Lecture Notes in “Digital Communications” Digital Modulation

Electrical Engineering | University of Anbar by: Dr. Mohammed AlMahamdy

2.6.2 Hybrid Amplitude/Phase Modulation (QAM)

Also called Quadrature Amplitude Modulation. Here, it is possible to introduce amplitude as
well as phase modulation to give an improved distribution of signal state in the phasor diagram.
The following illustrates the 8QAM:

Bit Phase Shift

Combination (Deg.) Amplitude
000 0 Low
001 0 High
010 90 Low
011 90 High
100 180 Low
101 180 High
110 270 Low
111 270 High

011

010

x
101 100 000 001

110

111

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Digital Modulation Lecture Notes in “Digital Communications”
by: Dr. Mohammed AlMahamdy Electrical Engineering | University of Anbar

The following figures illustrate the re-distribution of 16PSK to create 16QAM:

64 and 256 QAM Constellations

By adding more levels to the I and Q channels, higher data rates can be carried.

o The higher the number of levels, the more effect there will be from noise or interference.
o 64 QAM uses 8 levels in the I direction and 8 levels in the Q direction for a total of 8
squared or 64 symbols.
o 256 QAM uses 16 levels in the I direction and 16 levels in the Q direction for a total of 16
squared or 256 symbols.

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Lecture Notes in “Digital Communications” Digital Modulation
Electrical Engineering | University of Anbar by: Dr. Mohammed AlMahamdy

Probability of Error in MQSK*

1 3𝐸Avg
𝑃𝐸 ≈ 4 (1 − ) Erfc (√ )
√𝑀 (𝑀 − 1)𝜂

This figure shows clearly that the MQAM is much better than the MPSK for the same M.

What is the bandwidth of MQAM?

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Appendix Lecture Notes in “Digital Communications”
by: Dr. Mohammed AlMahamdy Electrical Engineering | University of Anbar

Part 3 APPENDIX

Q-FUNCTION AND ERROR FUNCTION COMPLEMENTARY

Erfc(x+0.01)

Erfc(x+0.02)

Erfc(x+0.03)

Erfc(x+0.04)

Erfc(x+0.05)

Erfc(x+0.06)

Erfc(x+0.07)

Erfc(x+0.08)

Erfc(x+0.09)
Erfc(x)

0 5.00E-1 4.96E-1 4.92E-1 4.88E-1 4.84E-1 4.80E-1 4.76E-1 4.72E-1 4.68E-1 4.64E-1
0.1 4.60E-1 4.56E-1 4.52E-1 4.48E-1 4.44E-1 4.40E-1 4.36E-1 4.33E-1 4.29E-1 4.25E-1
0.2 4.21E-1 4.17E-1 4.13E-1 4.09E-1 4.05E-1 4.01E-1 3.97E-1 3.94E-1 3.90E-1 3.86E-1
0.3 3.82E-1 3.78E-1 3.75E-1 3.71E-1 3.67E-1 3.63E-1 3.59E-1 3.56E-1 3.52E-1 3.48E-1
0.4 3.45E-1 3.41E-1 3.37E-1 3.34E-1 3.30E-1 3.26E-1 3.23E-1 3.19E-1 3.16E-1 3.12E-1
0.5 3.09E-1 3.05E-1 3.02E-1 2.98E-1 2.95E-1 2.91E-1 2.88E-1 2.84E-1 2.81E-1 2.78E-1
0.6 2.74E-1 2.71E-1 2.68E-1 2.64E-1 2.61E-1 2.58E-1 2.55E-1 2.51E-1 2.48E-1 2.45E-1
0.7 2.42E-1 2.39E-1 2.36E-1 2.33E-1 2.30E-1 2.27E-1 2.24E-1 2.21E-1 2.18E-1 2.15E-1
0.8 2.12E-1 2.09E-1 2.06E-1 2.03E-1 2.01E-1 1.98E-1 1.95E-1 1.92E-1 1.89E-1 1.87E-1
0.9 1.84E-1 1.81E-1 1.79E-1 1.76E-1 1.74E-1 1.71E-1 1.69E-1 1.66E-1 1.64E-1 1.61E-1
1 1.59E-1 1.56E-1 1.54E-1 1.52E-1 1.49E-1 1.47E-1 1.45E-1 1.42E-1 1.40E-1 1.38E-1
1.1 1.36E-1 1.34E-1 1.31E-1 1.29E-1 1.27E-1 1.25E-1 1.23E-1 1.21E-1 1.19E-1 1.17E-1
1.2 1.15E-1 1.13E-1 1.11E-1 1.09E-1 1.08E-1 1.06E-1 1.04E-1 1.02E-1 1.00E-1 9.85E-2
1.3 9.68E-2 9.51E-2 9.34E-2 9.18E-2 9.01E-2 8.85E-2 8.69E-2 8.53E-2 8.38E-2 8.23E-2
1.4 8.08E-2 7.93E-2 7.78E-2 7.64E-2 7.49E-2 7.35E-2 7.22E-2 7.08E-2 6.94E-2 6.81E-2
1.5 6.68E-2 6.55E-2 6.43E-2 6.30E-2 6.18E-2 6.06E-2 5.94E-2 5.82E-2 5.71E-2 5.59E-2
1.6 5.48E-2 5.37E-2 5.26E-2 5.16E-2 5.05E-2 4.95E-2 4.85E-2 4.75E-2 4.65E-2 4.55E-2
1.7 4.46E-2 4.36E-2 4.27E-2 4.18E-2 4.09E-2 4.01E-2 3.92E-2 3.84E-2 3.75E-2 3.67E-2
1.8 3.59E-2 3.52E-2 3.44E-2 3.36E-2 3.29E-2 3.22E-2 3.14E-2 3.07E-2 3.01E-2 2.94E-2
1.9 2.87E-2 2.81E-2 2.74E-2 2.68E-2 2.62E-2 2.56E-2 2.50E-2 2.44E-2 2.39E-2 2.33E-2
2 2.28E-2 2.22E-2 2.17E-2 2.12E-2 2.07E-2 2.02E-2 1.97E-2 1.92E-2 1.88E-2 1.83E-2
2.1 1.79E-2 1.74E-2 1.70E-2 1.66E-2 1.62E-2 1.58E-2 1.54E-2 1.50E-2 1.46E-2 1.43E-2
2.2 1.39E-2 1.36E-2 1.32E-2 1.29E-2 1.26E-2 1.22E-2 1.19E-2 1.16E-2 1.13E-2 1.10E-2
2.3 1.07E-2 1.04E-2 1.02E-2 9.90E-3 9.64E-3 9.39E-3 9.14E-3 8.89E-3 8.66E-3 8.42E-3
2.4 8.20E-3 7.98E-3 7.76E-3 7.55E-3 7.34E-3 7.14E-3 6.95E-3 6.76E-3 6.57E-3 6.39E-3
2.5 6.21E-3 6.04E-3 5.87E-3 5.70E-3 5.54E-3 5.39E-3 5.23E-3 5.09E-3 4.94E-3 4.80E-3
2.6 4.66E-3 4.53E-3 4.40E-3 4.27E-3 4.15E-3 4.03E-3 3.91E-3 3.79E-3 3.68E-3 3.57E-3
2.7 3.47E-3 3.36E-3 3.26E-3 3.17E-3 3.07E-3 2.98E-3 2.89E-3 2.80E-3 2.72E-3 2.64E-3
2.8 2.56E-3 2.48E-3 2.40E-3 2.33E-3 2.26E-3 2.19E-3 2.12E-3 2.05E-3 1.99E-3 1.93E-3
2.9 1.87E-3 1.81E-3 1.75E-3 1.70E-3 1.64E-3 1.59E-3 1.54E-3 1.49E-3 1.44E-3 1.40E-3

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Lecture Notes in “Digital Communications” Appendix
Electrical Engineering | University of Anbar by: Dr. Mohammed AlMahamdy

Erfc(x+0.01)

Erfc(x+0.02)

Erfc(x+0.03)

Erfc(x+0.04)

Erfc(x+0.05)

Erfc(x+0.06)

Erfc(x+0.07)

Erfc(x+0.08)

Erfc(x+0.09)
x Erfc(x)

3 1.35E-3 1.31E-3 1.26E-3 1.22E-3 1.18E-3 1.14E-3 1.11E-3 1.07E-3 1.04E-3 1.00E-3
3.1 9.68E-4 9.35E-4 9.04E-4 8.74E-4 8.45E-4 8.16E-4 7.89E-4 7.62E-4 7.36E-4 7.11E-4
3.2 6.87E-4 6.64E-4 6.41E-4 6.19E-4 5.98E-4 5.77E-4 5.57E-4 5.38E-4 5.19E-4 5.01E-4
3.3 4.83E-4 4.67E-4 4.50E-4 4.34E-4 4.19E-4 4.04E-4 3.90E-4 3.76E-4 3.62E-4 3.50E-4
3.4 3.37E-4 3.25E-4 3.13E-4 3.02E-4 2.91E-4 2.80E-4 2.70E-4 2.60E-4 2.51E-4 2.42E-4
3.5 2.33E-4 2.24E-4 2.16E-4 2.08E-4 2.00E-4 1.93E-4 1.85E-4 1.79E-4 1.72E-4 1.65E-4
3.6 1.59E-4 1.53E-4 1.47E-4 1.42E-4 1.36E-4 1.31E-4 1.26E-4 1.21E-4 1.17E-4 1.12E-4
3.7 1.08E-4 1.04E-4 9.96E-5 9.57E-5 9.20E-5 8.84E-5 8.50E-5 8.16E-5 7.84E-5 7.53E-5
3.8 7.24E-5 6.95E-5 6.67E-5 6.41E-5 6.15E-5 5.91E-5 5.67E-5 5.44E-5 5.22E-5 5.01E-5
3.9 4.81E-5 4.62E-5 4.43E-5 4.25E-5 4.07E-5 3.91E-5 3.75E-5 3.59E-5 3.45E-5 3.30E-5
4 3.17E-5 3.04E-5 2.91E-5 2.79E-5 2.67E-5 2.56E-5 2.45E-5 2.35E-5 2.25E-5 2.16E-5
4.1 2.07E-5 1.98E-5 1.89E-5 1.81E-5 1.74E-5 1.66E-5 1.59E-5 1.52E-5 1.46E-5 1.40E-5
4.2 1.34E-5 1.28E-5 1.22E-5 1.17E-5 1.12E-5 1.07E-5 1.02E-5 9.77E-6 9.35E-6 8.93E-6
4.3 8.54E-6 8.16E-6 7.80E-6 7.46E-6 7.12E-6 6.81E-6 6.50E-6 6.21E-6 5.93E-6 5.67E-6
4.4 5.41E-6 5.17E-6 4.94E-6 4.71E-6 4.50E-6 4.29E-6 4.10E-6 3.91E-6 3.73E-6 3.56E-6
4.5 3.40E-6 3.24E-6 3.09E-6 2.95E-6 2.81E-6 2.68E-6 2.56E-6 2.44E-6 2.33E-6 2.22E-6
4.6 2.11E-6 2.01E-6 1.92E-6 1.83E-6 1.74E-6 1.66E-6 1.58E-6 1.51E-6 1.43E-6 1.37E-6
4.7 1.30E-6 1.24E-6 1.18E-6 1.12E-6 1.07E-6 1.02E-6 9.68E-7 9.21E-7 8.77E-7 8.34E-7
4.8 7.93E-7 7.55E-7 7.18E-7 6.83E-7 6.49E-7 6.17E-7 5.87E-7 5.58E-7 5.30E-7 5.04E-7
4.9 4.79E-7 4.55E-7 4.33E-7 4.11E-7 3.91E-7 3.71E-7 3.53E-7 3.35E-7 3.18E-7 3.02E-7
5 2.87E-7 2.72E-7 2.58E-7 2.45E-7 2.33E-7 2.21E-7 2.10E-7 1.99E-7 1.89E-7 1.79E-7
5.1 1.70E-7 1.61E-7 1.53E-7 1.45E-7 1.37E-7 1.30E-7 1.23E-7 1.17E-7 1.11E-7 1.05E-7
5.2 9.96E-8 9.44E-8 8.95E-8 8.48E-8 8.03E-8 7.61E-8 7.20E-8 6.82E-8 6.46E-8 6.12E-8
5.3 5.79E-8 5.48E-8 5.19E-8 4.91E-8 4.65E-8 4.40E-8 4.16E-8 3.94E-8 3.72E-8 3.52E-8
5.4 3.33E-8 3.15E-8 2.98E-8 2.82E-8 2.66E-8 2.52E-8 2.38E-8 2.25E-8 2.13E-8 2.01E-8
5.5 1.90E-8 1.79E-8 1.70E-8 1.60E-8 1.51E-8 1.43E-8 1.35E-8 1.27E-8 1.20E-8 1.14E-8
5.6 1.07E-8 1.01E-8 9.55E-9 9.01E-9 8.50E-9 8.02E-9 7.57E-9 7.14E-9 6.73E-9 6.35E-9
5.7 5.99E-9 5.65E-9 5.33E-9 5.02E-9 4.73E-9 4.46E-9 4.21E-9 3.96E-9 3.74E-9 3.52E-9
5.8 3.32E-9 3.12E-9 2.94E-9 2.77E-9 2.61E-9 2.46E-9 2.31E-9 2.18E-9 2.05E-9 1.93E-9
5.9 1.82E-9 1.71E-9 1.61E-9 1.51E-9 1.43E-9 1.34E-9 1.26E-9 1.19E-9 1.12E-9 1.05E-9

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