cmaag Gedo Ninth — g, NUMERICAL meTHODs -E i Introduction: emnethematiian , while An engineer oY on applied! seal poodle vaoulel Adtving ‘on engineering problern oF phys come orn amatherncdical gituctions auch D exrirnating dp a. derived. degre of exten ge the dependent vasiaele w knovsing the form of She function | clemwokiven a some specifi oh | wy olotaaniny Bee dayrite ante vaithout ackual anbeqronon. | aolue of p outs vy galing the adubion of 0 digerentl equation ob foe pectic pants eke. A Breve ove cvequve vetth oO. abaervedt. nvollues. Numnesicod Anolysis provides sosaious Lechnignes b andle uth problerns whith, with the hap of corps even caltulokors, que atlubione ae dhe dlesived. daree OY dota. conning of ony a set f a Finke Rigerenas Consider a function 400-4 Let te, Teeth, Ge, 1 Xqz Herth 'e % vet of pm ok a comrmon antewal h. ket the carrenpanding values 94 #4 : be gyz $00), 4,2 400),- © qr bee). TRE value of the independent -vesdable 1 is called dhe caqurnert and te cowrespondhing yenctonal, value JS known ob erty. .® Fomor Dyferences: The frst forwead cierence a fx) denoted. by AW) as aagined. by POT KM ey. My DAO I= £ (uth) -4 (%> DF00) = $ Cu+th) - $0) O-Fou) = fa+h) - $y) Mod) = Sth) - $00) we have Ab Dy = 4- 4e 96, AY 4-4 Fea AS se AFD = S(t) - $a) $8, AY= Wo Yn “We ditevences 4 te fet forvceo cligpevences ave. called “They ae or ~Lellowk dhe aecond. dbiferences, Ays ay ay, , ay, FAH OY Bigg > Ona Bn Sionilorly fu other higher ereler adyferencn -nomdly fourth , cke., ore deteanesL ond tabulated. Such a foloular oarargerrent Gx called foriacerd Sijfesrence Aslole . = a He | up | as «| 4, He | ey %, Sh ay, ey fay |. . . fe i ; Bn Kat | fag . Mor a | BY net Ho} tn | | The sivst erties an, Mg) =, By, ave colled the Lesding gprweond. iy erences Bhe todole namely ay, ay, , Sup Be Brivd, es© Badkwurl Rifferences’ “The -frsd loackward difference of foo dlenoted Joy VC) © wis defined as — VFtxd= fxd - Fh) V Js calle the loackwordl difference operotor For a, Una, rer, « pH we hove VECxnD = S0%qd - -FOtnah) 4-0, TInt Yar Yet VF (ar) = Fer) -Fhna hd 9-0 WYHaa = Ina ~Yaen Th Wd YEW The difference of the -ftrat loackword clifferences one known of reond boockword differences “Trey ose o% “ . VUa= We VYan ) Aad = Maan Vers Tae AT % se the other higher oxder backstod difowen ra ee hard, fowtth ebe., are -forrned ard tabulobed § arrangement is called foockiard. difference Soble : «fa [uw [es fy To: Fy eo vi % q | i vy, v4, Wy % h : vs . Dod wy, me fe a, | i sti | 7 oa | ther | gy | LX | te | it LL The fost enbvien an Be oble namely vy Wu, vy, er vy, ore called the Leading bockioomd, differencesThus we have fom fhe fable, 4 feo) = Asta = By, 2 0-6 B40) = O4(n) = By: 08 ViPto) = VM(m) = Vyas not found “Wsorero “the rth foward difewrees of a palyromial of depee on ave constant heb Foods Oe 4 Qe age 4 +On chen BLO] = apni if, which a o constant Kocaomples: 1) fears Gen) Corti (anin) then SEGO), hee The Leaching Coeticent : coegicient 4 of = axaxl= 6 2 A226, hea and ned. “has 8 Eee] = (6) (31) (®) = age. B) AOD = (1-90) Creare G-392) Crewe), hee “The Leaking cougicient = coggterent gy xP 2 GNC RES cad: oh “.Qo2 2h) hed) nto TRas A? L¥Oo] = (and Clot) @"), The wt fonoard differences of a palyromeal of clegree 1 ove canatant., ond. 05, 0 connegpence, fhe other vagher cridey fora differences vamdy 2" [4o0], SP Lool, + ame all Ye: Nole. The umveue of this theoren as obo true, ae, af dhe ih forward differences of a function tx) -fermulated fos egpicltvtort values of 2 one vonshant, then $00 a8 a. polynomial q dager 0 39 al 8Te find one or mers mining terme! OF When one or move values of y=460 comvesfponding de the | equidistant valuen of x cere maaing » We con find these using the following oethod fhe missing clevm| derma oh a, b eke and. form We arume tre difference fable. Amuming be Jost difference ar you. ME fe wising ere [term cove these eyrakions for o, fo. “Thee que Note’ The function y=SGO can also foe denoted leq Ua oe Problems : > Find the missing erm an the doble - repre testa ets _t fois im “the rabssing term lee a. the silo ce tole is allows px fa [oy ay s s ~ (of — q { 4 | 0 1 | | ; 2, 6 i a4 a 9 ais | (14 Ha 7 tos- 30, 3 a oa 40-20. gi-a A}. 8 | | | Pub sys 0 amwming y= 400 to => 1y-ha=0 => ar3l Thus y= Bl of 223 é‘ay Find £he sonbaing terma an She Aollowing table si: ht f= ond f(o6)eb . et qe dtx) as Ae TAAL] 0.2 | a6 0-36 o ja 6-30 Bua ga-8.52 | Od 134 Q-3.52 b-ha+ 5.88 : i wae b-0-2.64 5-Sb+ 20.4 «| 0-4! la. as be 5.16 blo Q.+6. 28 | be Has, -3b+03.64 1ob-a.- 67.8 |~ 06 |b 18-48-26 bb-HI. 52. | 1.6 Blo- 19.88 | 0.8 jhe 14.8 b+0.6 | 10 | 39 . | Let ur amume fe) to be a polyromaad of degree 41 o stat <,! D420 => -Shisatao.4=0 \ob- A= 64.8 (07) [0b -2-67.8=0 Sb -50 = 20-4 On adlving ve ge QB, b= 7.08 “Rus -f(0) 2 3 $0.60 = 7 08 3) Under puitoble assumption find Ue and Uy giver salt WEB, Uzs=6H , Us= a6 ket ura , uy=b [x i | ae OO 4 use - | ae 78-90. a Uz Q 64-0 3+ b- 300 3 Uy? 64 O+b-188 - t b- 64 -A-3b + hos 4 Web| 880 - 2b 26-6 \ 4 5 Us = 216Ansuming Uy, Je a ppdly nomial y degree 2, Ruyr0 "> @+b-800=0 and, -a-ab+H08 =0 Qn aching we ge a=ah , b= 188 “Thus Uh? a and y= 108 Se ty df the feat, thal, fouth ard the sid lewns oo Aaguences are crespoectively 72, 146, 19% and B02. Find the gecond and fifth terms : oe ld ye #2, Ge a6, 42198, 9, > 308 Take ye, 446 Since we have a xet of four veulues Le us ousume Bus =O | ae Te Te Xs, i 4.5 F2 : O-F2 | Ge a Qld -aa0 TA6- 3a - 318 yt IAG Q-loo “hQ+b+ 180 | 46 b-- 138 Ye 199 b-938 — Hb +890 : b-i92 4Ba- sb : 4 b High - 2b ° 30a-lo a 4.2308 1 sens a ——- => b-natis0=0 anc —Hb+at890=0 i On solving we a a: 06 | b= ohh B Thus we 06 and. Ys? kk - D Under Auitolole cusumptions do oe ctated find Uy and Un, with the help 4 Oo Aflerence table Gee Ugg? 13-55 Urge ULE Ugg 2 tO, Uys = 8-2 Uy = 19 28, Uy 9.02wv “Latenpdakion #f Gor Vr Yer Gn be sch of values of on unknown enckion qed cores ponding fo the voluer of FM Meee tn The proces ol tindling Cextivnaking, She ane fer ang given value ok bebween He and q {4 “ % vs called ankerpaladion. lao He procens 4 extimmoding the volue oY cutnide Hu ger range of erdraplation; 7 n an genesral anterxpalation ancludes ecbrap 0 alse For example , we have ~ pola pepe pete Oo J 3 to IS is | a4 & de} 6) is 19 i dl lao | &F 103 | 135) 4————. The process 6 extinoking 0s), 40), $04), #088) te Js Anferpolation and extimading tas), fas), de B Tnterpelation Lor equal ntenols idl rqunerts: Sneapelekon teveulse oy equal bona leaert HES Enterpaletion qorrnudae yer equal antewals ane based on fervoarl, bachoand, central difference. “That pre ane oblahel by Obprerimaging “Hat unknoon qurdion to a. pulyromial an whose vollues comade with the volue 4 too od the Apedgic potnks he, Ay We, Ay Me,Fesaard cifference apterpelation formula. net Pasksiond ciffermee ©: bebe oy yy ny be the volun don unknown function qed correspporsing bo equilstant voles of 2%, HEwth, Heth, %e%tsh,.- ge 19. Then woe have the losing dio arteypdelion formulae . |. Newkon- Gregory Fecrsasid, ‘interpolation Forel. The value of yetoo at ee gor th 42) yy> dCtet7h) bs Obproximadaly quer by Cy any real, number ) ie Gree ED ay 4 TODD A + ¥(4-1) (v¥-2)- x-(n-) By mI 2. nleiton = Gregary Baga Inlegataber Foren he value of y=4od of gee tatth He, GeFloHth) E As oppronirotely qen boy : We Yt T Mat TOAD Ay, 4 MDE) oy, : Yrs C1t2> le) Sh 7 v4, Remarks + > The two anterpelction ciraulae osve ogdhes oyened do a Newton's émterpolobton furnulae qr eqpal antervols. ea The volue of 4 oy any derived % can be found fou applying either of fhe duo formule and cia value 21 only an > To externake he value of qm the qoat half of the table (nen a6), dhe forced Anterpolation Jorma, is apprroprtake Srnilorly , do esttnoke fhe values of y an the Auord. ball ¢ the fobole Creat xn), the backward Snterpalodton sormula, is appropriate. The worel “approprioke.” is used an She some Lhot computation pork will be cveladovely seropley. The pdymmual yofla) atlyng He da on alo be fo ond aE as called the anberpdlating ppdlynoredal iaking Procedure > Bored on the value da she anterpaaled, desde the Appropriate antenpdtation orm and. conshruct the di florence é table aconelangly. D Rnd the vdevert value of 7 for Fenward interpstation Y= Xe Fox Backward Arterpolalion 1: & Substitute an the appropriate anterpelodion evra, along with the values of he Leading cfrite differences.Glow’ patient YO > Foom the following dable find “the number of ctuslentac rho obtained moscks ct) Les than 4S Gi) bebween NO and AS. [marks | s0-ko | 40-80 | 50-60 | 60-70 | 70-80 [Ao. of Students | zl 4a | si as | at Sd We prepare the curnuledive ~ferequency toble, as Fallonos [asda fos than a] Ho | so co | wo | € : Ne of Studerds TR . ‘ ee off, ling “The Rifference fable Js * 4 AY ay ay | Ay weld | yes! apa 50 43 : 4429 Aias 60 | tay -I6 Asa iF v0 | 169 35 “uy ey &0 190 ) To Athol Yad xz4S 4.6, number of stuclerds with moetks dems Bon 48. Here bez 10 T Ing eho, A=us we have a: EE Me. 20 Using Newbn's forward Snterpetobion formula, we qt Y= dix) = Yt Aye SEED Ai, + po) Ba+ Boe Y= flus) = 3 + (0.6)(Ha)+ estes-D(4) + o-stes NGOS) (-as) 0.6(0.5-1) (05-2) (0-S-3) (23 + OSes) see OES? (37)Thus ye f(45) = 478F The number {students with rroaks Leys than KS a 47.87 818 ®) The number of students with mosks fees than 40 48 I. Henee the number of students glting reaoks lehaeer 40 ard AS =A8-3) = 17. = & The area a cate (A) conespondirg fo dharrder (©) is Gee loelove * Diamder (D)| Bo 8S a | 95 100 | Cede (A)| suas | sean | 6368 | Foes FB54 Find the osrea coves} ding do dinmeer 105 using.an apprprtote nterjodlation oraula. GI ket Dand A corexpondls fo x and y respectively ie the value %2105 us neon te the end value 100, Neston badkvooscl anterbolatton formula 3s appropriate. xD | yea | vy | wef Wy 80 S026 | 6s | as | sony HO 688 -2 4 6368 38 746 ; ant, Ss FORE AO: VY, | 766 = WY, i FAO | a8sh-4, i j Using NB. TP we get . x try @+a) 4 = dq 4, + OEP vy TELene here Ys Mn, OS 100 Ss boner k 2 -4 ys dios) = 7854 + (766) + we (40) + oe (a) oO (39) + ae (4) q = FABSH + 766 + HO +A +H Y= 8666 1 $5 diomeer (D)=195 Thun the aren (A) corresjpordin e666 > The populadsion of a town as qoen by the fable Yeas [vast | iter [taal [rae [at [Rpdakien on Tiousrds| 19-96 [anes | se.e1 | 77-21 | 94-61 Uning Taster —frntcrd and backward anterpelation -formule caltuloke the dnereate an che pepulsdion from the yest 195s fo 1985 SP Let genre ancl population are clenctedl boy % ond. y wap The finite difference tahle x Y 1 Difference | Hi Difference |i Difference | NT Difference las} | 19.96 19.96 196) 30.65 | 7 053 {19.96 70-83 1971 $3.8] 0.96 0.04 18.40 -0.ah 198) | 99.8) “ Fe 1440 £ Waal On. 61 |1) find 4 ob = = 1955 Bence re21986 neo dhe antléel value %= 195) NP LE. ts apprmpriate. bk have Ys B4vay + te ay + + ee) Ay where = ae ~ 1988-198) kt aw 4 Fiom the fable we have, D 219.96 , A4=12.%6, bigs 0.53, Aige—0-03 , Sib? ~ 0-7 . ye 1) (0-4-2 YF 19.96 + on (iaagy 4 CAA (oa ? Cassy4 eantesc DOH Coss) + 0-44 (0 serosa) (o4-8) (-o.01) Thus y= 24.89 sae al %=1985. To find yok me 19857 Stoce = 1985 reas te endl value %n= 194! NBL a Appopriede. We have 42 pt YG EP 3 vy, + roan) vt X= %, es - - where or: 3 - 14 $1991 Bene From the fable we have, W261, WY, tI, yet, Pye 08H, vy,2-001 YAW.) +06) (17-4) + Cedener gy bos reoesnEOHD ¢g24) + Cas) Cote Goer Core gon)@: Thus the -0-16, Ay 0.03, Byye 0.01 Us - dnp sO and T= < 18. * Gy F 0.86 *. Ys ts0H 4(a.36)(i93) # 0.36 (0:86-1)(038"2) 9 é 4 g.ae ose) (036-2) (036-8) (0.01) os6o-se-D Cote) + run, qe 15.044 0.6342 40-0184 + 0 001d + 0.0004 ye 156999 4 15.9 nonkteall miler. ———= AQ Te Sind y oat weno H =Ho0, N.BLF Since K=hIO ecw fo Bre end Wale % 4% 4s ‘appropriate. ule have ate rai )(t+a) . fe I GO yy + ES he * H=% _ HIO-HOD . 10 a h 50 so °° Wee Frorn table yg= 81.8%, Tipe 99, Mae OM 1 yz 0.08, For Ty zoo , Fy,2 0.08 where Tv: -o.0l, 0203) Ean) + 6.20-22 (079 ye 1.74 (0.8) 0.8994 Ze aa 08 292290820 gg) 4 se 5 + zh Thus ys al-53 nautical smiles ed‘sy Find Uns from the clofa « Up= 22S , Uz 288 , Uy= B20, tye 3hO Sol! ket ys Ue The Ivolue x= 0-5 fa neoot fo 20 andl hence ALPE. F % approprale ° % [ae Tar a Wor © | Yo: aas Aye 13 ' 238 Ay: 64 B 3a0 8 co Buz -131 ao 3 3ho We have , a ety (4-2) cu Ye Mot TAM + ad by, a we a By, + johere -¥z "te ~ O50 3g 1 ° (05-2) os los) (68) + Sos Qee 13!) ys aas+ 0.5 (13) + Thus 4+ anges _ot_ 2708 a ————— 6> Rind y(i-#) qtven fhe dodo. [% i a | 3 [4 l= Sif) Since ee ay Ane rat half of fhe Sable reo . tort METF as apprprtete and the = = + 6H +004) YyG.4) = 14.864 => 4) The allorng fable give Be volun of fe) = tame sor Oloe% £0.80. Find {an(o.26) * oo | ols | oao | oas | ago ! 4d=tann |o. L003 | outst! | o.2087 0.9553 | 0.8093 SY The \odue -%2 0:26 tS reo the end role %q20- $0 NB.T.F as appropmoke re yore) meeeneere) Te Wat TMQ A Via sahere ore ete, 9862090 \ nO” 0.05 = 0-8oF 043093 + Co.8 (0.05 40) + nt co) Gosat) Gens DLn.tts) (0.0008) + oh yee 26608. Thus tan (0.269 = 0. 0660 x qed | ov _| vy vy : 0.10 0.1008 | | | 00508 | ois | oiss | 6-0008 | 9.0002 00S 4 o010 r 0.80 0.9087 be ° Fyz 0.0004 | ws 00ree sas | 0.8553 | Asta [wy:0-0540 %20.30 | ¥20.8093 L | | | | | — ony 4 CODEEMDESEA? ga) 8 FL a polyromicl by using Newtons % 10 uw | ye | 13 fo | a 22 | cS i | : ond find = $Ula.s) ond -AUS-D- i Sul Backwoad difference fnble : vy %y a wy =0ee NBTP we have “th ye where tT es: aoe ae Y= 33+4(x-13) (6) + Cena ret w = Bet 6x 98 4 Casa +156 \ i qs doy 2 ase ei as the requirecl ppayrorial Te ind lias) and £03.19 f(iasd = (asd -1a(ias+it = 203s F031) 2 G81Y- 19031) + = 33.71 it’ Apply Nucton', fackwosid formula fo, Ared Ene cshic paynonl pabistying f(-n)=-25, $(-2)= 1, F)° 3, flay = a7, Fl) 2127 and hence find f(s) and f(s? Si: Backsowsd: deference fable ° 2 [arto] vy | vy [vy vy | “yo | -as a6 -2 , as | u 4a 0 | 3 e whet a . 2 | 29 en he 48 Wy a8 ° Yeh fos i97 MeUsing N.B.TF ; Yada FY My + ED oy + mente) Py - i whee v2 UM LHe h 2 Ye too = 199 + (4) a4 (2) 1) Be (OSE Y= FH) = VAR + OAH + (HUI (H-2) 9 4 teu) (2) COI Ye 189 4 Cru) [G4 A(4-2) + e(x-29] 5 199 + @-4) (Aatan-ig+ een] = ae + Oo) (x4 9431) = 1924 4 3x4 3x-194 or y= food = aggre Kets Be required peligro nl, Pa) = Cr 3(ah+3(s)+3 16 F() = GP rasT+alsyt3 2918 o> Fit an anterpeloding polynornioh Ue aatisying age 3, Hea? W138, U=CA Us aal. Hence Bind Uy ard Ue % | dee | VY vy Fy +y -h | -3 zB - Ss ; 8 ° 4g nie he 4 | ont Sb Wee Ty, a | a a6: TY, ISa- Ty, auch | aale4,Using N.B.DF fe ee fy LEED gy, 4 MORNE via where 7: Ee eal HH) = aa (7H) oa (38) (8) See NED) = aol +( 4-4) [F6+ laCe-2) + xCe-2)J Ye f= ool + (a-4) Coeti02 +50) wee cate lantig as The required paynonial Now, y= y= 43) = C@Y+ 6(3) +1803) +13 = 188 u, = y= #16) = (6)? + 66) + 12(6) 41 3 eolas uy Use aqoton's fornccotcl anterpolation ermulo. fe find Yas He Yao? S12, Yyg= HBV, 4yg7 PHS, Yow = 248- 8} Using NLEE.F compute fhe forest of the steam off fenperdure Iya, farm the following table - ee Isv 160 130 P: 6.308 8.076 1d 10.835 3.688 West 1 Apply NBIP fy cornpube dog giver; Uso? 0-8490, Ugy= 04067 Usg= O.MEIS , U2 0.5299 tts es acterpolobing pulynoraiol Ux acdistying U2 6, Uy? 4, Us? 60, Up=120, zz 210, Ug: 336. Herve find Use Wing NLFLDE.Tnterpdabion eth Unequal Sotervals There ore too formulae with uneqpol intervals dy Newton's Divided Difference formula. L “AF Logrange's Unterpolokion formula. Owided Differences - Let #02), F004)... A(t bce the values of on ty Gre volun of Fe, he Mey %m ak uNegpol ankervala The Atrst order dwided diffecrences are defined ar follows unknoon function =f) corresponding 2 an —Sed> $reg = OI pea « $eADAWD, « Atemed* er a “The second order divided differences ave defined ax follosn’ Fear.) = Aud = $480 4G, aay) AD FM, | 1% y= Ae Mend = AC pa) = PCa Hee) Xn ~ Kner Sirmlorly we can define the other higher order divided differencen. The obulor asnrorqement of Brest valu is called he divided deference “tile and 3s on —follocon’. [x [yseo] fod. a oD. [SDD [a DD. | Fe |-#%) | F06,%) | i % | 4) [F(x 2429 | : “#(%,,%6) A), ) % |-40n) | 40% %5, %5) Fl, %, Ha, Xo, %a) F(%4,%5) F(x, %2,%5,%) % |4(%) (0, x3, %) | : 40%.) | %, | Fu) |Note. ~The notation fr divided differences should not be. confured with -the notedion for -funckiona of Liso ov more vostiobbler Here 6, 9%, %,... are called “arguments, Newton's Divided Difference Formula’ [restos General Tnterpoledton Formula.) Led 400), $66), $00),.. Pn) bee a set of sues of an unknown function Sood correnponding fo dhe voluer 9 He, mG, (ty ok unequal. antervala . “Then = FOOD = AED CHD (46 YF (HEY CHD FO HD Ho te Cem) (HHL (26- Any) F (he, %s%e,-+ Made g Problems : > Use Nlewlon's dhivided olifference formula, fo find 4G) gees [xs [oe [a Taye] Yeteas | 4 a | iA | 158 Y= FC = BOD Cee) FE, 96) He EHH HD HK) O-%) (20-96) ACt6,%, HS) + CH %) Cm LL 6 (X= ner) FG, %),- + +4 Kn) From the given data, “the chvided difference foble is as folona :L* [veto] wf 0.d | edo | a DD 2 _ ath %=0 3, Fle, m%d= 8, F0%,%,%2,%8) = 1. Substitudieg in the aboove 2g” fous 1 + (4-6) 34+ (4-0) (Ha) 3 + (H-0) (4-2) (8) | f= -u4+lat+ 04 +8 Thus GD = 40. | a Use Nleoton's divided difference Fo stom the flowing dee | AS gmat, Ao find $49 D.0 213695 | HC HD 5 m2 |HESCE | 4 Cox 00) > 16 Fees = Ss < 44 {49431 BONS | er maa) sen : 4h F003) 16s - = 148) 14246 |509 18We hove N.D.D.F @ POD = FEY + CHIE) ECD LH HHCY C40 196% HH He) HCH WY HOH HW, WHY Hv + FY (HRY EG Cet) FO MND) 113) = 49233 + (43-40) (1369.5) + C1d-Ho) (43-Ha) (16) 4 (43-40) (418-42) (43-44) (0-1) d(43) = 49833 4 Yloa.s +48 - 0-5 f(43) = 449 x Given Ugg? 24.37, Uyg= 49.88 , Tho = 162.86 ond Ug, = 240.6 . Find Uss by M.D. D-F. Gof “Tie Dwided Diference fnble we as follows [x Jurfol oo at DD [SOD | m= 20/2439 | gen ny x:22]49.ag | © (2459 | foxx) FC %,,702) = O.AN9 216.896 FC 20, Ky + Fy, %s) 229/1628 % §F peengy | fats) | F 0.0KS = 85.88 ceed %38/d0.5 | Inle have A. O.0.F FU) = F000) + (HHI F OW F (HH CHG) “FC, HHS +i. FHF) HH 6 os OH) He, H.-H? F088) = 24.37 +(88-80)(12.455) + (8-80) (28-28) (0. 419) + (8-20) (28 - 88) (08-29) (0.0455) “Rus #88) = [M1938 => Ug elAl. TH-4) Using Newton's divided. difference formula find f(®>,fas> i stom the -folloning i TT no} 33 qoo | 19l0 T a0a8 | Gl Newton's divided difference. formula (x 4) Ff (le, ey) + tn) FO = Ale) + (eA C%,%) 4 (He) (my) (He). CH Kees? f (He, %. % | fe) foo | MoD | 2H | Lg : | 8 Ale.n,) = 52. : "25> | 100 Hetetiyes) = 1S | | | lara) = 97 Hee t3)= 1 | | oy es || %e% | aah Al rumd= Bt, | ° {(aa.ts)= aw, $e, 5.% 00) = | %=10 | 900 (ACs, %Me) = OF | oO 00%,%,) 2 310 | FCs Mats) = | =I! | rato Has m4) = 33 | : f(2%,.%,)= 409 % 213 | avag Smnce too values are jo be found, we prefer fo frocks the . Seterpolating pelynomtal fx) i Atma AE (nen) sat (2-M) (2-895 + (L-¥) F-DCEP I f(x) = 10392 Rt x28, ta)- ce (ay 2 aus Yuk x15, $US) = UIsY- Cis} = ISO5} Use Nestonis generel anterpotation —frmula te tk an ° anterpotaking poynortal sor the follosing dota. x oO “1 78 s fer] @ [oa [os aT | SP Dwided difference fnble as as follows’ [x [a0 | op | a5 | ston m0] a | | Itewao= 1 Kells F(%,%) = : }4(%,%)= 9 fem n 4%) | 42a} 1a Am, 49)= 9 (214.44) 4S %5 | 149 a fo We have Nlewtoni, general anterpolotion —formulo. © Ee: Fa) + Crem) (20) Cee a HH LO May) + Ce He) (9-H CH= Ha) KO%e He, HZ A” On substitution we qt Ht = 24(x-0) C19 + Cx-0) (RDN + (4-09 1D (HA) ic) Sted = 84 Ct Aine 498-32 40x fin: 4x24 ty the arequeres. polynomial. 6+ Find dhe cubic polynomial rhich passes -firroughe fhe points (9,4), (4,56), (9,7, Uo a@0) ond hence . nding to the eatimnote le depenctent osiicble conresponc ¢ voli af andependent vesuables 3 and S wry PPESol”. By dota. flay =n, FOd=s6, fads FU, SCr0de9R0. The divided difference foble ss a —followa: x $0) | MoD | MoD Teton. 4] mea] W op : SG l%6,%,)2 26 | x4 | 36 L(%,%,,%2) = 15 | 4(%,%)= 131 Ce, %,%,%3)= | }%=9 | FI | %m%,%)= 83 F(,%) = 269 | Xs 10 | O80 | g | | ’ : We hove Newton's divided difference formuder, Aer = Fx) + (H= He) FCHe, 1) + WIAD Fle, (ae) (12969. (= He) FCM, Hay Hey MV A” Aead= H+ Ce—ad Cae) + (-2) 049 (159 4 (aH IOED a > + (x-a) [26 + 15x-60 49 13r+ Be] > We tu-a) [e+axra] OL cards ax as te required paynoratal Now , 4€39= c3¥- a(3) = al 4(5) = (s¥-a(s> = NS ak Use Nnatorty dnided dMerence fewnul, ta ind, 40-99 tom Se -fellovaing dots, E Ro: 0 a 3 s 6 SOO: } 6 al 10s 186 bEa Fit an ankerpelating pekyromial bor -the ~flloring us anterpelating formule. “ Cy we We, Us = 100, Ug= 18D, Uge NHB, Woz WO, Uy =1alo. cy FCN=-8 , fur: 3, Sarvs), SCad=18 Loprame’s Shlerpolation Fomula And Snysue Gnterpalaion formula, TE Gye fete) , yada), ype dead, ©, Yye Ota) be oe 20h of vebues of an unknown function y= #00 corvesponcling the values fo a, %,%, te nt accessory of enol intervals “then (xn) (%=%) (=I). xe Pye , Hea » GRD. Geeta) gota et 1 BD Gente) arta) * Gar) Sh oe ee) (eH) = + CHD Poe) net Chae * Ile con anterdhonge He we of x and. y ” the Ee and fhe same is calle Las es Gnveue dnterp ; She -hrmubb., cfrmula. vohich helps fo find x for a giver 4 Js a hllowa. : qe HOCH) CH) CHC)» C4 te? Cort) CHo-%) «(Yor nd Cu (He) C4) CH= t= 4) - C4 Yes) y,, Car 0) (or) (ator) oe Remosik 2 “The special features of this formal ace Bhat the texms of the -tormulo anvelve only cia, velar 0 he variables % anol The volues of x alto need nt be equally Apacedl , rey neeol they be an any onder EEProblems? >} Use Logrange's a ° 2 3 6 tnterpolotion trmule. te sind FO») given AO: -y 2h SB SI fa %e0 , HEA, HeeF , WE ah ih, GR, Heh, YF 198 qe? Logrange's interpolation Aormula. fir four ge wvaluts (H=% (4-H) (Rs) (2t-%) (x-%2) (%-%) 4 Cae) Ca) Gane) PS [HRY (25 (HA? (=e) (%-%) (3%) 4+ (% 2 CX) Oo) (HW) -) Or)? CI) (HH) (HRs) ‘ts On aubstifutton we get (4-2) (4-3) (4-4) 2 flay e COE REO | 4s Ca eaee © * a ) (4-2) (A-3) 4 (Ao CA) BS) (14) + fle ED (se) ys So: + (i-2) G3) (Ad -) Oa) 0) (2-3) a-8) * G1) (82) 6-0) = > oot - aay, BI6 y= fa) = face te . pe adh 1588 , 360 2 a+ Bete Be 4O Ths = —ft4) = 40 Se anterpolation formula fy died y ok x =10 a Use hoagsange que :Sol Ld HEE, 2 H26, GEFs Gel Wl, WS. Yeh, ae 6 AL asi ye? . He have Laprange’s anbeapolotton fowl, : (aH CHAD yg FD HHO? 10 BS ete Gea a RED C=) CHM) HHS) (%e) (4-%) (Dg * Ca % ) (=) Ga-Xs) tt Cape) OEK) Car =D) - _ 0-6) (0-4) (0-0 Coes ) (o-A(W-E C13 1°10): Sea ED Pt ENED EP G05) (0-6) (1-1) py, Cos) Clo-6 CWA) (yg & * Gye) ("9 (4) + Oe (6) OD > “ys flo) = a- B+ Bye AA. 14-669 ye 667 at x= 10 * % Uwe Lagrange's antespetatton formula 4 Fit a pdyrortal fi fv the dato. ES x 9 : 3 7 : Yi na 0 6 ta Hence " eatamote Yq ot x Yaz th?We have, a CM) CHD CMY g(a) Gere VM? 1G) (er) 0 GT I OD" PERMIT) 4 C98) Cm) MD *, Ch) MY HHT 1 Tar Og een yedoo = / Jey SOAS (gy 4 melAe2 HS? (99 C2 Gs) Oye Cu) HODES) (HAD) (149) mote (+ Sarpy | AOD: = Ger yontrGas) +B me Cae2d Ces) ANGE + 4g. % (e) (H-2) S +(x) = 7 | =H (od et 419%-10) + 1S OE-FE +100) — HP (eves) aug (od arte an) J funy = + [ so? + sor’ sox +40 J tends Wave gea. B the crgured pabyoonsal ' aa ! % Ark, Log ange's dovenula. anwoudly de Sind x ok yes quer She dato. oe go 0 " 2 we 2% ; St Lak m2 AD, HBO, a= HO Wee , yeh , 274le havi y @ Lagrange’s Anveue arterpolation formula. CH CH) ye flys Oe (4-40) (4-42) (4 -4e) (4 (der 4) (Hor 42 + tars Ga ae Sete he Lee fle)= Ca-2) (1-9) poy, GOCHD G18? )* Saw es) (30) + Bayeaes (80) + EST “Thus the ~olue of s5.ansa, when 4=6 > Appl gran els formula Anvews do find a vet J Me ‘saben Head 20 Geer eit os 230, $= -!3, (a8) -+3 cue) = 18 Sl kek = BO, ugh, mr eB ge HE 2-30, yal, yrs yet '® Heme we bane & ard % path dhe Aca 2 074 ie, o& 47° aur t Anveure 4 rkeerpalodion ormula. > ae = CAH CAH) Carte) gy (4H 1d C4) : %G E He) (Hor Ys) (rsd Garde) (4 te) C4 . + Cette CH) C449) Catt) (ia Ho 4D hle have Lagrange’ (Gin) CHIU) oy Cg te) (ts) Cs? ° 18) (ga) F ge USES E18) (a0) (-3 C18) @ora3re —_So be aD OO) + Gae@ead * GsITHEsY @o0) 0139.63) + i CAB) C31 US) We = 37.8303 % 20.988) + 65322 + 33.6818 - 2.016 = ~The . Thus an approsimate aol of ftx)=0 ds 39,8803. ——7} Apply Logrange's formula do fined y ab x16 et oLe 2.0 os 3.0 Ys 1.86 688 034 9.80 8) Use Lograrge's anterpotadion tommula to At a prlrenial fy the ollosing dodo. ms ' a 3 4 doo: s 19 Aq tol % Use Lagrangels —Envesue anterplation formula. to es 1 He sls af x dp ye too given yisr= ys =a, yOrese , ylad=tok |) yl eiak } wh Use fs anges Umave andenpslation formule ae pelynomz: efor athe llocing ae when y=4.Central Rifferences : oO} “The central difference operotor 8 as dehned, by the welabiors mp2 Beye 9 arth = Bg 9 6 Yams? Shoe Sumlorly » higher-order central differences can be dehned., utth the veluer of a and y os an the preceding a0 tables, a certral difference toble can be -turmedl': x q é et % Yo 8qy, . * 4 ey, - % 4 Bay, Say), A a s4, : Su. I oY ®% 4% : “Bag 4 ey % Be 4s classe from oll the Aree doblen hak an a delinthe numerical cose, the same numbers occuy an the ame positions, whether we we forward, backworel or central differences. : Thus we obtein Aye T4284, 5 Sys Vis 2B eer + i Control Riffererce Formulae - We joresent ‘uoo central difference rrmulae 4 te radar = of erisasel differences (fur convenience) by exhorting the fred of a central difference ctalole bet Xz %ehh, ..., %a=%ah, ¢ 2 Hoh Kt %mtah, 2. 2, Arz%enh be a aed of enpaily Apaces voles of x having sthe corteseondling values of the Ko, 2th, E~ unknewon function GAO Yn M060), ddd, ye 4s) 4,2 HD, © Yat F Cem). “The Finite difference falole with x ct the centre vis vveferrecl fo os fhe central difference table. © ee yy hon a : Abn 24 8 n oe ay Rea 4x : Aya : % 4-1 By, g ae % Ay. . Ba a : ‘ AY oa so AY “ AY, at a ‘ ays | 1 Aq, : i * h : : Bins . BY. at na . y Gowuss Forsooate! rterpolation Forma: 0-1 at) -i)(1-2) ys Fla) = yt TAY, + _ Ke% | where v= AP Observations : > Th employs odd differences just below the central, fine ond! even differences on the central Qine as Ahown loeloss Central bine“as This formula is unecl fo anterpotote the relies of fo?! TCocver) measured —forwarelly trom dhe ovtgtn : 2} Gaur Garkward Thisrpdlation Fomele: (eit & 4 Cartes) meee by > ger dy + ty? Go Serr 7 4 CAND HDG gy sl -3 where xv: Xo® : Observations : the central Jine 'Y This formula eontoins odd differences ahove below and ever differences on the central fine 0% shown AN Baa Bs o ci Conbred Vine eee ay ON L hy g ol ik a clus of for a < Te as used do anterpotode fo ‘ 4 i pegadive value of ry lying bebween tend O- I i bing | } Sterling, Formula 2 Yat AY; : sera) / By + B42 GF 4+ ( I Ve Thy aC at Be) Pont) + ten baa + = % where 9 2Observation: This formula imvetves means of cthe odd differences just above and below the centrol Lune and even differences on this Line ox shown below: 44.) Baa te (A) dye Ba, — einteol line ‘} Bexoel inl yr) p baat Bite Cem) 2 Hy aay GP (SEES) « Go as a CANO) Credle) 7 bya t B44 oo. : * AL { a ) * 2 Observation | Ths yormalor anvolves od differences btlon Be arc To central Une and meana of even ditferences A ard b his Une as shown leclow: etal by|----- Bydh => My ~ canta Sine 3 ‘. AYe eae Ay, Ba Ba ay. Alte » be —> When we have a net of Cantr) value Ue, odd nee of valu, the (nti? value will foe She exact ride woh ond can be called %- I walt, there > Inhen we have o 4d of even nurbott rene fo be will be, two middle -vedues and an appropriate token ow. — while apply Gams forwoord. formal ard Gers’ Serle | the erat I Bre two waddle woluer! 2s then on %While applying Sous backer —fromuda ancl Stirlirg's — © -fermula the second of fhe fit mniddlle valuex ts faker os : Xo Crobleran + Y Gwen the dodo. mm 1 a 3 4 s 4: 4 a HE 4 196 16 By 26 | ' aye 84 7 sso 63 [yee jaar ee we 7 | ay,= si Bye & mush 4399 | | A= 88 / ay, 2 79 \ | m2 5 [42196 | i By Gouin —fonvocerd, formule, —_ ' TOD hy eames 4 Yeyt Tay or Aa + + He % . B.a-3 7 - Y(0.8-1) fo.ap@2-> (08) 1 OHNE DES 20.8 re an +¢0.9) (51) + . | Ys SH. FRB QAE Thus y (3.8) = SH FaB DHE alll ' Ea Use Gaum -forsord interpolation formula fo fit an anterpoladzng polynomial Fx) quen #0)=3, 40026, Peayet Hes deie , fads av. Hence -And 4.59 SoM aE, pe a aay ee Oda 3 | ~~ I~ je 2 I { Ce 1 Pa lactate | AE 2 a no | u | ayo Ss 1 a ‘ee | za =U | 444 = | |e? He aig: | 2 ay 70 | ued [ele | aye a | a4, = 4 | & bagea [wee | | yy We hove, oy oe (rt aCre-e 3 ye ted= yt 14+ GT by, + CODERS aya to where T= =. *2 -8 oye Pe (m2) 2 + cee gto SNe IY 4 Sx +e 42 tO = oc ae43 How -ftrs) = (rs) bali) +3 = 8-95 Thu, $057 = 8.85 % Use Gows Backwoad anterpolation oamlo. % esttmate Bho populodion an the year 1986 given Bob Neour * 1901 ray} 14a 193] i Population : 1a 1s 20 ay | Qn thousands)Sal” fab y= 19a! [= [a [a 4 4] Jaen | | | : | Ada? 3 | | | Hpi gye IS [Aue a i | | | ayes | zo | - |" By: | Bt, % 1981 142 a0 | YF AYg= | | %=1931 |4,> &? t ees eee eens —. ii We have — Go.urs backward ermal, (any ay Gade) Ay +: Ye Waray, + =~ Ata ii here 7, TH, RENE 5 ; hn s) ye oo + 055) + (spose (@ay+e Gz 4+ a5 + 0.95 Thes y= 03.85. : —— b losing Ay Use Stisling!'s formula bo compute ua nn be a foble X. 10 12 14 16 18 Uy 0a 0.881 0.318 0.352 0.384 Sol”! Ine hove AM + AY ve ) +a < Bae - cane (Stet ) bee 4 yar za ta —T 2 Ad Xe Ma =H where 2 h* Te 20.1ay by Sy 44 | 0. 6 | | |apy= 0.0 | Dyers iy oss) Ay: 0-00) | | | | | jy: 0033 | Ay 2 0.001 | [or 4 14s 0.318 | Ase 003 | lay zo ! Ay 03h | Bye 0.001 | | KI ys 0.989 | &ys-0 ova | ! [AY 0.083 | | | X18 yp 0384 | ' boo - . 0.034 +0.037 con Dy . “Thus y (tua) = 0.318 +c eee C0003) + G0 Co fe) (eusivoe!) Ya) = 0.3215 —— 3 sb®© Gwen M3: a.uey, WH 34Hd, TH 24, Eos, VT. 4.n72,®! ' ote . i tind (a) (6.5 by sng Gauss Forsarl formula. (b> IRS by using Gaus Backward Formula. Gel? Let yE. Construct finite oliferene toble taking %= 16. i ss | 12 3.464 0.478 ‘4 3.7he =0-08 0.25 oo OS) 1G 4 -0.015 = 0.004 é 0.243 0.001 i 18 He ahs -0.014 0.829 JO 4.499 To fined JES using Gauns Fonocerd Ferrmud 5 a2 COD iy HDHD A cate 0 Me % Ye 4 + ‘7ay+ Tr AY, where v2 2%. 1eS-!6 = 0.959 h 2 ys 4 0.85 (0.043) + oases) (0.018) + (0. as-+1) Co-25) (0.25-1) (0.001) + (o.asei) (o-25) Co as-1) 038-2) (9.004) ay 4 + 0.06095 +0. 001406 — 0.000039 — 0.000068 4 Ye 4.062 Thus (TES = 4-062 aaTo dind WRF using Gaus Backwarel Formula. op Yt Tap + EE By 4 SOE a TO a. Lt X- Ho _ where Fs = = as 16. gas Ys + 0.95 Co. a + (0.7542) (0.9541) (0.25) (0.75- 1 Go.co%) Y = A+ 0.1935 - 0. 0098H - 0.000 37 + g.000'S Yor 4.18354 ie Thus Iho = 418394 —_—_—— © Use stralieg’* onenul. to corapuke Une strom the Following Asble-: \ Boom 10 va 14 16 1g Uz: 0-940 0.28) O.3ld 0.352 0.384 SI"! Construct difference falole “taking % >1h. 4 * ys Ue Ay By ay AY Lo. 0.90 0.04} 1 0. a8) — 0.004 0.037 9.001 rely Ye0- B18 = 0.003 ° 0.034 0.001 16 0-352 = 0,002 0.032 (8 0.384 ST EE SAREEStrrlin's Formula is qren by ©. AY + AYN] > Craracrn) | Byyt = ye ene FREE] Bae Sor? [Pa] x B= where v2 Oe, MHRTIN. 94 h 2 2 A +0.03 - Ys o-3IS+ oO! [S2stsecs) + en (0.003) (ort) Corpor 4 CAA COIN Fo 06140001] +0 iS a j Ys 0.318 + 0.00355 — 0. C0015 — 0.000016 5° “YF Uy F 0. 331s ——_—_— en The @ Compute f(1a.29 by wing Stirling's formula. dota %: 10 4 ra B Dy AOD: 23969 aso6o gage asaoq— 38868 Sol” The Bifference table «ith 21am aper Pelee * yhoo | sy ay ay , ay i 10: a3rer E 4093 ay asoco = 365 3728 68 12 BIFSS ~ 307 ae 3a) AS 13 35204 - 262 S1s9 at 33368Stirling's Sommula a me wy DYot DY 2 (ETA, wy, ee oe et [RE] 4 Fa | SO] (rt PCr) og ap Of Ye where vy. *r*% oe 02 ys 31988 + oa | Susie 8288) 4 23 23 (4302) (oats) (o-2) (0-2-1 [ o8+4S ae eile 29 (0.2- Peis) 6 2 4 ys SFR + Aa + C61) +O OHRd + 0.0208 “Tus y> FU22D 5 _SaHAS ISOS ® Apply Stirlings formula to fire the cubic patynortal sadistying F(H)=-2S, feayet, florea, £(2)=29, Ha) !97 and ‘hence find (3) and (B+ a Construct a difference tuble taking Ap= 0. x pte ny al ~as 26 / ~2 : 7 | 2 48 Be b 20 . * es a4, ° 26 2 29 ad Fe E “A a8 :Stuilind's formula, ytt [Ey 9 Gand 7 ey ey. £ a, “ee [ee] ay Or) ee ay + where vy. %=% . at. ye 34 Sf 22 ]4 BL (one HCC se) wz Yr Bt Fe + 34 aux ys FC) = 243+ BK AB Nou, (3) =(3Y + 3(3I4+3(3)43 = 66 ACs) = (SF + (594 365743 = 28 —————— O Apply Bessel’ Arend to fired Yup GF Yao? BS? Yu, = BEX, Yyg? BSAH , Yyn= 3992. Gof: Take %=oH. The difference fable a ger below an 3, x YeUoe AY ay BY 20 assy 308 m= ay 3162 HH 3a. -3 28 Bouy 66 448 32 Bag “the Besel's formula & quer by : ye [He] 4 (re a, + en duty, rscineed Aye where T= xe : gece. os_ (3lea+3shh _ 9:95 (0-25-10 f aya ge yas ]+Gas os )(ee2)4 Aaa | He") (0.25) (0-25-05) (085-19 -_ + ces) Ye 3353 — 95.5 + (-6. 5625) + (-0.06a8) ye Wor gaceee Q @& Use Strings ctormula to finely, geen Y= S12, Yao 439, yo? SHE, YqgF943. Alo solve “the problem by Bemels formula. . SP The Diyerence Table is ax hllows: rr 20 sia -73 80 439 -20. -93 10 4o 346 a 50 343 eS To apply Stirling's formula we shall toke the mea of the two micldlle values a %=HO. Stislangls ts que by AY, + 4Y- 2 9 yt) By + AY) .. ye yor [SE] a A+ ao a 4 where > = : aaa -0.5= aye 40s) | 7293] 4 best - o y 46 +608) | 7 J+ AX 10) 4 CONES [12 Jeassi) ys S46 + 49-195 + 0.625 (0-5) Ths Y= Yas = 320685 Se Next , to apply Bersells formula we shall take the inst of the ‘boo rnvddle volues 0% %= SO- Bemwel's Formula ts gen by i+ alae) payee 4: fe 4] 4-8) ay, + 2 (te 4 CAD EDGE >) fase mtd Sie) mo o0 AL a x= 35-30 - 9.5: where 4 h - To a al © aay yan) BY eR Be 4394 B46 ys | +O ys 37.5 + 182s Ye Yo 2 SSE @ Use en appropriate \certtral. olifference fornia to Find yas) qe i * Ss 10 1s. ao : A 4 1a 13 14 16 Sol Since KI2S bs exactly at the contre of the toble, uns forenulle. vould be mort appeoprieke. The ciperence oble wth % 210 ds ax loelow.* yf) ay ay s 12 . ! : He 0 4213 ° t Is 4 ‘ 1 4 ‘ ao. 16 * By Rensels formula, a ak OBIE) 3, yo EEE] eer age G2 [Se RE sae where 12 2% = sme og 2k h Si * ae 0.5 (0.5-") oe) -[S2"] + ot “yz | 2 +? ye 13.5 - 0.0625 Tan YURSD= 1SSTS SS Joo) whith parses Brow he Bewels (B Find the torn y= 3), Got, (3,29, C5165) by OPP points Cl, formule, . 2 S ee ee “1 ~3 oy Xz! ho! e 56 ° 3 44 oe BB 5 165Bercel’s formula is quer by a L 1) (4 ( Ge ED re OR ha Ya) 44, Kd a CS) + [ed cos ELE Tt] +0 ys nat as (x- 2) 4H (2-19-39 Ys Hs Br — FE HHI 1K HND cured. form of ye KO . = ye yotpiax4s is fhe Exercise * ©. olue. © Use Gauss Foruarel formula te Sind Had ob the ger ™ of x wom td 2 25 3 4(2.2)=2 eS 16 2s 36 OAY G) wx: -a =) ° ' 2 payromial 400-2 i 4Od+ eB 1 A a 64 @ Apply Gaure Backward ferrule fo Frc Ue 2 E i 5 : = = + 210 Uss™ a) Wel, Wes, 219, W237, UPC Us 10) OB HAUS, Ug= 2.0994, eho GED 20-6931, U,= 13863, We” Gi) Ut HI, WAS, Uns* yal, Uys ler. ‘Palynot tal Ue —® Apply Stuling's formula fe find (2). G@) -YlOIFO, Y(0-4)20.093 , yloe)=o.102 , Ylo.8)=0.128, Yl.0)= 0.18) tind ylo-66)= 2 ay yoret, YUsd=0.9654 | Y(30)= 0.8660, yCasd=0 3071, 4(60)=0.5 find y(n) = 2 Wey YOdes, YCaret, YCsr= al, YlUD= 99, YSI=!35- Palyporntad, ytd = 2 @ Apply Besels Formal de ind y at qven %- Gy) %: a0 ay ag 32 Yr 0.34s0 0.4062 O.HEAS 0.5 BNA CH) x =) 0 1 a 3 yo, Y: Ss 6 al 86 ab} 630.Cc Numegiens, Brererenienion Ap dnregeemn Nhenescal Riffeventiotion : The pres df colelsbing Ste volue # te devivadives of a function af some cuvcigned! wolue oF % vfrom fhe given ack of solues Co, 4s 0- “he choice of the anterpolation -forrnula, to be used , will depend. on fie cunigredd wolue of 7 of which yf , i desired S$ the volun of x one equirs spect oe Idx , as creguired. near the foegtnntng of the Sable, we “4 Newton's forward formula. $f st is required near enol of Lhe cable, we unre Newton's haackvoordl formula. a weluues vecor Ble retddle of Bee table, 4{/dhe or Beewsells formula. iy olleuboded ly mens of Stashing's GY Fhe wolves of 9 ome riot equi-spaced, we use Nlevtan's diviclecl oltterence tormula to cepresert the function. Formula. bor Bi Berivadives : a Rentvodtives asin Forocxrol Rifference formula: We have Neuston's Forond Interpoledion Ferenula Y= Gye T Oy, + sie ay, + aed (=) Ay, fe Feanid = ara + MEP, ED Ae DiHerertioking booth xides v.tt we hove: 8-1 avior4+2 fowsth)h > Aye ai Sy + SG? Ba + q - J ari 2 aviert2 2, S'carth) = ¥ 3 aye ath dy» Se Bat aa oliHferentioking wrt 4% we qt $f (0% Th) = ei By + FN) ay + 4 wy Rewodiwes sing Baskoord Riflererer rmsle te hove Notion’, Borkwoerdl Snterpdodton Fereaul. gets “y, FT IGA “ae vy, + EAD yt . where = Met Th. Ditlerenticting bathsides, wart xe we at t ort) 2 , Slogger) he Wat A Me + SROTHE Shy P63, ve, Feugt) =LS ve weet oy Cs a ie Agpin differertioding wrt 1 we ot f'Cmeth)= hf Ay, + (v4) That: | ti) Douvabives using Strlings ommula * » We hove Sterling» Formula. 3 Ager OY a 2 (vit) (B44 + M42 (seth) BAL a? 1) (Bit B42) ye s00 = 4+ at a Ue ACI) ARiflerertiating wrt Yr we gt i [Be BH ok Cor) (yt Bt. '(xevh) h(t Ah), 1 By + seb Ye 2) 2 aver 4 mo OMY Y 3 3 ferry) i f(t) rd ord (S54) 7) +(e) Aye Again oliererdticcting wart x we at. " 3 3 f (%+tth) = + ay, 47 (Sette). (22) de f Ny Rexivediv using Neslon's Divided Ritference Berroulen te Pave Newton's Bivideo! Riference formula fl) = fl) + (%-%) Fl%, %) + (70) (4-% I (0, % 1%) + (rem) =) (= HY FM Mes HD acct Pifferertiaking wrt « we gt J'oo = H(t) 4 (0-0) + (4-499 Al % 7 FF OM) H+ (HW) + Car ) (0-19) Fle 4,40) oa Agoin clifferenticding wrt * we gt fim) = a F(%,%,%) +04 (te) # (4-44 (1-0) } Fle, % %, 5) Eon:Rioblems 5 For the lewing dod, find £109 and $0, Veiky your answer by fitting an amterpolating pdynomial. Le ° a A 6 8 FO) t 13 43 ws 367 Sof" Since the values of 9 are neat to i a —_ olf erent use : Forwagel interpolation ormeula.. The foroar ‘ table is os “the Aallawing dato ques the velo«tby ao particle “es sends ot an Artenvol of S seconds. Find So vrihol acceleration using the erttve dota. + Were b Gee) 2 ° 5 10 is ad Vleck umsec) 2 0 3 We need ao find dhe aniltal accelerotion ie, a of 420, The volue t-0 egulal. : to th. Thus v=0. ble we toward difference formula... 48) =(B) st fag dy + 5A -pavt | \y 69 aan ot fo) +L] 3- Liar +b (ae)- $047] ~ ( tro net:0 |yr0 — Not 3 Ss 3 Ave2 8 3, cay BN? 36 10 14 hy yeah ss 60 'S 64 104 i is4 | | 2 | gas | Hence the anitial acceleration as A mn sec*. ty A wd Gs ntabing an a plane “The Fallovsing table ques fhe angle 8 vadtans thaough whidh the wl hos ‘turned for vartous yelues of the dime t seen tre 8 on 0.6, 8 GF 0 ona OAF la 0k Glulobe the angulls vadodty and oguileer oceelerodion oh the vod when t= OW second. Sd Ak the chevivedtver ove crequicred ener the visdle af the -toble we use Seerbang's formula. Angubect veloudy , (3 ) = 13 Abeba) (destdee) a j os Aegean acceberation, (B),- i fed RQ; + .. 4 \ee) ae | se | aie ) lajzo yr 0 i —— AG,= 0.12 | Be 4502/6: 0.19 40,2 0.25 | . A0, 0-37 | Be: 0.01 470-4 18.20.49 Be,20.26 | eee A&> 0-63 Bo42 0-01 * 4706 loz t1d Bez 0.23 | 48,2 0.90 | | $70.8 |6,: 2.02 | | de. : 1S (esstest)_ ( parzoory 24917 . dk oa a ; de . [se . Thus angules velocky , = a.hyq malsec angel vilocly pS BANE oe ew! I { € de a 0.86 - jlo) 7 = 6S Thes. anrgeloge acceleration S> A shedes an a rradhine mover alory oa dred, straight ©? : od. Hs distance x om. along the wd as given below bor ~vosdoun ~valusn qf the Hanne % seconds. Find. fhe velocity of She slider and ats accelemtion when 1-03 seconds Ep 4: ° 0.1 0.8 0.3 0.4 of 06 ne KH BOIS «BGA BABY 3S.CK SBS 338) SAH Aw V-$.33 cmlsec A- -H5.6 cmfsec% Find 4a) and $0 for the ollasing lata E feu)e-a5, f¢ade1, f(od=3, fe2d9 , FU d= lat. _ SE The values of 2 one neoy So fhe middle value. .'. we can use stolings deula, The difference fable 1 a%llos xe [ef] ay ay By my] march iar aS | Ay.ge 26 2 ue-e lye | Buys . Ay: & Ay Ag Ky,2 a4 by =0 %=0 |423 \ 2 ‘ ) Aye a6 Bua ue x22 ly ad Ayoz #0 : : AYy2O8 Me pe 18F | We have Vey LS [Atay Bye Ba Lo 2 tp too £5 (Me) - 4 (Sete) a foo He) 4 (Se8)} ahd Ths (0): 3 Ie have foe te} “hoe Byes P ehere = Sw etf u- Of (an) #4 ots =F (0-6. ——For convenience fake %=0, Yor, AYP OSS, Bye 05, By 29 Ay, =6 Conmden Desowodive (Se BL) Ba (sien) 4y, + (AEeteaaies iy, feos [et + J where vT. aa = 7 ax- My feos ay, + St 4 y+ aa hy a ° 4 . AY fl = Ile know thot -for maximum ov minima :- axe 0: 08s + SE" (asy+ $ (ax-6xe9) (9) +g (4 18ie+ 20% -6) (6) = O98 + 9.5% = 1S 4 HSIEH AKASH IH HSA SSIS =O Hood = 8-20 XO) 20 => *0, 1,4 Next 4"tx) = a=) fd “4 rnagsimum udhen %20 when x=0, Sto) =“! <0, when xe1 f"(1)2 a ro, fle) ie minim when met, feijea >0, fla)“ ralnimin when %=-) ef Nestor's forward. anterpeladtion torres | a A EA BLA EXHD BL wires BA-6 hy aTT sind the mordmutn value and minimum value Cornice Fo. F 5 Sin) = y+ % y+ alm) fb + HCH 1) (2) a 3 bt o ° Fut x0, flo) +0 Yb 1, F012 04 Coas)=-0 Pa ' 1 Ths f0K) ds mancimum for %=0, maximum value 4(0) =o FO) at minimum fy x 1, mintmum value , f(i):~0.25 a> Find dhe wanimum and mnininnum value of the funckon ye too from dhe following dota. n. 7 3 Ss 4 a r 9 NV 13 63 ay oo” 4 a Fs D 9 a 3 u 0 2 48 Ss 13 ig a 50 AS q 63 a6 (HG 4 209 Toke %=1 Ged Aye 8, 44,20, Aye 48, AyoIle have too: pf aq + (AE ) ay, 5 (ale ere ) (eared ay, + where v2 Me% wet J ho Te fod: blast o+ ese): 6 eLfore(S cen acrnea) 5 sity {2 (ode ran)-ax+349} = i+ 3 ey 43 -6x-1ax41a4+8 d'tx) = 30-18% 404 for ragsunuire oY minimuno AS o= 0 FS BCH EX 4a =0 - 6x +8 =0 mea, Next ff") = 6x-18 when ee, LEVEE SO, ACH BH Mariner Bon ag mintnun when wth, Ud= 60 , 1 | Aloo consider nee. t.F finds y+ Ey + oe) Buy + + DEP A, awhen x22 4a) 9+($) a+ 0+ (3)(-z) (2) ) AL +0 > 9+143 218 when eh flay 94(2)a+404(2)(£) C4) Fre = 943-3 = 9 - i ale Thus f(x) dg maximum when %=9 and fhe maximum w! as 12 yt ohu “fOd) ie minimum when 12H and the minima wi “4. ===\ koe wey a c _ Neeferieal nkeyradion “The process of evaluating a definite avkagrol hom a wet of Pobulated values of the anteyrandd f(x) is called numerical antegration “This procers when applied to a funchon oa singe vofable, 3 Known ox quaderodure Newton's - Cotes Quscxohixe Fornula.° b le 7 J food where fin) fakes fhe veluer fetes Yar Hy PTH 2%, Ma, > 7 ' Lek us clvide he antersal (a,b) ‘eto n opel ports of wren ‘Wh’ 4.2., ee sh, 40 Shak %>%, meter, %r%e+ ah, 2) Mae tere nh = lo ° La ux appwrumale yefoud by Neator's Fonacerd anterpedion polynomial vohich cadtshres, ye hd , k=0,1,8,. mM. anh of 9) 3 wae J [yet vay, + ore ay, + mene Sqr dee he \ coheve, ve Se = e%tth . dushdr. When %=% => Y=0 | Hoth -%o _ INhen ye%+nh = TF —— sh n 2 2h + rau, +) Tt) 2 ava) 2 _.. | dy Ll Ye + ) By, + a) AY, + | i . , v7" eel ay tt a, gy ae 4 5 mpi FL ase -F] ogee] tedeh frye Pays ( BB) de +(= -rent) Bb a4 “Tht as known ar Newton- Cotes quadrature ormnula. From this general formula, we deduce fhe fllovoing terpestant quodrabuve cvulles boy taking neia3... iy Propezoidal Rade? 1s 112) anh Te Psoordn = 2 [(qtde) raCttattst: +4 ay Suopsais Qed Bidet 9 We . ath ~ S I~ J4one = BU te + ets Yn) + O(a tact Het) ay Stopes “Three - Eighth Rule 8 NS ite Balen . te de { Avoh Bh [ Horta) Bly ayaa tH) + tat et Ho ay Beple’s Bale Hon N74 yesh . e as { $d dx = AP fay +2044 104, + Bay HMY + Bag, #14, STE Xe ¢ + B2Yq + DY, 4 = 2h 2h fay 2334 ay, oy! HAY th, Ub, 5 S> ledalle's eile‘ ne Be < Ch st f -f aoe af Yor SY, +p 46 ify Fy + Hg 4 OY, + SY, Gre anh : - (Fo duc Sb yot5 yd U4 Bt) : Mo : . §so) S When we divide the antenal Lalo] anton equal. pols there will be (nt) values cf % Cre, Q2%, %,%e, 2, %aeb?- “The comreaponcing values of y, ako (nti) 49 number, ave referred fo as ‘ordinates’. & we can coneude that af there ove (nat) ordinades fheve rust be n eqpal divistons. eu as very amnporlardt Fo know thet de apply Seropsor's Ws!qule ‘nv! rout be a mulliple of 2 ® tp apply Stenpsor's ehh ule *n! must be a multiple f 3. 3 to apply Boofe's vule ‘n' must be a multiple of 4 a) ay cypply Weddle'y cule Sn) must be a raultiple of 6. When n=6 all ~the Hee vule (42, a9, 6) ond dd) @n be appobiedl do ind She apprvrermate volue of the quer definite antegral Problems ° 6 } Evaluate J aSte by using (2) Frapezoidal cole, cai) Stenpson's ys vale, Ua) Swapsoris Ye" ule (iv) Ialeddle's rule sf . Let us chivide the ankernvall (0,6). anbo a eapal posts of yovdth hel. The values of fO9 = + ove quer loelow * ber r [veto i) By ‘rpezcil ole, i me > BF (qed 94 Gitte to ets) } (0540. 240-140. ose ro0sesyy a a { (1400370) +a ‘ aaa ox es ui) By Simnpson's Yard rule , 4 ye alrayy : Serta BE (dott) slits as ; : 43 1.08.20 aufero sooses) 42002000800} faa = 1.3662 +0 % @¢ x) By Sippaoris Byth ode 6 i ade oh ab SCY) 4 BC 44Ust Wat Ys) + 245) ' 2 af 1.02204 [os +o.a+0.0588-+0.0888] alo} 35 wy Gy Weddles rule, 6 [einen = BBL wesnensteneser etd a 34 |£5(0.5) 40.9 +6(0.1) + 0.0588 S (0.0385) + 0.0870 = 1.33352) Use dhe TFiaperoidal rule to estimate the entapal © 2 i ‘ antervale, y fe dx staking 8 ev Sol heb ye e™ h=0.95 and n=8 The values of % and yore OA falows er 0 oes [es | im Tis tus tao] |1.6483 2. er 2 { etdn = 4 [(etfg) + a(t Hat Ha Ht Het wrth) ° oe = 0.85 [erases a (1 AHO + 1.6407 +2708 NBSZ+ 3-408 2 AM MBITTS-ISHE) | > o-1as [8.3841 +4a.9992) Px fe ox = 6.4203 | 8 he Sf Find the approxamale value of \voae de boy Stnpeon's Ye" svule boy dividing [o, %J anlo 6 equol. parts. Soh Hee ons6, aso, b=Mo he 35 or ts ' i The wolues of © ond the comvesponding Nees A Hoy< TEST corveck So four decirmal loses ave tabula oo Mo Ye ™; Ts Sa] Ya Nese | 0.4838 0.9306 0.8409 0.7071 “0.5089 | oo :Sunpsoris Vg cule for n=6 as query Me J NeHT lo = B [4c ty) + HLH toes) +a(itt,) J « a > “ha | q+0)+ 4 (0.93084 0.8404 +0-5087) + 2(0.9306 + 0.307!) J 2h [13.6050 } 36 th {ea de = 11893 ° —— SS Metdy by take Ay Use Simpsons Yak rule Le ind. fe mY "| 6 kub-intenals. | : Sol” Hee one6, 20 and b= 0.6 h-o.1 / The volues of o% and y= e® correct -four decienal places Stobouloked g wees roa [es [ee] Simpsons Yat aule for n=6 ds quer by 8 . 8 sie B Suen + ACatig ty) +9 (a4) a fete : 25.5 (1486079) 4 4 (0.99 + 0.9184 +0:7988) 3 + 2 (0.2608 +0.859!) q 2 SL {16.0543} = 0.635! 06 2 J €%olx = 0.535) al