Chemistry for Health Sciences

Two credits
King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health
Sciences
Experiments
Learning About Qualitative Analysis and Quantitative Analysis

Experiment

Experiment 1: Laboratory Safety and Protocol

Experiment 2: Determination of Density for Liquid Substances

Experiment 3: Reaction of Metals with Strong Acids and Bases

Experiment 4: Precipitation Reactions

Experiment 5: Acid-Base Titration

Laboratory Safety and Protocol

 A) SAFETY SYMBOLS

Electrical Hazard Combustible Materials Corrosive Materials

Toxic Chemical Environment Hazard Radioactive Sign

Explosive Materials Sign Flammable Sign Biohazard Sign

B) SAFETY RULES
Rule 5: Never touch, taste, or smell, any chemicals in the
Safe Lab Conduct: laboratory without the teacher’s permission. Smell
chemicals only when I tell you it is safe to take a tiny
Rule 1: Always wear a lab coat and closed-toed shoes when whiff.
inside the lab. Rule 6: Keep all lids to chemicals closed and properly
Rule 2: Must wear safety glasses and latex gloves. dispose of chemicals as instructed by your instructor.
Rule 3: Never fool around or joke during the lab session and Rule 7: Take extra precaution when handling strong acids
never eat or drink from any laboratory glassware. or strong bases and never pour water into a concentrated
Rule 4: Never point the test tube towards your partner or
yourself. Never look down a test tube to check the contents. acid, pour the acid into the water.
A test tube is made of glass, you can see the contents! Rule 8: When an acid, base or any other material is spilled
on your clothes or skin, wash with plenty of water.
Rule 9: Always read the material safety data sheet laboratory safety equipment
(MSDS) of any chemical that you never used before.
It tells you about the properties, risks, proper way of
handling, storage.
These sheets can be found on the web (Sigma-Aldrich
website for example)
Rule 10: At the end of Laboratory activity clean the
glassware you have used during your experiment and
return them to their locations, unplug and store properly
any electrical device and finally wash your hands before
you leave. ‫ ﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ اﻷواﻧﻲ اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺘﻬﺎ أﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺘﻚ و‬، ‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻧﺸﺎط اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ‬
‫ ﺛﻢ اﻏﺴﻞ‬، ‫ واﻓﺼﻞ أي ﺟﻬﺎز ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ وﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﺨﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬، ‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺈﻋﺎدﺗﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻮاﻗﻌﻬﺎ‬
.‫ﻳﺪﻳﻚ أﺧﻴﺮًا ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﻐﺎدرة‬

Disposing of chemicals
First Aid: Fire or Chemical spills:

1. Report immediately all accidents to the teacher. 1. In case of fire immediately notify the instructor
2. Always keep a mental note of all the exit signs in the lab.
2. Apply direct pressure to any severe cuts to stop the
bleeding. Group Work:

A group of 3 to 5 students will be performing the same

3. Know the location of the first aid kit. experiment in a group. Please make sure that all members of
the group are present during the lab session. I will not
tolerate late comers.
Each member of your group will fill up an independent lab
report and submit it to your instructor at the end of the lab
session.

C) Laboratory Equipment's

Beaker Erlenmer flask Graduated cylinder Test tube

 Chemistry for Health Sciences
Two credits
King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health
Sciences
Introduction (background):

What is the different between two words

"heavy" and "dense"?
Determination of Density for Liquid Substances

 Q. If the volume of 18.48 gram of corn oil is 20.00 mL and

"Heavy" refers to mass only. "Density" is the mass of a the volume of 17.36 gram of ethanol is 22.00 mL. Answer the
substance contained in a unit of volume. following questions:
1. Which is heavier corn oil or ethanol?
Density is a basic physical property of a homogeneous
substance; it is an intensive property, which means it
depends only on the substance's composition. Corn oil because it has more mass (18.48g).
2. Which is more dense corn oil or ethanol?
Density = mass/volume d = m/v
Density of corn oil: d= m/v = 18.48g/20.00mL = 0.924 g/mL
The unit of density for a liquid or solid is measured in g/mL
or g/cm3 Density of ethanol: d=m/v = 17.36g/22.00mL =0.789 g/mL
Density of corn oil is more than the density of ethanol so corn
oil is more dense than ethanol.
 Observations:
Table 1. Densities of Six Liquids
Substance Density (g/mL)
Liquid Substances
Water 0.998

Methanol 0.792
1. Mass of empty cylinder
Ethanol 0.789
2. Mass of cylinder and liquid
Corn oil 0.924
3. Mass of liquid (step 2 - step 1)
Diethyl ether 0.713

4. Volume of liquid Acetone 0.790

5. Density (step 3 / step 4)

Chemistry for Health Sciences

Two credits
King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Metals
Sciences  Metals are substances that can conduct heat and
electricity, shiny and solid at room temperature
except for mercury.
 All metals tend to lose one or more electrons from
their valence (outer most) shell (or orbit) to form
positive ions (M+n).
Reaction of metals with strong  Metals can be divided into two main categories
acids and bases in the periodic tables: Representative metals
(group 1, 2, & 13) and transition metals (group
3-12).
 Acids & Bases
 The most basic definitions of acids & bases are:
(Arrhenius)
 Acids: are substances that generate (H+) ions in solution
when dissolved in water, like (HCl).
 Bases: are substances that generate (OH–) ions in solution
when dissolved in water, like (NaOH)

 Acids and bases can be classified into two categories

according to their ability to produce (H+) and (OH–)
ions in water:
 Strong acids & bases
 Weak acids & bases

Metals with acids & bases

 Most metals react with acids &/or bases:
The reaction of metals with acid or base
With Acids  M(s) + nH+ Mn+ + H2(g)
(aq) (aq) produces a hydrogen gas as bubbles and the
With Bases  M(s) + OH-(aq)+ H2O(l) M(OH)4n-4(aq)+ H2(g)
more reactive the metal is, the faster the rate
 A metal which reacts with both acids &bases is called of bubble formation.
amphoteric.

 A metal which doesn’t react with either acids or bases is

called inert or unreactive metal.
Some of these noble metals react with oxidizing acids
such as nitric acid (HNO ) or a mixture of acids such as
3
concentrated HCl and HNO3 like gold and silver.
 The Reactivity:
• The reaction of metals with acid or base produces a
Metal + HCl Metal Chloride + Hydrogen gas (bubbles)
hydrogen gas as bubbles and the more reactive the
metal is, the faster the rate of bubbling will be. Metal + NaOH Metal Hydroxide + Hydrogen gas (bubbles)

• The reactive metals can react with HCl or NaOH to

form a metal chloride or metal hydroxide (or a salt),
respectively, and hydrogen gas.

Chemistry for Health Sciences

Two credits
A) Al, Zn and Cu react with diluted HCl (acid)
King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health
 2Al (s) + 6HCl (aq) → 3H2 (g) + 2AlCl3 (aq)
Sciences
 Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) → ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
 Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) → MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
 Cu (s) + HCl (aq) → No reaction

B) Al, Zn and Copper react with diluted NaOH (base)

 2Al (s) + 2NaOH (aq) +6H2O → 2 NaAl(OH)4 (aq) + 3H2(g)

 Zn (s) + 2NaOH (aq) → Na2ZnO2 (aq) +H2 Ionic Reactions (Precipitation Reactions)
 Mg (s) + NaOH (aq) +2H2O → NaMg(OH)3 (aq) + H2 (g)
 Cu (s) + NaOH (aq) → No reaction
Introduction (background): • Precipitation reaction: is a chemical reaction where one of the products is a
precipitate.
Ionic compounds consist of a positive ion (cation) and a negative ion (anion).
Some ions are monatomic, consisting of a single atom with a positive or negative • A Precipitate is a solid substance that is insoluble in water (so it precipitates
charge (Na+, Ca2+ , Cl-, O2-, etc.), and some are polyatomic, consisting of a cluster or falls to the bottom of the container once it forms in a reaction).
of atoms having an overall positive or negative charge (NH4+, NO3-, CO32-, SO42-, • Like: AgCl, CaCO3, Fe(OH)3
PO43-, etc.).
• Such reactions are usually double-displacement reactions between two ionic
compounds in an aqueous medium.

Chemical Equations
 There are three types of equations to represent an reaction,
some of them is more detailed than the others:

1. Molecular equation
2. Complete ionic equation
3. Net ionic equation

 A precipitation reaction should have a net ionic equation

similar to the following general equation:

(m) An+ (aq) + (n) Bm-(aq)  AmBn (s)

Example of a precipitation reaction: Today’s Experiment: We are going to:
The reaction between Silver Nitrate solution (AgNO3) and
Sodium Chloride Solution (NaCl): 1. Examine the reaction between Copper (II) cation (Cu2+)
and some anions, namely:
 Molecular Equation: shows the molecular formulas of the
a) Chloride (Cl–)
reactants and their physical states.
b) Hydroxide (OH–)
c) Iodide (I–)

 Complete Ionic equation: shows the ions exists in the reaction d) Tetraborate (B4O72–)
mixture, the ones were involved in the precipitate (red), and the
ones weren’t involved (called spectator ions) (blue). 2. Write down the chemical equations of the reactions that
showed a precipitate formation.

 Net Ionic equation: shows only the ions involved in the 3. Identify the copper salts that are insoluble in water, and
precipitate formation, without the spectator ions. the spectator ions in the reactions of their formation.

Experiment Procedure:
3. Add ~ 2 mL of NaOH solution to the 2nd tube.
1. Add ~ 2 mL of CuSO4 solution to the four test tubes.

2. Add ~ 2 mL of NaCl solution to the 1st tube. Is there any precipitate formed? Yes No

Is there any precipitate formed? Yes No - Molecular Equation:

- Molecular Equation:

- Complete Ionic equation:

- Complete Ionic equation:

- Net Ionic equation:

- Net Ionic equation:

No Net Equation
 4. Add ~ 2 mL of KI solution to the 3rd tube. 5. Add ~ 2 mL of Na2B4O7 solution to the 4th tube.

Is there any precipitate formed? Yes No Is there any precipitate formed? Yes No

- Molecular Equation: - Molecular Equation:

2KI (aq) + CuSO4 (aq) CuI2 (s) + K2SO4 (aq)

- Complete Ionic equation: - Complete Ionic equation:

2K+(aq) + 2I-(aq) + Cu2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) CuI2 (s) + 2K+(aq) + SO42- (aq)

- Net Ionic equation: - Net Ionic equation:

Cu2+ (aq) + 2I- (aq) CuI2 (s)

Chemistry for Health Sciences

Two credits
Table 1. Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds in Aqueous Solution King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health
Sciences
Soluble Ionic Compounds

1. All common compounds of the Group 1A ions (Li+, Na+, K+, etc.) and the ammonium ion
(NH4+) are soluble.
2. All common nitrates (NO3-), acetates (C2H3O2-), and most perchlorates (ClO4-) are soluble.
3. All common chlorides (Cl-), bromides (Br-), and iodides (I-) are soluble, except those of
Ag+, Pb2+, and Hg22+
4. All common sulfates (SO42-) are soluble, except those of Ca2+, Sr2+ , Ba2+ , Pb2+ , and Ag+.
Insoluble Ionic Compounds
5. All metal hydroxides (OH-) are insoluble, except those of Group 1A, NH4+, which are
soluble, and Ca2+ , Sr2+ , and Ba2+ , which are slightly soluble. ACID-BASE REACTIONS AND TITRATION
6. All sulfides (S2-) are insoluble, except those of Group 1A, NH4+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+ .
7. All carbonates (CO32-) and phosphates (PO43-) are insoluble, except those of Group 1A and
NH4+.
 Volumetric analysis (VA) Acid-base reactions or neutralization reactions occur when
an acid and base react to form water, a weak electrolyte, or a
 Is a quantitative analytical process based on measuring
volumes. gas. Like precipitation reactions, these reactions are a type of
double-displacement reaction.
 The most common form of VA is titration
Acid + Base → Salt + Water
:‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﺮة ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬
.‫ﻟﻤﺎدة ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎدة أﺧﺮى‬

 Titration: is an analytical method used to determine the

exact amount of a substance by its reacting with a known For a strong acid (HA) and base (MOH), this can be written as
amount of another substance. The completed reaction of a
titration is usually indicated by either a color change using
indicator or an electrical measurement using pH meter. HA(aq) + MOH(aq)  MA(aq) + H2O(l)
electrical measurement using pH meter.

Titration Setup
Titration solutions
Titration setup
Components
In the titration it is important to know the
difference between the equivalence point and end
point. The equivalence point of a chemical
Burette
reaction occurs during a chemical titration when
NaOH (aq) (Titrant)
Known concentration the amount of titrant added is equivalent, or
equal, to the amount of analyte present in the
Stand And Clamp sample which can be measured by using pH meter,
but the end point is defined as the point at which
the indicator changes color in a titration.
HCl (aq) (Analyte)
Erlenmeyer Flask
Unknown concentration
Indicator The experiment can be divided into two parts;
 To determine the End Point.
Part A: Preparation of sodium hydroxide solution whose concentration is
 An indicator is a chemical compound that changes color approximately known, and then determination of concentration
with change of the solution pH. accurately (Standardization) by titration with primary standard such as
potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP), KHC8H4O4 (The molar mass of
KHP is 204.2 grams per mole). Primary standards are substances which
 The indicator used in this experiment is called may be obtained in a stable form of known purity and which react with
Phenolphthalein (Ph.Ph). other substances quickly in a definite and known manner. The chemical
equation below shows the reaction of sodium hydroxide with KHP.
• (Ph.Ph) changes its Before Succes Exceeded

color to pale pink at

titration sful End point KHC8H4O4 (aq) + NaOH (aq) → KNaC8H4O4 (aq) + H2O (l)
End
endpoint (colorless – point
to – pink).

Example: Part B: Once the concentration of the NaOH solution in

the burette is known (Standardized), the concentration of
0.80 gram of KHP is titrated with 40.00 ml of the unknown
NaOH solution. Calculate the molarity of NaOH solution. an HCl solution can be exactly determined by titrating it
with the NaOH solution from part A. Phenolphthalein is
Solution used as the indicator by adding it to the HCl solution.

Liters of NaOH= 40.00/1000= 0.040 L

Moles of KHP = 0.80 g /204.3 g/mol = 0.0039 moles of KHP.

HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
From the balanced eqn. moles of KHP = moles of NaOH = acid base salt water
0.0039 mol

Molarity of NaOH = Moles of NaOH/ Liters of NaOH = This reaction is often called neutralization.
0.0039/0.040 = 0.0975 mol/L= 0.098 M
Burette reading Calculations
Using the acid-base reaction equation:
To read out the burette
correctly, your eye should
be at the liquid level. At the end point:

And the volume reading of 
the liquid in the burette is Rearranging the equation gives:

at the bottom of the curved

surface.
Note that: 1- VNaOH is the volume read out of the burette
2- MHCl is the concentration of HCl to be calculated.
3- MNaOH = 0.100 Mol.L–1 VHCl = 10.0 mL