENT OF SECTION 3: DRAINAGE WORKS

JKR/SPJ/1988 JKR/SPJ/2013-S3
ITEM DESCRIPTION ITEM DESCRIPTION
3.4 SURFACE DRAINAGE 3.4 SURFACE DRAINAGE
3.4.1 Surface Drainage Types 3.4.1 Surface Drainage Types
3.4.2 Surface Drain Construction 3.4.2 Surface Drain Construction
3.4.2.1 Unlined Drains 3.4.2.1 Unlined Drains
3.4.2.2 Cast In Situ Concrete Drains 3.4.2.2 Cast In Situ Concrete Drains
3.4.2.3 Precast Concrete Drain Sections 3.4.2.3 Precast Concrete Drain Sections
3.4.2.4 Stone Pitching Drains
3.4.2.5 Sumps ADDITIONAL
3.4.2.6 Half Round Glazed Earthenware Drains

3.8 SUBSOIL DRAINS 3.7 SUBSOIL DRAINS

3.8.1 Description 3.7.1 Description
3.8.2 Materials 3.7.2 Materials
3.8.2.1 Pipes 3.7.2.1 Pipes
3.8.2.2 Filter Material 3.7.2.2 Filter Material
3.8.2.3 Filter Cloth 3.7.2.3 Filter Cloth
3.8.2.4 Cement Mortar 3.7.2.4 Cement Mortar
3.8.3 Construction Methods 3.7.2.5 Construction Methods
3.7.3 Weep Holes ADDITIONAL
 COMPARISON OF CONTENT (DETAIL OF SPECIFICATION)

JKR/SPJ/1988 JKR/SPJ/2013-S3
ITEM DESCRIPTION ITEM DESCRIPTION
3.2 EXCAVATION AND BACKFILLING FOR 3.2 EXCAVATION AND BACKFILLING FOR
DRAINAGE WORKS DRAINAGE WORKS
3.2.1 Description 3.2.1 Description
 This work shall…  This work shall…
 Excavation and backfill for pipe culverts…  Excavation and backfill for pipe culverts… (deleted)

3.4.2 Surface Drain Construction 3.4.2 Surface Drain Construction

3.4.2.1 Unlined Drains 3.4.2.1 Unlined Drains
 Excavation for unlined drains…  Excavation for unlined drains…
 Any areas of over excavation…  In case of swale, it shall be trimmed to form a
smooth, firm surface to the required lines, levels,
grades, cross-sections and close turfed as
specified in the Drawings or as directed by the S.O.
(additional spec.)
 Any areas of over excavation…
3.4.2.2 Cast In-Situ Concrete Drains 3.4.2.2 Cast In-Situ Concrete Drains
 Excavation shall be carried out to the lines and  Excavation shall be carried out to the lines and
levels… levels…
 The concrete shall be poured in sections not  Concrete drain without reinforcement, the concrete
exceeding 2m in length and shall be carried out shall be cast in alternate bays in 2m length. The
between end forms in alternate bays. intermediate bays shall be carried out 24 hours
 All concrete shall be grade 20/20 concrete… after the construction of the preceding sections or
as directed by the S.O.. If raining, concrete drain
shall be covered by necessary means or as
directed by the S.O. (updated spec.)
 Concrete drain with reinforcement shall refer to
Section 9-Concrete of this Specifications.
 All concrete shall be grade 20 concrete…
 COMPARISON OF CONTENT (DETAIL OF SPECIFICATION)

JKR/SPJ/1988 JKR/SPJ/2013-S3
ITEM DESCRIPTION ITEM DESCRIPTION
3.4.2 Surface Drain Construction 3.4.2 Surface Drain Construction
3.4.2.3 Precast Concrete Drain Sections 3.4.2.3 Precast Concrete Drain Sections
 …  …
 …  All precast drain units shall be of a dense and
 Porous concrete… impermeable type (additional spec.)
 Mass concrete for bases shall be of grade 10/15  Notwithstanding any approval given by the S.O.,
concrete… any defective or broken drain section shall be
replaced by the Contractor at his own expense
before or after laying in position (additional spec.)
 Porous concrete… (deleted)
 Mass concrete for bases shall be of grade 15
concrete…
3.4.2.4 Stone Pitching Drains
 Excavation shall be carried out to the lines and
levels as specified in the Drawings
 The constituent materials and construction
methods of stone pitching shall comply with the
appropriate requirements of Section 3.5
 Weep holes shall be installed as shown in the
Drawings or as directed by the S.O.
3.4.2.5 Sumps
 Sumps shall be constructed of brickwork or stone
pitching in accordance with Section 3.6 and
Section 3.5 or in-situ concrete accordance with
Section 9-Concrete of this Specisication
 Foundation to sumps shall be of concrete of a
quality and dimensions indicated in the Drawings
3.4.2.6 Half Round Glazed Earthenware Drains
 HRGE for surface drain shall comply with MS 1061
 COMPARISON OF CONTENT (DETAIL OF SPECIFICATION)

JKR/SPJ/1988 JKR/SPJ/2013-S3
ITEM DESCRIPTION ITEM DESCRIPTION
3.8 SUBSOIL DRAINS 3.7 SUBSOIL DRAINS
3.8.2 Materials 3.7.2 Materials
3.8.2.3 Filter Cloth 3.7.2.3 Filter Cloth
 The synthetic filter cloth shall be a non-woven type  The synthetic filter cloth shall be a non-woven type
of approved manufacture… of approved manufacture…
 (a) Chemical Composition Requirements  (a) Chemical Composition Requirements
 (b) Physical Property Requirements  refer to  (b) Physical Property Requirements  refer to
TABLE 3.5(c) Filtration Requirements NEW TABLE 3.5

 (c) Filtration Requirements

 (d) Permeability Requirement

 (c) Filtration Requirements

 (d) Permeability Requirement
 COMPARISON OF CONTENT (DETAIL OF SPECIFICATION)

JKR/SPJ/1988 JKR/SPJ/2013-S3
ITEM DESCRIPTION ITEM DESCRIPTION
3.8 SUBSOIL DRAINS 3.7 SUBSOIL DRAINS
3.8.2 Materials 3.7.2 Materials
3.8.2.4 Cement Mortar 3.7.2.4 Cement Mortar
 1:3 cement mortar for use in pipe joints shall  Cement mortar shall comply with Sub-Section
comply with Sub-Section 3.5.2.2 3.5.2.2
3.8.2.5 Construction Methods 3.7.2.5 Construction Methods
 Excavation for subsoil drains…  Excavation for subsoil drains…
 Backfill shall then be placed…  Trench shall be lined with filter cloth of 500mm
ninimum overlapping (additional spec.)
 Backfill shall then be placed…

3.7.3 Weep Holes

 Weep holes shall be of PVC pipes, unless
otherwise specified in the Drawings. Filter
materials and filter cloth of the weep holes shall
comply with Sub-Section 3.7.2.2 and 3.7.2.3. Filter
material shall be wrapped with filter cloth and shall
be packed behind weep holes before backfilling
(additional spec.)
 COMPARISON OF CONTENT (DETAIL OF SPECIFICATION)

JKR/SPJ/1988 JKR/SPJ/2013-S3
ITEM DESCRIPTION ITEM DESCRIPTION
3.9 R.C. PIPE CULVERTS 3.8 R.C. PIPE CULVERTS
3.9.2 Materials 3.8.2 Materials
3.9.2.3 Bedding Material 3.8.2.3 Bedding Material
 Type A bedding…  Type A bedding…
 Type B bedding…  Type B bedding…
 Bedding material shall have a gradation
conforming to the envelope shown in Table 3.1 for
sand and Table 3.2 (Envelope C) for granular of this
Specification (additional spec.)

3.9.3 Excavation and Backfilling for R.C. Pipe 3.8.3 Excavation and Backfilling for R.C. Pipe
Culverts Culverts
3.9.3.1 Excavation 3.8.3.1 Excavation
 (a) General  (a) General
 (b) Trench Method  (b) Trench Method
 (c) Open Ground Method  Where rock or other hard material foundation is
encountered in the trench, it shall be excavated to
a depth below the bottom of pipe design levels of at
least 300mm or 12.5mm per 300mm of fill to be
placed over the top of the pipe, whichever is
greater, up to a maximum of 75% of the internal of
the pipe. The hard material so excavated shall be
replaced with suitable material uniformly
compacted in layers of not more than 150mm
compacted thickness to provide satisfactory
support for the pipe, all to the satisfaction of the
S.O. (additional spec.)
 (c) Open Ground Method
 COMPARISON OF CONTENT (DETAIL OF SPECIFICATION)

JKR/SPJ/1988 JKR/SPJ/2013-S3
ITEM DESCRIPTION ITEM DESCRIPTION
3.11 PRECAST BOX CULVERTS 3.9 PRECAST BOX CULVERTS
3.11.2 Materials 3.9.2 Materials
3.11.2.1 Precast Boc Culverts 3.9.2.1 Precast Boc Culverts
 Precast box culverts shall be of approved  Precast box culverts shall be of approved
manufacture complying with Australian Standard manufacture complying with M.S. 1293, or any
Specification 1597 Part 1, or any equivalent equivalent alternative
alternative standard acceptable and approved by
the S.O.
3.11.2.3 Bedding Material 3.9.2.3 Bedding Material
 Precast box culverts shall be bedded on Type B  Precast box culverts shall be laid on Type A or
bedding as specified in Sub-Section 3.9.2.3 Type B bedding as specified in the Drawings and
as per Sub-Section 3.8.2.3

3.12 EXTENSION OF CULVERTS 3.10 EXTENSION OF CULVERTS

3.12.1 Extension of Pipe Culverts 3.10.1 Extension of Pipe Culverts
 Extension joints shall be formed as shown on the  Extension joints shall be formed as shown in the
Drawings by injecting Thioflex 600 – Gun Grade Drawings and such material to be of a type
(manufactured by Expandite) or its equivalent to a approved by the S.O. and accordance with the
thickness not less than 25mm in the 15mm wide manufacturer’s specification or otherwise specified
gap between the existing pipe and the new pipe. in the Drawings
The remaining space in the gap shall then be filled  Piles shall be installed as shown in the Drawings,
with Flexcell Expansion Filler unless otherwise directed by the S.O.
 Bakau piles shall be installed as shown on the
Drawings, unless otherwise directed by the S.O.

3.12.2 Extension of Box Culverts 3.10.2 Extension of Box Culverts

 (same as pipe culvert extension)…  (same as pipe culvert extension)…
 KURSUS REKABENTUK PERPARITAN DAN PEMBETUNG JALAN
(ROAD SURFACE DRAIN & CULVERT DESIGN)

SECTION – 4 (Additional)
SPECIFICATION FOR PARTICULAR APPLICATION
(EXAMPLE FOR ROAD DRAINAGE WORKS)
 SPECIFICATION FOR PARTICULAR APPLICATION (D R A I N A G E)
EXAMPLE SPECIAL REQUIREMENT FOR PRECAST BOX CULVERT
1.24 PRECAST BOX CULVERTS
1.24.1 Culvert Type
Precast reinforced concrete box culverts shall preferably be obtained from the SCIB Concrete
Manufacturing Sdn. Bhd. or approved equivalent. The precast box culverts type shall use
Standard Size Box Culverts with Dry Weather Flow with details of all dimensions to comply
with the details shown on the Drawings.

The Standard Size Box Culverts shall be designed to cater for backfill superimposed dead
load not exceeding 4 m depth (inclusive of pavement) plus 45 units of HB vehicle live loads.

1.24.2 Bedding Material

Precast box culverts shall be bedded on concrete bedding with the dimensions shown on the
Drawings. The concrete bedding shall be of grade 25/20. The bedding shall be laid on a layer
of 50mm thick lean concrete of grade 15/20.

1.24.3 Installation Of Precast Box Culverts

In addition to the third paragraph of Sub-Section 3.9.4 of SSRW, 1:3 cement mortar which
shall conform to the requirements of Sub-Section 3.5.2.2, shall be spread on top surface of the
bedding in order to level and smooth the surface condition just before laying the precast box
culverts.

1.24.4 Stacking Of Box Culvert Inverts And Lids

Box culvert inverts shall preferably be stacked uniformly on level ground. Lids shall be
supported with timber bearers at the both ends and centre.
 SPECIFICATION FOR PARTICULAR APPLICATION (D R A I N A G E)
EXAMPLE SPECIAL REQUIREMENT FOR R.C. SPUN PIPE CULVERT
1.25 PRECAST PIPE CULVERTS
1.25.1 Culvert Type
Precast reinforced concrete pipe culverts conform to the requirements of M.S. 881 and shall
preferably be obtained from the SCIB Concrete Manufacturing Sdn. Bhd. or approved
equivalent. The precast pipe culverts used in this Contract shall be Spun pipe culvert with
minimum of Z Class (AS1342 - 1973) or equivalent with H Class (BS5911 - 1981) of 1200 mm
and 1800 mm size (nominal internal diameter) with details of all dimensions to comply with the
details shown on the Drawings.

1.25.2 Bedding Material

Precast pipe culverts shall be bedded on bedding (type A) with the dimensions shown on the
Drawings. The bedding type A shall be concrete of grade 25/20, and the bedding shall be laid
on a layer of 50 mm thick lean concrete of grade 15/20.

1.25.3 Installation Of Precast Pipe Culverts

Installation of precast pipe culverts shall be in accordance with the provisions of Sub-Section
3.9.4 of the SSRW.

1.25.4 Butt Ended Pipe Culverts with Cast In-Situ Concrete Collars
Cast in-situ concrete collars shall be grade 25/20 concrete and shall be suitably reinforced all
in accordance with Section 9 of the SSRW. The collar dimensions shall comply with the details
shown on the Drawings. The method of construction shall follow that described in Sub-Section
3.8.4.2 of the SSRW for butt ended pipe culverts except for the exclusion of precast concrete
collars.
 SPECIFICATION FOR PARTICULAR APPLICATION (D R A I N A G E)
EXAMPLE SPECIAL REQUIREMENT FOR R.C. SPUN PIPE CULVERT
1.26 PILING WORKS
1.26.1 General
Piles shall be of R.C. Square Piles for R.C. cast in-situ box culverts, R.C. pipe culverts, R.C.
crossing and R.C. open drains as specified on the Drawings.

All the R.C. square piles shall be driven until the length or set specified by the S.O. has been
achieved, whichever come first. If the pile achieves the specified set before reaching the
contract length or if the pile reaches the contract length without achieving the specified set, the
Contractor shall refer the matter immediately to the S.O. and shall carry out any further driving
required by the S.O. until the specified set is finally obtained.

1.26.2 R.C. Square Piles

The works comprises the supply of all labour, materials, plant, equipment, etc. necessary for
the installation of 200 mm x 200 mm R.C. Square Piles Class M for proposed R.C. cast in-situ
box culverts and R.C. pipe culverts, and 150 mm x 150 mm R.C. Square Piles Class RCS1 for
proposed 1.2 m wide R.C. crossing, 1.5 m and 2.0 m wide R.C. open drains.

The whole of the works and materials are to be in accordance with the MS 1314 Part 3 : 2004
- Precast Concrete Piles : Part 3 : Precast Reinforced Concrete Square Piles (RC Piles) –
Class M, Class J and Class S; and MS 1314 Part 6 : 2004 - Precast Concrete Piles : Part 6 :
Small Reinforced Concrete Square Piles – Small Piles Class RCS-1 and Class RCS-2.

The Contractor shall install 1 no. of 200 mm x 200 mm R.C. test pile at each location of R.C.
box culverts and R.C. pipe culverts, all as specified by the S.O.. Furthermore all the test piles
shall be used as working piles.
KURSUS REKABENTUK PERPARITAN DAN PEMBETUNG JALAN
(ROAD SURFACE DRAIN & CULVERT DESIGN)

SECTION – 5
ROAD DRAINAGE CONSTRUCTION WORKS
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION : ROAD DRAINAGE WORKS

CONSTRUCTION OF ROAD SURFACE DRAIN

EXAMPLE OF SITE PHOTOS OF CONSTRUCTION WORKS

FOR VARIOUS TYPE OF ROAD SURFACE DRAINS :
INTERCEPTOR DRAIN, BENCH DRAIN, ROAD SIDE
DRAIN, MEDIAN DRAIN, EMBANKMENT TOE DRAIN AND
GABION WALL
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. VARIOUS TYPE OF ROAD SURFACE DRAIN (PAN BORNEO HIGHWAY)
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION : VARIOUS TYPE OF ROAD SURFACE DRAIN WORKS
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION WORKS : ROAD SURFACE DRAINS
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION WORKS : INTERCEPTOR DRAIN
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION WORKS : BENCH DRAIN (ON CUT SLOPE)
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. BENCH DRAIN (ON CUT SLOPE) & BERM DRAIN (ON FILL SLOPE)
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION WORKS : CASCADING OUTFALL DRAIN
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CASCADING OUTFALL DRAIN
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION WORKS : ROAD SIDE DRAIN (PART-1)
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION WORKS : ROAD SIDE DRAIN (PART-2)
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION WORKS : ROAD SIDE DRAIN (PART-3)
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION WORKS : MEDIAN DRAIN (PART-1)
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION WORKS : MEDIAN DRAIN (PART-2)
ROAD DRAINAGE
4. MEDIAN DRAIN
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION WORKS : EMBANKMENT TOE DRAIN (PART-1)
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION WORKS : EMBANKMENT TOE DRAIN (PART-2)
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. EMBANKMENT TOE DRAIN
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION WORKS : GABION WALL
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION : ROAD DRAINAGE WORKS

CONSTRUCTION OF CULVERT

EXAMPLE OF SITE PHOTOS OF INSTALLATION AND

CONSTRUCTION WORKS FOR VARIOUS TYPE OF
CULVERT : INCLUDING PILING WORKS FOR CULVERT,
CAST-IN-SITU R.C. BOX CULVERT, PRECAST CONCRETE
BOX CULVERT, PRECAST CONCRETE PIPE CULVERT
AND HDPE PIPE CULVERT
ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CULVERT
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION WORKS : CULVERT
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION WORKS : LAYOUT PLAN FOR TEMPORARY DIVERSION
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION WORKS : LAYOUT PLAN FOR TEMPORARY DIVERSION

CONSTRUCTION OF CULVERT

INSTALLATION AND CONSTRUCTION WORKS

FOR VARIOUS TYPE OF CULVERT : INCLUDING
PILING WORKS FOR CULVERT, CAST-IN-SITU
R.C. BOX CULVERT, PRECAST CONCRETE BOX
CULVERT, PRECAST CONCRETE PIPE CULVERT
AND HDPE PIPE CULVERT
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION WORKS : TEMPORARY DIVERSION
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION : TYPICAL EXCAVATION AND BACKFILLING
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION WORKS : PILING WORKS FOR CULVERT (PART-1)
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION WORKS : PILING WORKS FOR CULVERT (PART-2)
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION WORKS : CAST-IN-SITU R.C. BOX CULVERT (PART-1)
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION WORKS : CAST-IN-SITU R.C. BOX CULVERT (PART-2)
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION WORKS : CAST-IN-SITU R.C. BOX CULVERT (PART-3)
ENGINEERING CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPMENT OF ROADS IN SARAWAK

HUMP OVER COMPLETED R.C. BOX CULVERTS

 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION WORKS : PRECAST CONCRETE BOX CULVERT (PART-1)
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION WORKS : PRECAST CONCRETE BOX CULVERT (PART-2)
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION WORKS : PRECAST CONCRETE PIPE CULVERT (PART-1)
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION WORKS : PRECAST CONCRETE PIPE CULVERT (PART-2)
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION WORKS : HDPE PIPE CULVERT - 2006 (PART-1)
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION WORKS : HDPE PIPE CULVERT - 2006 (PART-2)
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION WORKS : HDPE PIPE CULVERT INSTALLATION
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION WORKS : HDPE PIPE CULVERT INSTALLATION
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. CONSTRUCTION WORKS : HDPE PIPE CULVERT INSTALLATION
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. POST CONSTRUCTION PERFORMANCE OF HDPE PIPE CULVERT - 2014
 ROAD DRAINAGE
4. GENERAL PERFORMANCE OF HDPE PIPE CULVERT
 KURSUS REKABENTUK PERPARITAN DAN PEMBETUNG JALAN
(ROAD SURFACE DRAIN & CULVERT DESIGN)

SECTION – 6
OTHER MATTERS RELATED TO ROAD DRAINAGE:
1. EXAMPLE SUMMARY OF TENDER (SOT) & BILL OF QUANTITY
(BQ) FOR ROAD DRAINAGE WORKS
2. EXAMPLE SCHEDULE OF RATES (YEAR 2018) FOR ROAD
DRAINAGE WORKS
3. EXAMPLE TECHNICAL INSPECTION AND QUALITY CONTROL
DURING CONSTRUCTION OF THE ROAD DRAINAGE WORKS
 ROAD DRAINAGE
6. QUALITY CONTROL FOR ROAD DRAINAGE WORKS

QUALITY CONTROL
FOR DRAINAGE CONSTRUCTION WORKS
The QUALITY CONTROL for Road Drainage Works is drawn up to ensure that the
material used and the work carried out are in accordance with the specification
and to establish good and acceptable practice.

The Quality Control System is developed based on the following:

1. JKR Standard Specification for Road Works including Bridge Structures
(JKR/SPJ/1988) and its Addendum No. S-1 (Rev.1), Oct. 1997 OR
JKR/SPJ/2013-S3 Section 3 Drainage Works
2. JKR Construction Supervision Manual for Contract Road Works (JKR 20407-
0003-90)
3. JKR Guidelines for Inspection & Testing of Road Works
4. JKR Guideline for Quality Assurance and Quality Control in Project
Implementation (Edition 1.0, 31 October 2012)

The Quality Control System serves as guidelines for both technical inspection
and quality control testing to be carried out for each item of works. This will
assist in the detection of the faulty or substandard materials in the works, and to
enable unsatisfactory workmanship to be detected and rectified.
 ROAD DRAINAGE
CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL SPECIFICATION AND QA/QC REQUIREMENTS

CONRETE ROAD SIDE DRAIN CONCRETING FOR RC PIPE CONCRETE WORKS FOR RC BOX
 ROAD DRAINAGE
ROAD DRAINAGE SYSTEM
 ROAD DRAINAGE
6. QUALITY CONTROL : CULVERT VERIFICATION
 ROAD DRAINAGE
6. QUALITY CONTROL : CULVERT VERIFICATION
 ROAD DRAINAGE
6. QUALITY CONTROL : CULVERT VERIFICATION
 ROAD DRAINAGE
6. QUALITY CONTROL : CULVERT VERIFICATION
 ROAD DRAINAGE
6. QUALITY CONTROL : CULVERT VERIFICATION
 ROAD DRAINAGE
6. QUALITY CONTROL : CONCRETE CUBE TEST
 ROAD DRAINAGE
6. QUALITY CONTROL : CONCRETE CUBE TEST
 ROAD DRAINAGE
6. QUALITY CONTROL : CONCRETE CUBE TEST
 ROAD DRAINAGE
6. QUALITY CONTROL : CONCRETING WORKS
 ROAD DRAINAGE
6. QUALITY CONTROL : CONCRETE CUBE TEST (SUPPLIER)