CLASS –VIII

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MATHEMATICS

OLYMPIAD PROBLEMS
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ab
1. If a @ b  , find n such that 3@ n  3.
ab

2. Solve for all real x that satisfy the equation 4x = 2x +6 ?

2
3. After a cyclist has gone of his route, he gets a flat tire. Finishing on foot, he spends twice as long walking as
3
he did riding. How many times as fast does he ride as walk?

1
4. An alarm clock runs 4 minutes slow every hour. It was set right 3 hours ago. Now another clock which is
2
correct shows noon. In how many minutes, to the nearest minute, will the alarm clock show noon?

5. Given two 2’s, “plus” can be changed to “times” without changing the result: 2  2  2  2. The solution with three
numbers is easy too: 1  2  3  1 2  3. There are three answers for the five-number case. Which five numbers
with this property has the largest sum?

6. Let a, b, c be real numbers satisfying:

ab  a  b  119
bc  b  c  59
ca  c  a  71
Determine all possible values of a  b  c.

7. Two disks of radius 1 are drawn so that each disk’s circumference passes through the center of the other disk.
What is the circumference of the region in which they overlap?

8. What is the largest prime factor of 49  94 ?

9. If r  s  t  3, r 2  s2  t 2  1, and r 3  s 3  t 3  3, complete rest.

10. A right triangle has sides of integer length. One side has length 11. What is the area of the triangle?

11. Find all integer pairs ( a, b) such that ab  a  3b  5

12. All of the roots of x3  ax 2  bx  c are possible integers greater than 2, and the coefficients satisfy
a  b  c  1  2009. Find a.

13. The pattern in the figure below continues inward infinitely. The base
of the biggest triangle is 1. All triangles are equilateral. Find the
shaded area.

14. ABCD forms a rhombus. E is the intersection of AC and BD. F lie on AD such that EF is perpendicular to FD.
Given EF = 2 and FD = 1. Find the area of the rhombus ABCD

15. If x and y are positive integers, and x4  y 4  4721, find all possible values of x  y.

16. Compute 1  1  1  1  1  1  ...

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17. Let x and y be real numbers with x  y such that x2 y2  x2  y 2  2xy  40 and xy  x  y  8. Find the value of x.

x2  y 2 x4  y 4 x6  y 6
18. Let x, y be complex numbers such that  4 and 3  2. Find all possible values of 5 .
x y x y 3
x  y5

19. Find the number of positive divisors d of 15!  15 14  2 1 such that g c d ( d , 60) .

1 1 5
20. Given that x and y are nonzero real numbers such that x   10 and y   , find all possible values of x.
y x 12

21. Let b and c be real numbers and define the polynomial P( x)  x2  bx  c. Suppose that P( P(1)  P( P(2))  0,
and that P (1)  P (2). Find P (0).

22. In quadrilateral ABCD, DAC  98 DBC  82 BCD  70 and BC  AD. Find ACD.

n3  8
23. Find all integers n for which is an integer.
n2  4

24. Let Q be a polynomial Q( x)  a0  a1 x  ...  an xn , where a0 , ..., an are nonnegative integers. Given that Q (1)  4
and Q (5)  152, find Q (6).

25. Given that f ( x)  2 f (8  x)  x2 for all real x, compute f (2).

1 1 1 1
26. Let a, b, and c be nonzero real numbers such that a   5, b   12 and c   13 . Find abc  .
b c a abc

1 1 1 m
27. If   ...   where m and n are positive integers with no common divisor, find m  n.
1 2 1 2  3 1  2  ...  20 n

28. Let P ( x ) be a polynomial such that, when divided by x  2, the remainder is 3 and, when divided by x  3, the
remainder is 2. If, when divided by ( x  2)( x  3), the remainder is ax  b, find a 2  b2 .

29. A circle radius 320 is tangent to the inside of a circle radius 1000. The smaller circle is tangent to a diameter of
the larger circle at a point P. How far is the point P from the outside of the larger circle.

30. Find the prime number p for which p  2500 is a perfect square.

31. A circle with area 40 is tangent to a circle with area 10. Let R be the smallest
n
rectangle containing both circles. The area of R is . Find n.


32. Let x and y be integers satisfying both x2 16x  3 y  20 and y 2  4 y  x  12. Find x  y.
360
1
33. The summation k
k 1 k  1  (k  1) k
is the ratio of two relatively prime positive integers m and n. Find m  n.

34. Consider all ordered pairs (m, n) of positive integers satisfying 59m  68n  mn. Find the sum of all the possible
values of n in these ordered pairs.

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35. A semicircle with diameter length 16 contains a circle radius 3

tangent both to the inside of the semicircle and its diameter as
shown. A second larger circle is tangent to the inside of the
semicircle, the outside of the circle, and the diameter of the
semicircle. The diameter of the second circle can be written as
nk 2
where m, n and k are positive integers and m and n have
m
no factors in common. Find m  n  k .

36. F (0)  3 and F (n)  F (n  1)  4 when n is positive. Find F ( F ( F (5))).

37. Find the sum of all the positive integers that are divisors of either 96 or 180.

38. In the diagram ABCDEFG is a regular heptagon (a 7 sided polygon). Shown

is the star AEBFCGD. The degree measure of the obtuse angle formed by
m
AE and CG is where m and n are relatively prime positive integers. Find
n
m + n.

39. Find the least positive integer that has exactly 20 positive integer divisors.

40. Find the number of ordered pairs of integers (m, n) that satisfy 20m  10n  mn.

1 1 1 1
41. Let a and b be nonzero real numbers such that   2011 and   1. What is the quotient when a  b is
3a b a 3b
divided by ab?

ab bc ca
42. Let a, b and c be non-zero real number such that  3,  4, and  5.
ab bc ca
abc m
There are relatively prime positive integers m and n so that  . Find m  n.
ab  bc  ca n

1 1 1 1
43. Let a and b be nonzero real numbers such that   2011 and   1. What is the quotient when a  b is
3a b a 3b
divided by ab ?

ab bc ca
44. Let a, b, and c be non-zero real number such that  3,  4, and  5.
ab bc ca
abc m
There are relatively prime positive integers m and n so that  . Find m  n.
ab  bc  ca n
1 1 1 1
45. Suppose a, b and c are real numbers that satisfy a  b  c  5 and    . Find the greatest possible
a b c 5
value of a  b  c .
3 3 3

42 n
46. Find n so that 44  28 .

47. Let a, b and c be positive real numbers such that a 2  b2  c 2  989 and (a  b)2  (b  c)2  (c  a)2  2013. Find
a  b  c.
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area (CDF)
48. Find in the figure.
area (CEF)

49. A and B are on a circle of radius 20 centered at C, and ACB  60 D is chosen so that D is also on the circle,
ACD  160 and DCB  100. Let E be the intersection of lines AC and BD. What is DE?

50. Find the sum of the coefficients of the polynomial (63 x  61) 4 .

51. Triangle ABC satisfies ABC  ACB  78. Points D and E lie on AB, AC and satisfy BCD  24 and
CBE  51. If BED  x, find x.

52. If x, y, and z are positive with xy  24, xz  48, and yz  72, then find x  y  z.

53. The sides of a triangle have lengths of 15, 20, and 25. Find the length of the shortest altitude.

54. The number 2564  6425 is the square of a positive integer N. In decimal representation, find the sum of the digits
of N.
a a  10b a
55. Let a and b be distinct real numbers for which   2. Find .
b b  10a b

56. If a, b, c are real numbers such that a2  2b  7, b2  4c  7, b2  4c  7, and c 2  6a  14, find a 2  b2  c 2 .
2002!
57. In how many zeroes does the number end?
(1001!)2

58. Let a and e denote the solutions of 2 x 2  3x  5  0. What is the value of (d  1) (e  1) ?

59. A semicircle of diameter 1 sits at the top of a semicircle of diameter 2,
as shown. The shaded area inside the smaller semicircle and outside
the larger semicircle is called a lune. Determine the area of this lune.

60. How many distinct four-digit numbers are divisible by 3 and have 23 as their last two digits?

61. The figure shown is called a trefoil and is constructed by drawing circular sectors
about sides of the congruent equilateral triangles. What is the area of a trefoil
whose horizontal base has length 2?

62. How many three-digit numbers satisfy the property that the middle digit is the average of the first and the last
digits?

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63. For real numbers a and b, define a b  a 2  b 2 . What is the value of (5 12) (( 12) ( 15)) ?

64. A circle is inscribed in a square, then a square is inscribed in this circle, and finally, a circle is inscribed in this
square. What is the ratio of the area of the smaller circle to the area of the larger square?

65. For how many positive integers n less than or equal to 24 is n! evenly divisible by 1  2  ...  n ?

66. A square of area 40 is inscribed in a semicircle as shown. What is the

area of the semicircle?

67. Rhombus ABCD is similar to rhombus BFDE. The area of rhombus

ABCD is 24, and BAD  60 What is the area of rhombus BFDE?

68. A triangle wit side lengths in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5 is inscribed in a circle of radius 3. What is the area of the
triangle?

69. Four circles of radius 1 are each tangent to two sides of a square and externally tangent to a circle of radius 2,
as shown. What is the area of the square?

a 14b
70. How many pairs of positive integers ( a, b) are there such that gcd(a, b)  1 and  is an integer?
b 9a

71. Let P be a point inside of equilateral ABC such that m( APB)  150, AP  2 3, and BP  2. Find PC .

(32008 ) 2  (32006 )2
72. Simplify the fraction ?
(32007 ) 2  (32005 )2

73. Points A and B lie on a circle centered at O, and AOB  60. A second circle is internally tangent to the first
and tangent to both O A and O B. What is the ratio of the area of the smaller circle to that of the larger circle?

74. A right triangle has perimeter 32 and area 20. What is the length of its hypotenuse?

75. Let k  2008  2 . What is the units digit of k  2 ?

2 2008 2 k

76. What is the remainder when 3  3  3  ...  3

0 1 2 2009
is divided by 8?

77. The length of the interval of solutions of the inequality a  2 x  3  b is 10. What is b  a ?

78. Circles A, B and C each have radius 1. Circles A and B share one point of tangency. Circle C has a point of
tangency with the midpoint of AB. What is the area inside Circle C but outside circle A and circle B?

"Real difficulties can be overcome; it is only the imaginary ones that are unconquerable." --Theodore N. Vail
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M 6
79. How many ordered pairs of positive integers (M, N) satisfy the equation  ?
6 N
80. The numbers 1, 2, … are placed in a triangle as following:
1
2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9 10
…
What is the sum of the numbers on the n-th row?

81. Prove that the number 512  675  720 is composite.

3 3 3

82. Let A in a triangle ABC be 60. Let point N be the intersection of AC and perpendicular bisector to the side
AB while point M be the intersection of AB and perpendicular bisector to the side AC. Prove that CB  MN .

83. A student did not notice multiplication sign between two three-digit numbers and wrote it as a six-digit number.
Result was 7 times more than it should be. Find these numbers.

84. Prove that the area of the circle inscribed in a regular hexagon is greater than 90% of the area of the hexagon.

85. Let a, b, c, x, y be five real numbers such that a3  ax  y  0, b3  bx  y  0 and c3  cx  y  0. If a, b, c are

all distinct numbers prove that their sum is zero.

86. Let x and y be positive real’s such that x3  y3  ( x  y)3  30xy  2000. Show that x  y  10.

87. Find all positive integers a, b for which a  4b is a prime number.

4 4

6 x
88. Find the greatest positive integer x such that 23 divides 2000!

yz  x 2 xz  y 2
89. If x  1, y  1, x  y and 
1 x 1 y
show that both fractions are equal to x  y  z.

90. A square is divided in four part by two perpendicular lines, in such a way that three of these parts have areas
equal to 1. Show that the square has area equal to 4.

91. Two isosceles triangles with side lengths x, x, a and x, x, b( a  b) have equal areas. Find x.

92. The figure shows two shapes that fit together exactly. Each shape is formed
by four semicircles of radius 1. What is the total shaded area?

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93. The figure shows an equilateral triangle ABC, a square BCDE, and a regular
pentagon BEFGH.
What is the difference between the sizes of ADE and AHE ?

94. A point lying somewhere here inside a parallelogram is joined to the four
vertices, thus creating four triangles T, U, V and W, as shown.
Prove that area T  area V  area U  area W .

m
95. Find a fraction , with m not equal to n, such that all of the fractions
n
m m 1 m  2 m  3 m  4 m  5
, , , , ,
n n 1 n  2 n  3 n  4 n  5
can be simplified by cancelling.

96. Two squares BAXY and CBZT are drawn on the outside of a regular hexagon ABCDEF, and two squares
CDPQ and DERS are drawn on the inside, as shown.

97. Three identical, non-overlapping squares ABCD, AEFG, AHIJ (all labeled anticlockwise) are joined at the point
A, and are ‘equally spread’ (so that JAB  DAE  GAH ). Calculate GBH .

98. In the following diagram, a semicircle is folded along a chord AN and intersects its diameter M N at B. Given
that M B : B N = 2 : 3 and M N : 10. If AN = x, find x 2 .

99. Square ABCD, shown here, has sides of length s units. A star is formed, creating four congruent isosceles

triangles, each with a height of b units. What is the area of the star in terms of s and b?

100. A right triangle has integer side lengths a, b and c with a < b < c. If a + c = 49, what is the area of the triangle?

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Solutions

3 n 3
1.  3  3  n  9  3n  4n  6  n 
3 n 2

1  1  24
2. 4x  2x  6  22 x  2 x  6  0; 2 x  0  2 x   3  x  log 2 3
2

3. The ratio of riding distance to walking distance is 2 : 1, and the ratio of walking time to riding time is 2 : 1. Hence,
the ratio of their rates is 4 : 1, so the answer is 4.

4. The clock was set correctly at 8 : 30, so it needs to account for another 210 minutes. Each minute the clock
56 14 15 1
counts  minutes, so the clock travels  210  225 minutes. But we are 3 hours past 8 : 30, so the
60 15 14 2
answer is 225  210  15.

5. Let the numbers be a, b, c, d , e. 2(2)(2)(2)(2)  2  2  2  2  2, so some of the numbers (I’m assuming that by
numbers you mean positive integers) are 1. If we let four of the numbers be 1, then we have 4  e  e, which is
impossible. If we let three of the numbers be 1, we have that 3  d  e  de  (d  1) (e  1)  4. This produces the
two solutions (1, 1, 1, 2, 5) and (1, 1, 1, 3, 3). Now suppose that two of the numbers are 1, so that
2cd
2  c  d  e  cde. This implies that e  . The only solution to this is when c  2, d  2 and e  2, yielding
cd  1
the solution (1, 1, 2, 2, 2). Now since we are told that there are 3 solutions, we can stop here. Of our solutions, the
maximum sum is produced from 1  1  1  2  5  10.

6. ab  a  b  119  (a  1) (b  1)  120.
bc  b  c  59  (b  1)(c  1)  60.
ca  c  a  71  (c  1)(a  1)  72.
1
(a  1)(b  1)   (c  1)(a  1)  (a  1) 2  144.
(b  1)(c  1)
a  13  b  11  c  7  a  b  c  31.
a  11  b  9  c  5  a  b  c  25.

7. If each disk’s circumference passes through the center of the other

disk, then the distance between the centers is one, and the distance
from each center to the point where they intersect is one, forming an
equilateral triangle. This means that the angle (marked a in the diagram
below) is 60. So the whole angle is 120. One arc has length
120 4
(2 ).. so both arc’s have a combined length of
360 3

8. Sophie-Germain identity: a4  4b4  (a2  2ab  2b2 ) (a2  2ab  2b2 )

94  4 164  (81  2  9 16  512)(81 2  9 16  512)  305  881
881 is prime.

1 2
9. rs  st  tr  (3  1)  4
2
r 3  s3  t 3  (r  s  t )(r 2  s2  t 2  rs  st  tr )  3rst
3  3(1  4)  3rst
3  9  3rst
rst  4

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10. Suppose 11 is a leg. We have 121  b2  c2  121  (c  b)(c  b). The factors of 121 are (1, 121) and (11, 11).
For (11, 11), there’s no way for c and b to be integers, so we could use (1, 121) instead. This gives c  61
and b  60.
Thus, the area is 30 11  330.

11. This is equivalent (a, b) such that (a  3)(b  1)  2. So then we have the following possibilities:
a  3  2, b  1  1  (5, 0)
a  3  2, b  1  1  (1,  2)
a  3  1, b  1  2  (4, 1)
a  3  1, b  1  2  (2,  3)
So then all solutions are (5, 0); (1,  2); (4, 1); (2, 3).

12. Note that a  b  c  1  f (1)  (1  r1 ) (1  r2 ) (1  r3 ) where r1 , r2 , r3 are the roots of the polynomial. So then we
must have (r1  1) (r2  1) (r3  1)  2009  7  7  41.
Since ri  2  ri  1  1, we must have each of ri  1 is either 7, 7, 41. So then the roots are 8, 8, 42, so the
a  (r1  r2  r3 )  58.
3 3
13. Note that the area of the three larger shaded triangles is equivalent to . The second triplet clearly has a
16
1
base of , and it is clear that each succeeding triplet has a base one fourth of the previous, and so we have
4
3 3 1
an infinite geometric series with initial term and common ratio . This can be directly computed as
16 16
3 3 1 3 3 16 3
   
16 1 16 15 5
1
16

14. AED is a right triangle by the properties of a rhombus, and F is the foot of the altitude to the hypotenuse.
1 1
We have AF  FD  FE 2 , so AF  22  4. The area of AED is thus (1  4)(2)  5. This, however, is only
2 4
the area of the rhombus, since the other 3 triangles formed by the diagonals are congruent, so the total area
is 4(5) = 20.

15. Obviously, either x 4 or y 4 has to be more than half of 4721, which is 2360.5. The only perfect fourth powers
between 2360.5 and 4721 is 7 4  2401 and 84  4096. We see that 4721  84  625  54 , and 4721  7 4  2320,
not a perfect fourth power. Thus, 8 and 5 are the only such integers, and x  y  13.

16. Let x  1  1  1  1  1  1  ... . Then x 2  1  1 1  1  1  1  1  ... . However, note that the

radical part of the right hand side is simply x ! So we are left with x 2  1  x  x 2  x  1  0. Using the
quadratic formula, we have two roots:
1 1
x  (1  5) and x  (1  5). However, note that the first one is negative, and square roots cannot be
2 2
negative, so the second root is the only answer.

17. Let a  ( x  y ) and b  xy. Then we have:

a  b 2  40
2

a  b  8.
From here we can see either (a, b)  (6, 2) or (a, b)  (2, 6).

"You may have to fight a battle more than once to win it."
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The first case gives x 2  6 x  2  0 and the second case gives x 2  2 x  6  0.

Clearly the second case has no real values of x, so solving the first equation gives x  3  7 and we discard
the 3  7
solution since x  y.
Hence x  3  7.

18. Let x n  y n  sn and xy  p  sn  2  s1 sn 1  psn

s2 s12  2 p
Then   4  s12  4s1  2 p …. (1)
s1 s1
And
s4 s1 s3  ps2 4s1 4s12  16s1 4s  16
  s1  p  s1   s1  1 2
s3 s3 s1 ( s2  p) 8s1  s1  4s1
2
12  s1
 s1  5  17
Now
x 6  y 6 s6 s6 s4 2p 2s12  8s1
   s1  p  s1   s1 
x y
5 5
s5 s5 s1s4  ps3 2s1  p 4s1  s12  4s1
2s1  8 s2  8s1
 s1   s1  1  2s1  10  2 17
8  s1 8  s1

19. We first find the prime factorization of 15!, getting 15!  211  36  53  7 2 1113. We also find 60  22  3  5. In order
for gcd( d , 60)  5, d must have at least one factor of 5 and no factors of 2 or 3. d may have more than one factor
of 5 because 60 only has one factor of 5. On the other hand, d may not have any factors if 2 or 3 because 60
has them, and if d has them, then the gcd will increase. However, d may have any amount of other factors.

1 256 (xy)2  13(xy)  6  0 2 3

20. Multiply the equations, to get xy  2 xy  , . But the second equation gives
xy 6 3 2
5
xy  1  x, so the possible values are x  4,6
12

21. Solution 1: Just vieta (but missed this question due to computational errors…). 1  b  c, 4  2b  c are roots.
From the sum of roots, get b in terms of c. Plug this in to the product if roots equation and easily get c  3/ 2.

Solution 2: P(1)  P (2)  5, P(1) P(2)  c,

4b  2c  5, (1  b  c) (2b  c  4)  c,
3
P (0)  c   .
2

Solution 3: Since P(1)  1  b  c and P (2)  4  2b  c are both roots of P, we have, from Vieta’s, that
2c  5
P(1)  P(2)  b  4b  2c  5 and (1  b  c)  (4  2b  c)  c. Substituting b , we get
4
 1 c  3 4c  2 3 3
 4  2 2  c   cc
    8 2 2

22. Reflect B across DC to B. Then DAC  98 DB C  82 BCD  70 As DAC  DBC  180
quadrilateral ADBC is cyclic. BC  AD implies BC  AD and consequently (as equal chords imply equal angles)
ACD  BDC  180  DBC  BCD  180      

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n3  8 4
23.  n 
n 4
2
n2
n  2  1, 1,  2, 2,  4, 4 and n 2  4,
So, n  0,1,3, 4, 6.

24. One can easily see that since the value at 1 is equal to 4, that 4 is the sum of the coefficients.

One can also see that 125 is the highest power of five which would be allowed.

25 is the next highest power, and then all we are missing is our constant term, which we see is 2.

Our coefficients add up to 4, and we can see that our polynomial is equal to x 3  x 2  2, giving us Q ( x )  254.

25. Let x  2, then f (2)  2 f (6)  4.

Let x  6, then f (6)  2 f (2)  36.
68
Multiply the second equation by two and subtract the first equation from it to get 3 f (2)  68  f (2)  .
3
1
26. To get xyz and terms, we can multiply the equations together. We get:
xyz
 1  1  1
 a  b   b  c   c  a   (5)(12)(13)
   
 a 1  1
 ab  c  1  bc  c  a   780
  
1 1 1 1
abc  a  c   b     780
b c a abc
We can group these terms so that they are more recognizable:
 1   1 1 1
 abc  abc    a  b  c  a  b  c   780.
   
We see that the first grouping is the expression we want, and the second is just the sum of the given equations.
So,
1
abc   5  12  13  780
abc
1
abc   750.
abc

20
2  20 1 
27. Note that LHS    2  .
x 2 x(x  1)  x 2 x(x  1) 
Performing a partial fraction decomposition yields
 20 1 1 
LHS  2    
 x 2 x x  1
 1 1  19 m
 LHS  2     
 2 21 21 n
Therefore, m  n  19  21  40.

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28. Let P( x)  ( x  2)( x  3)Q( x)  ax  b. Then, P(2)  2a  b  3 (the Q( x) terms conveniently go away),
and P (3)  3a  b. Subtracting, we find a  1, so b  5; thus a  b  26.
2 2

29. Let O1 be the center of the larger circle and O2 be the center of the smaller circle. Also, let N be the tangent
point and M N be diameter of circle O. We find that O1M  1000  640  360, so O1O2  680 and
O2 P  320. So this is similar to an 8-15-17 triangle; hence O1P  600 and the answer is 400.

30. Let p  2500  x 2 . Rearranging, we have x2  502  pp  ( x  50)( x  50) The only way p is prime is if
x  50 is one or x  50 is one. Since x must be positive, x  51 is the only solution for x, and thus 101 is the
only solution for p.

40 10
31. The radius of the larger circle is and the radius of the smaller circle is .
 
4 10
The height of the rectangle is diameter of the larger circle, or . The length is the sum of the diameters of

4 10  2 10 6 10
the two circles, or  .
 
 4 10   6 10  240
Thus, the area is  
     
.
   

32. By completing the squares of both equations we obtain

( x  8) 2  84  3 y
 .
 ( y  2)  x  8
2

Therefore, ( y  2)  84  3 y
4

 y 4  8 y3  24 y 2  35 y  68  ( y  1)( y3  9 y 2  33 y  68)  0
by the Rational Root Theorem.
The function f ( y) : y3  9 y 2  33 y  68 is increasing for all y  , and f (6)  0  f (5), so by the
Intermediate Value Theorem there exists one real root r  (6,  5), which is not an integer, so the only
integer possibility is y  1.
In the first equation, ( x  8)  84  3(1)  81 implies that x  17 or x  1. If x  1, however, the second
2

equation is not satisfied, whereas it is satisfied for x  17.

Therefore, x  y  17  1  18.

k k  1  (k  1) k
33. First rationalize the denominator to get . Simplifying the denominator gives
k 2 (k  1)  (k  1) 2 k
(k  1) k  k k  1
. This suggests we can make a telescoping sum, which occurs when we write the
k (k  1)
k k 1
expression as  . Summing this expression from k  1 to k  360 gives
k k 1

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1 2 2 3 360 361 1 18
    ...   . Everything cancels except the first and last terms, giving 1   , so
1 2 2 3 360 361 19 19
m  n  37.

34. We have the equation (m  68)(n  59)  22 17  59. Note that m is positive, so m  68 is positive. Thus,
n  59 is negative. But n is positive, so the only possibilities for n  59 are the negative divisors of 59  68
greater than 59. There are five: 1,  2,  4, 17, and 34. So n can be 59 1, 59  2, 59  4, 59 17, or
59  34. Adding these gives us 237.

35. Let the center of the semicircle be O1 , the center of the smaller circle be O2 , and the center of the larger circle
be O3 . Furthermore, let O2 and O3 be the projections of O2 and O3 respectively, onto the diameter. Finally,
let circles O2 and O3 intersect semicircle O1 at X 2 and X 3 , respectively.

Remark that O2O2  3 and O1O2  O1 X 2  O2 X 2  8  3  5. Thus, by the Pythagorean Theorem, O1O2  4.
Let the desired radius be r. If follows that O3O3  r and O1O3  O1 X 3  O3 X 3  8  r. By the Pythagorean

Theorem, O1O3  (8  r ) 2  r 2  4 4  r .

Let the projection of O2 onto O3O3 be O2. Remark that O2O3  r  3 and
O2O2  ( r  3) 2  ( r  3) 2  2 3r
Since O2O3  O1O2  O1O3 , substitution yields 2 3r  4  4 4  r Solving yields

216  96 2
2r   m  n  k  361.
49

36. We will prove by induction that F ( n)  4n  3 for all nonnegative integers n (this can be seen from the
recursive definition). Clearly it’s true for n  0. Now assume it’s true for k. We have
F (k 1)  F (k )  4  4k  3  4  4k  7  4(k 1)  3, and thus it is true for all n.

37. We see that96  25  3 and 180  22  32  5. Thus, the sum of the divisors of 96 is
(25  24  23  22  21  20 )(31  30 )  (26 1)(4)  252 and the sum of the divisors of 180 is
(22  21  20 )(32  31  30 )(51  50 )  (7)(13)(6)  546, and the sum of both is 546  252  798.

38.
solution 1

900 900 360

Since DCB  ABC  BCE  EBC  180   ,
 7 
 360  540 540 720
so CEB  180  2   . Thus, DEF  180   . The answer is 720  7  727.
 7   7 
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solution 2

360 720
Note that the measure of arcs AC and EG are both 2*  . Hence the measure of the obtuse angle formed
7 7
720 / 7  720 / 7 720
by AE and CG is one half the sum of the intercepted arcs AC and EG, or  . Our answer is
2 7
720  7  727.

39. 20  1  20, 2 10, 4.5

Since we know the number of divisors of n is determined by the product of one more than each of the
exponents in distinct prime factors, we can conclude that the number n is either p19 , p  q9 , or p3  q 4 . Out of these,
the one that will minimize n is p3  q 4 and by picking q  2 and p  3
So our answer is 24  33  432

40. We can divide this into 3 regions.

A 2 10  20 rectangle
A 4  8  32 rectangle
And 6  8  2  24 triangle.
So 20  24  32  76

41. 52010  (24 )5 02  52010  22008  102008.25 This is simply 25 followed by 2008 zeroes, so the sum is 25

42. 20m 10n  mn

mn  20m  10n  0
mn  20m  10n  200  200
m(n  20)  10(n  20)  200
(m  10)(n  20)  200
Now we find the number of divisors of –200. The factorization of 200 is 23  52. Therefore, there are
(3  1) (2  1)  4  3  12 divisors.
Therefore, there are 12  2  24 ordered pairs of integers ( m, n ).

1 1
43. Let  p and  q Then:
a b
1 1
p  q  2011 p  q  1
3 3
ab 1 1 4
We are looking for    p  q. Adding both equations gives us ( p  q )  2012
ab a b 3
Thus, p  q  1509

44. We have the equivalent equations

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
  ,   ,  
a b 3 b c 4 c a 5

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 1 1 1  47 1 1 1 47 abc 120
Adding them up leads to 2     ; thus    and  . Therefore,
 a b c  60 a b c 120 ab  bc  ca 47
m  n  120  47  167.

45. Note that the second condition can be rewritten as 5(ab  bc  ca )  abc by multiplying both sides by 5abc. Next,
note that a3  b3  c3  3abc  (a  b  c)(a2  b2  c2  ab  bc  ca)
 (a  b  c)[(a  b  c)2  3(ab  bc  ca)]
 125  15( ab  bc  ca )
125  3abc.
3abc to both sides gives a3  b3  c3  125.

42 n 3n
 42  22 and 28  22 . Therefore, 33  3n  n  11.
32 33
46. We have 44

47. We have a 2  b2  c 2  989 and 2(a2  b2  c2  ab  bc  ca)  2013, so ab  bc  ca  17.5 and 2(ab  bc  ca )  35.
Then (a  b  c)2  (a2  b2  c2 )  (2ab  2bc  2ca)  1024, so
a  b  c  32.

48. If we set a mass of 35 to A, C must have a mass of 21, and so B must have a mass of 39.
AF 60 BF 56
Therefore, E has a mass of 56 and D has a mass of 60. Therefore  and  .
FD 35 FE 39
[CDF ] 13 [ BDF ] 56 [ EDF ] 35 [ EAF ] 3
We see that  ,  ,  , and  .
[ BDF ] 7 [ EDF ] 39 [ EAF ] 60 [CEF ] 5
[CDF ] 14
Multiplying these ratios together, we have the ratio  .
[CEF ] 15

AB  DF 60   

49. Let AC intersect the circle again at F. Then BEA    20 But
2 
DCF  180    as well, so DEC is isosceles, meaning DE  DC  20.

50. Substitute x  1 to get (63  61)4  24  16

We can do this because the expansion is the very close to being the sum of all the coefficients, but each one is
multiplied by some power of x. Substituting x = 1 leaves just the coefficients.

51. By easy angle chasing, one sees that BE  BD  BC. Therefore, C,D,E are on the same circle with center B.
1
Thus, CED  DBC  12
2

52. x2 y2 z 2  xyxzyz  24*48*72  123 *2*4*6  124 *22

xyz  144 * 2  288
xyz / xy  z  12
xyz / xz  y  6
xy  24  6 x  x  4
x  y  z  22

53. These side lengths form a right triangle. Also the shortest altitude goes to the longest side length. The area of
(15)(20)
this right triangle is  150.
2

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25 x
The area of a triangle is base times height over two. Setting the altitude as x, the equation is  150. Solving
2
for x results in 12.

54. N  2564  6425

N  5128  850
N  564  825
N  564  275
N  1064  211
Now sum up the digits of 211 , and the answer is 14.

a
55. Let  k . Then, a  kb. Rewriting, we have
b
kb  10b
k 2
b  10kb
k  10
k 2
1  10k
k (1  10k )  (k  10)  2(1  10k )
10k 2  2k  10  2  20k
10k 2  18k  8  0
5k 2  9k  4  0
(k  1)(5k  4)  0
4
k  1,
5
However, a and b are distinct, so 4/5.

56. Add all to get:

a 2  6a  b 2  2b  c 2  4c  14. Complete the square.
(a  3)2  (b 1)2  (c  2)2  0. Therefore, by the trivial inequality,
a  3, b  1, c  2  a2  b2  c2  14.

57. Using the standard way to count zeroes, (sum of floors of n over consecutive powers of 5), we get that 2001!
has 499 zeroes while 1000! has 249 zeroes. Therefore, the expression in question ends in:
499
 1 sero.
2  249

58. Let d and e denote the solutions of 2 x 2  3x  5  0. What is the value of (d  1) (e  1) ?

59. Okay, the approach to this problem will be to add and subtract areas as necessary. We draw two radii from the
center of the large semicircle to the intersection points of the two semicircles. This forms an equilateral triangle
with side length 1. Note that the central angle of the sector is thus equal to sixty degrees. The area of the lune is
the area of the small semicircle minus the area of the sector that we drew plus the area of the triangle (it sounds
confusing without a diagram).

2
11 1
The area of the semicircle is    
22 8
60 
The area of the sector is (1) 2  
360 6

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12 3 3
The area of the triangle is 
4 4
1  3  3
The area, as described above, is     
8 6 4 24 4

60. The sum of the digits must be divisible by 3, so if we label the first two digits a and b, then a  b  2  3  a  b  5
is divisible by 3, so a  b  1 is divisible by 3.

Since 1  a  9 and 0  b  9, we have that 0  a  b  1  17. If we want

a  b  1 to be divisible by 3, we can have
a  b  1, 4, 7,10,13,16.
Thus we have
1  4  7  9  6  3  5  16  9  21  9  30  B.

61. There are four sectors, each with central angle of 60 and radius 1.
60.4
1  ( 2 )
360
2 2

3

62. The tens digit must be integral, so the first and last digit must both be either odd or even.

Odd case: 111  999. There are 25 odd three digit numbers such that the tens digit is the average of the
hundreds and ones digit.

Evan case: 210  888. There are 20 even three digit numbers such that the tens digit is the average of the
hundreds and ones digit.

Therefore, there are 45 total.

63. 5 12  13
12 5  13
13 13  (D) 13 2

64. Let the radius of the smaller circle be r. Then the side length of the smaller square is 2r. The radius of the larger
circle is half the length of the diagonal of the smaller square, so it is r 2. Hence the larger square has sides of
 r2 
length 2 2r. The ratio of the area of the smaller circle to the area of the larger square is therefore 2
 .
(2 2r ) 8

n! 2( n  1)!
65. We must have  an integer. If n  1 is an odd prime, then the numerator will not be divisible by
n( n  1) n 1
2
the denominator. Otherwise, it is divisible. Since there are 8 possible odd prime values for n  1, our answer is
24  8  (C ) 16.

66. We have one x that corresponds to each square number less than 120.

We have
102 , 92 , ..., 02.
So, there are 11 values of x that result in an integer.

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67. The sides of the square have length 40 , and the distance from the midpoint of a side of the square to one of
the opposite vertices is the radius of the semicircle. If you draw a radius from the center to one of the vertices of
the square and apply the Pythagorean Theorem to the resulting triangle, you get r  5 2, so the area of the
1
semicircle is A   r 2  25
2

68. Drawing AE and BD, we notice by equilateral triangles that each half of rhombus BFDE has one-third the area
of half of rhombus ABCD. 8  C.

5
69. Multiply the area of a 3-4-5 triangle by the square of the ratio of the sides (which is ), so the answer is 8.64, A
6

70. The side of length of the square is  

2  1  2  2  2  3 2, the desired area is (2  3 2)2  22  12 2. ( B).

a 14b
71. Let   n for some integer n. 9a 2  14b 2  9abn
b 9a

9 has to divide b2 . Otherwise, since 9 clearly divides 9a 2 and 9abn, the left hand side would not be divisible by
n and the right hand side would. For 9 to divide b 2 , either 3 or 9 divides b. If 9 divides it, then the right hand
side would be divisible by 81 but the left hand side would still only be divisible by 9. That means only 3 can
divide b. If any other number divides it, it would also divide the right hand side but not the left hand side,
because a and b are relatively prime. Thus the only possible value of b is 3.

If something divides a except for 1, 2, 7 and 14 then it would not divide the term 14b 2 , but it would divide the
right hand side and the term 9a 2 and so this is impossible. So the only possible values of a are 1, 2, 7, 14. We
then have four possibilities of (a, b) : (1, 3), (2,3), (7,3), and (14, 3). If we plug them in we see that they all work,
so the answer is 4.

72. We know AP 2  BP 2  PC 2 so we have 12  4  16  PC 2 Thus PC  4

73. The given expression equals

92008  92006
92007  92005
Factoring, we have
92006 92  1
 9 E
92005 92  1

74.
Let P be the center of the small circle with radius r, and
let Q be the point where the small circle is tangent to
OA, and finally, let C be the point where the small circle
is tangent to the big circle with radius R. Then PQO is a
right triangle, and a 30-60-90 triangle at that. So, OP =
2PQ. Since OP = OC – PC = OC – r = R – r, we have
1 r
R  r  2 PQ, or R  r  2r , or  . Then the ratio of
3 R
1 1
areas will be squared, or .
3 9

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75. Let the legs of the triangle be a and b then,

Perimeter: a  b  a2  b2  32
Area: ab / 2  20

Simplifying the perimeter equation,

a 2  b2  32  (a  b)
a2  b2  1024  (a  b)2  64(a  b)
1024  2ab  64( a  b)

From the area equation, 2ab  80. Substituting,

64( a  b)  1104

So the sum of the legs is a  b  1104 / 64  69 / 4. The length of the hypotenuse is 32 minus that:
a2  b2  32  69/ 4  59/ 4.

76. First, let’s find the units digit of k. 20082 ends in a 4, because 82  64. Now we need to find the units digit of
2 2008. We can easily show that 2 n ends in a 6 is n is divisible by 4. Thus, 2 2008 ends in a 6. So k ends in 0.

77. Powers of 3 mod 8 cycle as follows:

1, 3, 1, 3, 1, 3, …. .

Therefore, the required sum is

1005(1) + 1005(3)= 1005(4)  4 (mod 8)
So the remainder is 4 (D)

77. We manipulate the inequality so that x is by itself, in the middle.

a 3 b3
a  2x  3  b  a  3  2x  b  3  x
2 2
Now, since the interval of solutions of the inequality is 10,
a 3 b3
  10  a  3  (b  3)  20,  a  b  20.
2 2

78. Draw a rectangle with vertices at the centers of A and B and the intersection of A, C and B, C. Then, we can
compute the shades area as the area of half of C plus the area of the rectangle minus the area of the two
 (1) 2  (1) 2
sectors created by A and B. This is  (2)(1)  2.  2 (C).
2 4

79. Cross-multiplying gives us M N = 36. The number of ordered pairs of positive integers that satisfy this is the
number of positive factors of 36, which is (D) 9.

n 1
n(n  1)
80. Note that the sum of the nth row is equivalent to 
i 0 2
 i. Thus it is equivalent to

n (n  1)  (n  1)(n) n(n  1)
2 2

2 2

81. Let x  512  29 , y  675  3352 , z  720  243251. Then the problem asks us to prove that x3  y3  z3 is not prime.

Since 2z 2  3xy, we have that x3  y3  z3  x3  y3  (z)3  3xy(z), which we can factor as

( x  y  z)( x  zx  xy  zy  z  y ).
2 2 2

Thus, x3  y3  z3  ( x  y  z) ( x2  zx  xy  zy  z 2  y 2 )  467 1745209.

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82. Note that ABN and AMC are equilateral. Thus BN || MC and BM  CN . So BMCN is an isosceles
trapezoid, and CB  MN.

83. A student did not notice multiplication sign between two three-digit numbers and wrote it as a six-digit number.
Result was 7 times more that it should be. Find these numbers.
So 1000 x  y  7 xy  (7 x  1)(7 y  1000)  1000

Divisors of 1000  1 (mod 7) aare 20, 125, 1000 giving as possibilities (3, 150), (18, 144), (143, 143)
Hence the answer (143, 143)

84. Let ABCDEF be a regular hexagon with AB  1, O be the center.

OAB is equilateral, radius of the inscribed circle is 2

3
.

 
2
 2
3

Area ratio   0.907

6  12  1 2
3

85. a3  ax  y  0

b 3  bx  y  0

c3  cx  y  0

subtracting the first and second, then the first and third we get a 3  b3  ax  bx  0 and we factor

(a  b)( x  a2  ab  b2 )  0
and we can divide by a-b because all the numbers are distinct. We get the same for a subtraction of the first
and third.
x  a 2  ab  b 2  0

x  a 2  ac  c 2  0

x  a 2  ab  b 2  x  a 2  ac  c 2

ab  b 2  ac  c 2

b 2  c 2  ac  ab
b  c  a
abc  0

86. [ x3  y3 103  30xy]  [( x  y)]3 1000]  0

And factorise

87. a4  4b4  (a2  2b2  2ab)(a2  2b2  2ab)

 a2  2b2  2ab  1  (a  b)2  b2  1  (a, b)  (1, 0), (1, 1)

 (a, b)  (1, 1)

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
 2000   2000 
88. v23 (2000!)       232   86  3  89
k 1  23   
So x  83

yz  x 2 zx  y 2 ( yz  x 2 )  ( xz  y 2 )
89.    x  y  z( x  y)
1 x 1 y (1  x)  (1  y )
90. Let the side of the square be a.
Then let the sides of one of the parts (the part that is
between the other two) be x, y.

We know the following

xy  1

( a  y ) x  ax  xy  1

( a  x ) y  ay  xy  1

If we look at the last two (and put in the first one)

ax  1  1
ax  1  1
It follows that x  y. And from here x  y  1

a  1  1 so a  2 so the area is indeed 4.

a b
91. For convenience, let c  ,d  .
2 2

K  x2  c2 c  x2  d 2 d

c2 ( x2  c2 )  d 2 ( x2  d 2 )

But c  d . Therefore
x2  c2  d 2

a 2  b2
x .
2
92. 8 The shapes can be cut and rearranged to make a 4 x 2 rectangle as shown.

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93. We calculate the size of ADE and AHE in turn. Since ABC is an equilateral triangle. ACB  60 Since
BCDE is a square. BCD  90 As edge BC is shared by the triangle and the square, AC = CD. Therefore the
triangle ACD is isosceles. Now ADE  EDC  ADC  90   
Now, for AHE, EBH  108 as BEFGH is a regular pentagon. By considering the angles around

B, ABH  360         Since triangle ABH is isosceles, this means that AHB  39 Also,

triangle HBE is isosceles and so BHE  36 Therefore AHB  BHE  39    
So the difference between the sizes of the angles is zero.
94. The parallelogram may also be split into four parallelograms, each having the point as a vertex.

If we label the separate triangles formed as shown in the diagram then it can be seen that area V1  area U2, area
U1 = area T2, area W2 and area W1 = area V2. Therefore
area T + area V = area T1 + area T2 + area V1 + area V2
= area W2 + area U1 + area U2 + area W1
= area U1 + area U2 + area W1 + area W2
= area U + area W.
95. Suppose that n  m and write n  m  k , where k is an integer. Then the six fractions are

m m 1 m2 m3 m4 m5

, , , , , .
m  k (m  1)  k (m  2)  k (m  3)  k (m  4)  k (m  5)  k
These fractions can all be cancelled provided that k is a multiple of each of the integers
m, m  1, m  2, m  3, m  4, m  5.

For example, take m  2. Then k must be a common multiple of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; say

2 3 4 5 6 7
k  420. Then the six fractions are , , , , , ; so m  2 and n  422 is a solution.
422 423 424 425 426 427
96.

Draw squares EDZ 'T ' and DCX 'Y ' on the outside of the hexagon.
Since ABCDEF is regular, angles EDC and ABC are both 120o and also angles EDZ ', CDY ', CBZ and ABY are

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all right angles so Y DZ   YBZ  60 Also the lengths of the sides of the four squares are all equal as they
are equal to the sides of the regular hexagon. Thus triangles DY ' Z ' and BYZ are congruent (SAS) and hence
Z Y   ZY .
Now compare triangles Y DZ  and PDS.
Y D  PD and Z D  DS . (These are the same length as the sides of the hexagon.)
Angle Y DZ   Angle PDS as they are vertically opposite angles.
So triangle Y DZ  is congruent to triangle PDS.
So PS  Z Y   ZY .
97. Since the squares are ‘equally spread’ JAB  DAE  GAH  30 Hence
GAB  GAH  HAJ  JAB  30      Triangle GAB is isosceles
since GA  GB. Therefore GBA  BGA  15
Similarly HAB  HAJ  JAB  90     Triangle BAH is isosceles since BA
= HA. Therefore AHB  ABH  30 which gives
GBH  ABH  GBA  30  
Observe the the diagram is not the only valid arrangement so the answer of 15o is not
unique.

98. Reflect B over AN to obtain B. Clearly B lies on the given semicircle and ANB  ANB. Thus,
MA  AB  AB. Now, let the altitude from A to M N be h.
We have M A2  AN2  (22  h2 )  (h2  82 )  102  h  4.

Thus, MA2  22  42  AN 2  80.

99. The area of the square is s2. The area of the four isosceles triangles is 4 × (1/2 × s × b) = 2sb. Subtracting the
combined areas of the triangles from the area of the square, we see that the area of the star, in terms of s and
b, is s2 – 2sb units2 or s2 – 2bs units2.

100. Substituting a and c = 49 − a into the Pythagorean Theorem and simplifying yields (49 − a)2 − a2 = b2 → 2401
− 98a + a2 − a2 = b2 → 2401 − 98a
= b2 → 49(49 −2a) = b2. This means that 49 – 2a is an odd, square number, in which case the candidates are
1, 9, 25 and 49. If 49 – 2a = 1, solving
for a yields –2a = –48 → a = 24. So we have a = 24, b = 7 and c = 25. For this particular triangle b < a < c, and
this will not satisfy our conditions. If 49 – 2a = 9, solving for a yields –2a = –40 → a = 20. So we have a = 20, b
= 21 and c = 29. The area of this triangle is (1/2) × 20 × 21 = 210 units 2. If
49 – 2a = 25, solving for a yields –2a = –24 → a = 12. So we have a = 12, b = 35 and c = 37. The area of this
triangle is (1/2) × 12 × 35 = 210 units2 .
Finally, 49 – 2a = 49 doesn't work since it results in a = 0. The area of each of the two triangles that satisfy our
conditions is 210 units2.
*************

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