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Arc 207 V

Wood is a popular building material that has a natural cellular structure. It consists of softwood and hardwood from coniferous and broad-leaved trees respectively. Structural wood called lumber is obtained from tree trunks and has a high strength to weight ratio. Reinforced concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension, so reinforcement is added to improve its tensile capacity. It is used for structures like dams, bridges, walls, and roofs. Structural loads on buildings include gravity loads from structural elements and permanent equipment, as well as variable loads from occupancy and environmental factors like wind and earthquakes.

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Omar Maryam
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92 views30 pages

Arc 207 V

Wood is a popular building material that has a natural cellular structure. It consists of softwood and hardwood from coniferous and broad-leaved trees respectively. Structural wood called lumber is obtained from tree trunks and has a high strength to weight ratio. Reinforced concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension, so reinforcement is added to improve its tensile capacity. It is used for structures like dams, bridges, walls, and roofs. Structural loads on buildings include gravity loads from structural elements and permanent equipment, as well as variable loads from occupancy and environmental factors like wind and earthquakes.

Uploaded by

Omar Maryam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LECTURE V

LECTURER: O.A. OGUNYEMI


o Popular building material
o Has natural texture – cellular structure;
o Consists of softwood and hardwood e.g pine and
oak respectively
o Softwood is obtained from coniferous trees and
hardwood comes from broad-leaved trees
o Structural wood are referred to as lumber – from
tree trunk;
o High strength to weight ratio;
oAfter the Great Fire of London in 1666, masonry was
used increasingly for external and separating walls
with structural timber employed for roofs, floors and
internal walls.
oIdeal material for earthquake environment;
oCould be a liability under wind load;
oGood compressive & tensile strength;
oLaminated timber exists- also called 'gluelam', -
elements with large rectangular cross-sections are
built up by means of finger joint
Finger joints of laminated wood( could be about 30m
long)
oExamples are found in its use as
roofing members – purlins, rafters and
other struts & also for posts and beam
elements;

St Pauls basilica constructed of timber roof.


Samples of timber use as structural members
o Moudable material – ‘cast’ into forms;
arches, folded plates, shells etc
o Strong in compression but weak in
tension & shear;
o Reinforcement is added to improve
tensile capacity;
o Used for dams, bridges, walls, floors,
roofs etc;
oUsed for dams, bridges, walls,
floors, roofs etc;
oResistant to fire;
oAllows for incorporation of other
materials;
oPre-stressed concrete are also
commonly used
Church in vienna ( use of reinforced concrete)
o FABRIC : Tent membranes have been
available in ancient history;
o Structural membranes could be of
fabric or cable nets;
o Consists of synthetic fabric woven into
bands & then coated & laminated;
o Has high tensile strength; span from
60 – 120 ft
oCABLE: consists of strands and wire
ropes;
oStrands comprise wire twisted
hellically around a central wire;
oStrands have greater stiffness;
oUsed when flexibility is required;
o Made through fabrication;
o High tensile and compressive strength;
o Able to resist bending & axial load;
o Come in different sections;
Renault Sales Headquarters, Swindon,
England,
BOLT CONNECTION FOR STEEL
CONSTRUCTION
WELDING CONNECTION
LECTURE VI
LECTURER: O.A. OGUNYEMI
OR TYPES OF LOAD ON STRUCTURAL
SYSTEMS
 These are external/internal
forces acting on a structure
 Loads cause stress,
deformation and
displacement in structures;
DISPLACEMENT DUE TO LOAD
o Gravity loads of constant
magnitudes and fixed positions
that act permanently on the
structure;
o Consists of weight of structural
system, other materials, &
permanent equipment
 Structural loads of varying
magnitudes and or positions
caused by the use of the
structure;
 They are loads of people,
furniture, collected water,
moving vehicle etc
o These are produced by the
flow of wind around
structures. Wind loads
magnitudes vary in proportion
to the distance of the base of
the structures.
TENDENCY OF AN UPLIFT/INCREASING VELOCITY
ABOVE GROUNG
 An earthquake is a sudden
undulation of a portion of the
earth’s surface;
 The ground surface moves in
both horizontal and vertical
directions – albeit the vertical
component is small compared to
that of the horizontal.
 SNOW LOAD – experienced in snow-
ridden areas – which impact could
mete some effect on parts of
structure;
 THERMAL LOAD – produced as a result
some heating effect on parts or whole
of the building.
 COLUMN
 BEAM – cantilever beam, simple
supported beam, and fixed supported

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