SUBJECT : OPERATING SYSTEM (22516)

UNIT -2
SERVICES AND COMPONENTS OF
OPERATING SYSTEM
Marks-10

By - Mr.A.D.Cholke
 Services and Components of Operating System
Introduction-
• An operating system provides and environment for the execution
of program.
• It provides certain services to the program and to the user of those
program.
• The specific services provided by operating system is
different from one operating system to another but we can identify
common classes used.
• Operating system services are provided for the convenience of the
programmer.
• To make the programming tasks easier.
Services and Components of Operating System

Services in Operating System

 Services and Components of Operating System
Operating system services -
1. Program Execution
2. I/O Operation
3. File system Manipulation
4. Communication
5. Error Detection
6. Resource allocation
7. Accounting
8. Protection
9. User Interface
 Services and Components of Operating System
• System call- The system call provides an interface to the services made
available by an operating system.
 Services and Components of Operating System
• System call Implementation-
 Services and Components of Operating
System
• System call Implementation -
1. Basically, a number associated with each system call.
2. System-call interface maintains a table indexed according to these
Numbers.
3. The system call interface invokes intended system call in OS kernel
and returns status of the system call and any return values.
4. The caller need know nothing about how the system call is
implemented Just needs to obey API and understand what OS will
do as a result call.
5. Most details of OS interface hidden from programmer by API.
Managed by run-time support library (set of functions built into
libraries included with compiler)
 Services and Components of Operating
System
Types of System Calls-
1. Process control
2. File Management
3. Device Management
4. Information Maintenance
5. Communication.
 Services and Components of Operating System

Types of System Calls Windows Linux

Process Control Create Process, Terminate Process fork()

End ,Abort exit()
Load, execute wait()
Get Process Attributes ,Set Process Attributes
Allocate and free Memory
File Management Create ,Delete File open()
Open ,Close File read()
Read, Write File write()
Get File Attributes, Set File Attributes close()
Device Management Request device, Release device ioctl()
Read , write , Reposition read()
Get device Attributes, Set device Attributes write()
Information Maintenance Get time or Date ,set Time or Date getpid()
Get system Data, set System Data alarm()
Get process file or Set Process file sleep()

Communication Create or delete connection pipe()

Send, Receive message shmget()
Attach or detach remote devices mmap()
 Services and Components of Operating
System
Components of Operating System -
1. Process Management-
2. Main Memory Management-
3. File Management-
4. I/O System Management-
5. Secondary storage Management-
6. Protection and security-
 Services and Components of Operating
System
Components of Operating System -
1. Process Management-
• A process is a program in execution. It is a unit of work within the system.
• Program is a passive entity, process is an active entity
• Process need resources to complete its task like CPU, Memory, I/O Devices etc.
• The execution of process is sequential.
• Process Management Activities.
1. Creating and deleting both user and system process.
2. Suspending and resuming process.
3. Provide Mechanism for process communication.
4. Provide Mechanism for process Synchronization.
5. Provide Mechanism for deadlock handling.
 Services and Components of Operating
System
Components of Operating System –
2. Main Memory Management-
• Main Memory is a Central place to perform the operation.
• It is made up of large array of words or bytes.
• Memory management determines what is in memory when Optimizing
CPU utilization and computer response to users.
• Memory management activities-
• Keeping track of which parts of memory are currently being used and by whom.
• Deciding which processes loaded in memory when space is available.
• Allocating and de allocating memory space as needed.
 Services and Components of Operating
System
Components of Operating System –
3. File Management-
• Management and organization of Various files in system.
• Computer can Store information in several types of physical media like magnetic
tape ,Magnetic disk , optical disk.
• Data may be in Numeric, Alphabetic, Alphanumeric.
• File management activities-
• Creating and deleting files
• Creating and deleting Directories.
• Mapping of files in secondary storage.
• Backup files on storage media.
 Services and Components of Operating
System
Components of Operating System –
4. I/O System Management-
• The purpose of operating system is to hide particular hardware device from
the user.
• In UNIX the peculiarities of I/O devices is hidden from the bulk of operating
system.
• I/O System management activities-
• A general device driver interface.
• drivers for specific hardware devices.
 Services and Components of Operating
System
Components of Operating System –
5. Secondary storage Management-
• Main purpose of operating system is execute the programs. During the execution
the data must be in a main memory.
• Main Memory is too small to accommodate all data programs and it is volatile
memory.
• Secondary storage consist of disk and other media design to store the data.
Secondary storage management activities-
• Managing the free space available on secondary storage devices.
• Allocation of storage space when new file have to be written.
• Scheduling the request for memory access.
 Services and Components of Operating
System
Components of Operating System –
6. Protection and security-
• Protection refers to a mechanism for controlling access by programs, processes,
or users to both system and user resources.
The protection mechanism must:
• distinguish between authorized and unauthorized usage.
• specify the controls to be imposed.
• provide a means of enforcement.
 Services and Components of Operating
System
Use of Operating System Tools:
1. User Management
2. Security Policies
3. Device Management
4. Performance Monitor
5. Task Scheduler
THANK YOU