2014 - Can We Relinquish The Transcendental

Can We Relinquish the Transcendental?
Author(s): Catherine Malabou

Source: The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, Vol. 28, No. 3, special issue with the society for
phenomenology and existential philosophy (2014), pp. 242-255
Published by: Penn State University Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/jspecphil.28.3.0242
Accessed: 08-01-2016 05:41 UTC
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/
info/about/policies/terms.jsp
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content
in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship.
For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].
Penn State University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Speculative
Philosophy.
http://www.jstor.org
This content downloaded from 131.172.36.29 on Fri, 08 Jan 2016 05:41:42 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
jsp
Can We Relinquish the Transcendental?
Catherine Malabou
kingston university london
abstract: Is contemporary continental European philosophy preparing itself to

break with Kant? An attack upon supposedly indestructible structures of knowledge
is happening today: finitude of the subject, phenomenal given, a priori synthesis.
“Relinquishing the transcendental”: such is the leading project of postcritical think-
ing in the early twenty-first century as it appears in Quentin Meillassoux’s book After
Finitude. Some questions that we thought could never be raised after the Critique of
Pure Reason are reappearing with a renewed force: Was Kant genuinely able to deduce
categories instead of imposing them, to prove the necessity of nature, to found the dif-
ference between “a priori” and “innate”? Should we consider, on the contrary, that the
“problem of Hume”—the existence of an irreducible contingency of the world—has
never been settled by the Transcendental Deduction? Such a claim implies that we
are provided a sufficiently convincing concept of the irregularity of the laws of nature
and of the possibility of a totally different world. Does After Finitude elaborate such
concepts?
keywords: transcendental, contingency, postcriticism, nature, mathematics, Hume,

Kant, Meillassoux
I borrow the terms of the title question from Quentin Meillassoux’s

book After Finitude, which I intend to discuss here, a book that has pro-
voked a genuine thunderstorm in the philosophical sky.1 “The primary
journal of speculative philosophy, vol. 28, no. 3, 2014

Copyright © 2014 The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
JSP 28.3_03_Malabou.indd 242 09/07/14 11:44 AM

can we relinquish the transcendental? 243
c ondition to the issue I intend to deal with here,” Meillassoux says, “is
‘the relinquishing of transcendentalism’” (27). The French expression
is “l’abandon du transcendantal.”2 I think that “the relinquishing of the
transcendental” is better than “the relinquishing of transcendentalism.”
As for relinquish, it implies something softer, gentler, than abandon.
Abandonment means a definite separation, whereas relinquishing desig-
nates a negotiated rupture, a farewell that maintains a relationship with
what it splits from. Whether Meillassoux’s abandon means “relinquish-
ing” or “abandonment” will be examined later. For the moment I wish
to insist upon the fact that he proposes that we leave the transcendental,
and consequently also Kant, behind. What I intend to question is this very
gesture: Can we relinquish the transcendental, and consequently, can we
relinquish Kant?
The problem is all the more serious if we admit that Kantianism may
be considered the very origin, the very foundation, of European philosophy,
that is, of the continental tradition.3 So the “we” included in the question
“Can we relinquish the transcendental?” addresses all continental philoso-
phers. Its signification then becomes: Can we relinquish the transcendental
without relinquishing purely and simply continental philosophy? Without
putting at risk continental philosophy’s identity? Such is the immense
challenged raised by After Finitude.
First, I will examine the reasons for such a challenge, which will lead
me to expose Meillassoux’s main arguments. I will then discuss them.
Transcendental, says Kant in the introduction to the Critique of Pure
Reason, should be understood both as synonymous to a priori, meaning
“absolutely independent from all experience,” and as synonymous to the
condition of possibility in general: “The a priori possibility of cognition . . .
is transcendental.”4 The relinquishing of the transcendental, then, implies
a break with the a priori, with the idea of the condition of possibility, as well
as with their circularity.
Why should we proceed to such a rupture? Because, as Meillassoux
argues, this circularity was never able to entirely veil or hide its lack of
foundation. There can be no transcendental deduction of the transcenden-
tal. The a priori is just a presupposition. What Kant calls deduction is only
a description, a way to posit simple facts. The pure forms of knowledge and
thinking—categories, principles, ideas—are just decreed, posited, never
deduced or justified. In Kant, Meillassoux argues,

244 catherine malabou
it is impossible to derive the forms of thought from a principle or

system capable of endowing them with absolute necessity. These
forms constitute a “primary fact” which is only susceptible to descrip-
tion, and not to deduction. . . . And if the realm of the in-itself can be
distinguished from the phenomenon, this is precisely because of the
facticity of these forms, the fact that they can be only described, for if
they were deducible . . ., theirs would be an unconditional necessity
that abolishes the possibility of there being an in itself that could dif-
fer from them. (38)
The transcendental, again, is a fact.

But is this not an old question? one may ask. How not to object that the
bringing to light of such a facticity has already and often been done? Has
not the transcendental already been relinquished, criticized, deconstructed
in the name of its defective foundations? Examples of such approaches are
numerous; I could of course immediately mention Hegel, but we can also
take three examples in twentieth-century philosophy before going back to
Meillassoux: Heidegger, Derrida, and Foucault.
The vocabulary of the transcendental is still evident in Being and Time,5
as well as in Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics.6 The title of Being and
Time’s first part is “The Interpretation of Dasein in Terms of Temporality
and the Explication of Time as the Transcendental Horizon for the Ques-
tion of Being.” Originary temporality is defined in both books in terms of
“schemas” (“horizontal schemas of the extases of temporality”).7
Without entering into the detail of Heidegger’s philosophical evolution,
I will just mention that, soon after Being and Time, in The Basic Problems
of Phenomenology, for example,8 and later in the Contributions to Philosophy,
Heidegger will never again use the term transcendental any longer and will
assimilate the a priori to an ontic metaphysical principle among others.9
The signification of the Turning in Heidegger may be already considered a
relinquishing of the transcendental.
In Derrida’s work, we can isolate three main elaborations of the cri-
tique of the transcendental—first, the deconstruction of the Husserlian
concept of transcendental vécu developed in Voice and Phenomenon;10 sec-
ond, the critique of the “transcendental signified” developed in Of Gram-
matology;11 and third, the dismantlement of the notion of system in Glas,
where Derrida writes: “Is it not always an element excluded from the
system which assures the system possibility of space? The transcenden-

tal has always been, strictly, a transcategorical, that which could not be
received, formed, enclosed in any category internal to the system. The
vomit of the system.”12 What Derrida brings to light here is that the tran-
scendental is in a way that is arbitrarily imposed upon the system as its
form but remains itself exterior to the system, alien to it, coming from
nowhere.
As for Foucault, we know how complex his relationship with the tran-
scendental is. While leaving aside for considerations of time the detail of
the crucial analyses of Archaeology of Knowledge,13 as well as those developed
in What Is Enlightenment?14 I will just refer to a famous passage from his
conversation with Giulio Preti in 1972, “The Question of Culture”: “In all
of my work I strive . . . to avoid any reference to this transcendental as a
condition of the possibility for any knowledge. When I say that I strive to
avoid it, I do not mean that I am sure of succeeding. I try to historicize to
the utmost to leave as little space as possible to the transcendental. I cannot
exclude the possibility that one day I will have to confront an irreducible
residuum which will be, in fact, the transcendental.”15
We see, through these three examples, that the “break” with the tran-
scendental, to use another of Meillassoux’s expressions,16 is not exactly a
new and unexpected gesture; it is inscribed in what already appears as a
tradition.
Nevertheless, to come back to the distinction between relinquishing
and abandoning, I would say, contradicting the translator a little, that
Heidegger, Derrida, and Foucault relinquish the transcendental, whereas
Meillassoux abandons it. Continental philosophers until now, however
violent their reading of Kant, however radical their critique of the tran-
scendental, seem to have always preserved or maintained something of it
in the end, calling it “quasi transcendental,” for example,17 because even
if transcendental is too metaphysical a name, it nevertheless circumscribes
what may be seen as the minimal creed of continental philosophy. The
creed that exists is a set of structures of both theoretical and practical
experience that are irreducible to two extremes—to empirical material
data, on the one hand, and to purely formal logic entities or procedures,
on the other: a set of concepts that allow the real to exist and which could
not exist without the real. Foucault, in “On the Archaeology of the Sci-
ences,” gives a helpful definition. The transcendental is said to be “a play
of forms that anticipate all contents insofar as they have already rendered
them possible.”18

So again, the destruction or the critique of the transcendental has until

then only been a readjustment, never an abandonment of it. What happens
today is something way more radical than these destructive-deconstruc-
tive-critical reelaborations. It is something much more abrupt, adamant,
dangerous—the idea of an absolute abandonment of the transcendental,
and of its minimal creed, which we may make even more minimal: the idea
of the “irreducible,” the irreducible “residue.”
Why dangerous? Because if we break the hold of irreducibility, to what
shall “we” be reduced? “You” will be reduced to what “you” are, Meillassoux
says, that is, “you” will be identified as subjects, that is, as “correlationists.”
The word correlationism at work in After Finitude has become infamous. Let
us try to understand it specifically in the context of the irreducible, which
usually defines the transcendental.
Meillassoux argues that such an irreducibility (also its meaning in
phenomenology) is precisely what is nondeductible and purely factual in
Kantian philosophy. It is only a decision of thought, an unjustifiable one.
This decision pertains to a priori synthesis. What Kant has posited as the
irreducible is the originary synthesis, intrication, correlation between the
subject and the object, or the world and the subject as it appears in the
passage from Foucault I just quoted. “The transcendental” is just another
name for this conjunction, which again is not explicable in terms of materi-
alism (it is not the product of any empirical genesis) or formal logic.
“By correlation,” Meillassoux writes, “we mean the idea according to
which we only have access to the correlation between thinking and being,
never to either term considered apart from the other. We will henceforth
call correlationism any current of thought which maintains the unsurpass-
able character of the correlation to be defined. . . . Correlationism consists
in disqualifying the claim that it is possible to consider the realms of sub-
jectivity and objectivity independently of one another” (5). Correlation is
of course another name for synthesis. To relinquish the transcendental
implies to “revise decisions often considered as infrangible since Kant”
(26), mainly the decision of conferring any priority to the synthesis.
In a sense, as Meillassoux acknowledges it, “we cannot but be heirs to
Kantianism” (29). There is no question in denying it; returning to precriti-
cal philosophy or dogmatism is purely and simply impossible. But what
appears as one of the main challenges of our philosophical time is the task
to elaborate a genuine postcritical position, nonsynthetic, without it per-
taining to analytical philosophy either.

In order to explore in a more detailed way the critique of correlationism,

I chose two lines of analysis among the most radical: First, this critique
coincides with an unprecedented movement of dispossession and expro-
priation of subjectivity; second, it leads to elaborating a new concept of
alterity, an alterity other than that of the utterly other.
1.
To relinquish the transcendental implies a neutralization of the “proper”

and of “property.” To relinquish the synthesis amounts to admitting that
the world is not our world, that the laws of nature are not those of our
understanding. That we are not correlated to the world or nature in the first
place means that they do not belong to us. The synthesis as Kant defines
it is undoubtedly a mark of property; let us recall the beginning of the
Critique of Judgment, for example, where he distinguishes among a field, a
territory, and a domain and affirms that we have to find, in this geography,
a place where knowledge is possible for us, a place of our own: “Concepts,
so far as they are referred to objects apart from the question of whether
knowledge of them is possible or not, have their field, which is determined
simply by the relation in which their object stands to our faculty of cogni-
tion in general. The part of this field in which knowledge is possible for
us is a territory (territorium) for these concepts and the requisite cognitive
faculty. The part of the territory over which they exercise legislative author-
ity is the realm (ditio) of these concepts, and their appropriate cognitive
faculty.”19
The metaphor of the “land” is very significant here; it conveys the
idea of possession, ownership, and mastery. Such is the contradiction of
Kantianism that it presents itself as a desubstantialization of subjectivity;
subjectivity, for Kant, is just a form—but confers to the a priori synthesis
the status of an owned space. For Kant, there is nothing prior to our rela-
tionship to the world.
The philosophy to come must then restitute the world to itself, and con-
sequently also its anteriority over the a priori itself. The theme of “ances-
trality” is the expression of such an anteriority or precedence: “I will call
ancestral any reality anterior to the emergence of the human species—or
even anterior to every recognized form of life on earth”; “a world posited as
anterior to the emergence of thought and even of life” (10).

We then do not have to fear a return to empiricism or pure logicism.

To relinquish the transcendental precisely implies exploring a dimension
of speculation that comes prior to any experience as well as to any form of
judgment; it implies “describ[ing] a world where humanity is absent,” a
“desert,” “a world crammed with things and events that are not the corre-
lates of any manifestation: a world that is not a correlate of a relation to the
world,” “a world anterior to experience” (26).
This deserted, neutral, dispossessed world is indifferent to the fact of
being thought. This indifference is for Meillassoux another name for the
absolute, for something radically separated—absolutus—from us, “capable
of existing without us . . . whose separateness from thought is such that it
presents itself to us as non-relative to us, and hence as capable of existing
whether we exist or not” (28). To me, this approach to the absolute indif-
ference of the world is the most radical attempt at dismantling the notion
of “proper,” challenging the Heideggerian couple of Ereignis and Enteignis,
or the Derridean deconstruction of the self or of auto-affection, or the
Foucauldian concept of parrhesia. Playing with the difference between the
world and the earth, it appears as the first speculative ecological concept.
The earth is a space that is not ours. We have to think of it as it was before
colonization. We have to invent a philosophy without private property.
We reach here the second point of analysis—the other alterity.
2.
A world capable of existing without us is, as we just saw, a world that is

indifferent to the fact of being thought or judged and is consequently also
indifferent to its supposed necessity. Necessity is just one of our categories.
In reality, the world is radically contingent. It is this radical contingency
that appears as the absolute other.
Let me first explain what contingency means in After Finitude. This
brings us back to Kant. What is at stake in the Transcendental Deduction is
the affirmation that there exists an a priori “agreement” between pure con-
cepts and the objects of experience. This agreement (Übereinstimmung)—
another name for correlation or synthesis—guarantees the universal
causality and necessity of nature, consequently also the stability and perma-
nence of natural laws: “For Kant, if our representations of the world were
not governed by necessary connections,—which he calls the categories,

among which is the principle of causality, the world would be nothing

but a disordered mass of confused perceptions, incapable of yielding the
experience of a unified consciousness” (93). Against Hume and skepticism
in general, Kant argues that nature cannot change, that the laws cannot
change for no reason.
Again, the a priori synthesis guarantees the universal necessity of the
order of things—the order of both nature and the world. The problem, as
we already saw, is that such a necessity cannot be deduced but, rather, only
described. A priori synthesis is never proved or justified and always appears
as purely factual. There is no necessary demonstration of natural necessity.
How could it be otherwise, to the extent that the basis of transcendental
necessity itself, that is, correlation, does not have any sufficient reason?
It then appears that the correlational structure is itself totally contin-
gent: “Facticity just consists in not knowing why the correlational structure
has to be thus” (39). This “not knowing why” is not the result of a flaw in
Kant’s argument or reasoning. Contingency is what is. There is only con-
tingency: “Contingency alone is necessary” (80). Then why not admit it?
Why not call factuality the speculative essence of facticity, that is, the abso-
luteness of contingency? Why not admit that Kant never solved Hume’s
problem?
This problem, as we know, “can be formulated as follows”: “Is it pos-
sible to demonstrate that the same effects will always follow from the
same causes ceteris paribus, i.e. all other things being equal?” (85). This
question concerns the capacity of physics to demonstrate the necessity of
the causal connection and consequently the permanent stability of natu-
ral laws.
That the world might radically change, that the laws of physics might
be totally contingent, is the hypothesis that Kant adamantly rejects. Never-
theless, because of its inability to provide the necessary demonstration of
causality, Transcendental Idealism negatively reveals the very existence of
what it disavows. Its deduction is its destruction. Why not, then, open phi-
losophy to its essence, that is, absolute contingency—that is, also, absolute
otherness?
“Contingency,” Meillassoux writes, “refers back to the Latin contin-
gere, meaning ‘to touch, to befall,’ which is to say, that which happens,
but which happens enough to happen to us. The contingent, in a word,
is something that finally happens—something other, something which, in
its irreducibility to all pre-registered possibilities, puts an end to the vanity

of a game wherein everything, even the improbable, is predictable” (108).

A speculative concept of contingency demands that we radically distinguish
between contingency and chance, which also means that the contingency
of natural laws remains “inaccessible to aleatory reasoning” (100).
We have to go beyond Hume to solve Hume’s problem because the tra-
ditional concept of contingency is linked with the notions of probabilities
and chance. The billiard balls and the rolling of the dice constitute the most
famous examples of such a link. Why can’t probabilities allow us to access
the absolute contingency of natural laws? We touch here an important
point. Even if the amount of possibilities or probabilities opened by chance
is infinite, chance does not and will not ever displace the very concept of
possibility itself. Our world might have been different, and it is perhaps
just the result of a happy chance. Another world might have been possible.
But the concept of possibility itself would remain the same. Chance is not
able to modify the meanings of possibility and necessity, because it funda-
mentally depends upon them: “The very notion of chance is only conceiv-
able at the condition that there are unalterable physical laws” (99). The
notion of chance thus implies that one believe in the fact that possibilities,
even if innumerable, form a whole and can be totalized as a numeric entity.
Meillassoux then brings to light a nonprobabilistic type of reasoning
that allows us to access absolute contingency as also “mathematical in
nature.” It is the transfinite. The Cantorian notion of the transfinite cor-
responds to the impossibility of totalizing the possible: “It is precisely this
totalization [of the possibilities] which can no longer be guaranteed a priori.
For we now know—indeed we have known it at last since Cantor’s revo-
lutionary set-theory—that we have no grounds for maintaining that the
conceivable is necessarily totalizable. For one of the fundamental compo-
nents of this revolution was the detotalization of number, a detotalization
also known as the transfinite” (103). Absolute contingency would thus be
associated with the absolute possibility of the nonexistence of possibility as
such, with the idea of a world in which possibility and necessity would not
mean anything, which would for that reason ruin the notion of probability
or chance.
Radical contingency has to be conceived as the deprivation of all physi-
cal necessity without conferring to this deprivation the status of a possi-
bility. The speculative concept of radical contingency, according to which
contingency alone is necessary, brings to light the strong link that binds
dispossession, alterity, and mathematics together—which is another major

challenge. Mathematics, freed from the Copernican revolution, lay bare the
ontological principles of a deserted world “where humanity is absent, a
world crammed with things and events that are not the correlates of any
manifestation” (26).
I totally share Meillassoux’s contention that all philosophical attempts
at opening philosophy to alterity have until now remained poetic. Let us
think of the “other thinking” in Heidegger (the nonmetaphysical thinking),
the utterly other in Levinas, or the arrivant in Derrida. Let us consider the
themes of the unforeseeable, the unanticipatable, the totally unheard of or
the absolutely surprising—all these motives have remained the poetic or
literary expressions of a new messianism. What I share with After Finitude
is that the Other has been said to be absolute out of the absolute impos-
sibility of our reason to prove its absoluteness. Meillassoux, then, is right
when he affirms: “By forbidding reason any claim to the absolute, the end
of metaphysics has taken the form of an exacerbated return of the reli-
gious” (45).
The attempt to define a new relationship to otherness through math-
ematical reasoning allows us to elaborate a rational concept of it. Thanks
to the transfinite, we can access a speculative notion of absolute otherness,
which has nothing to do with a promise, an expectation, an announcement,
but, rather, with the otherness of the real itself, the real otherness of the real
as it is, that is, according to its contingency. Here is the expression of this
radical otherness: “Everything could actually collapse: from trees to stars,
from stars to laws, from physical laws to logical laws; and this not by virtue
of some superior law whereby everything is destined to perish, but by virtue
of the absence of any superior law capable of preserving anything, no mat-
ter what, from perishing” (53).
To conclude on that concept, I think that Meillassoux has touched an
important point, which is that until now, all gestures of abandonment or
relinquishing of the transcendental have induced a separation between phi-
losophy and science, have ignored and despised the scientific deconstruc-
tions of the transcendental, and have just maintained the transcendental
in poeticizing it. I do think that this split between philosophy and science
urgently has to come to an end.
Nevertheless, this is what I would briefly like to develop to bring this
article to a close: I am not convinced by the way in which Meillassoux pro-
poses to overcome this split. Let me go back to the previous passage about
the meaning of contingency, of contingere: “The contingent, in a word, is

something that finally happens—something other, something which, in its

irreducibility to all pre-registered possibilities, puts an end to the vanity of
a game wherein everything, even the improbable, is predictable.” At this
point we expect an explosion, a surprise. What is this alterity? What does it
look like? What world does it create? What defeat of finitude? What meta-
morphosis? What is happening?
Well, one is forced to say, nothing. Nothing happens in the end. Even
within the transfinite theoretical framework, the world remains what it is.
The dice of the world remains what it is.
Here starts the less convincing part of the book, where in the end,
Meillassoux strives to prove that contingency does not threaten the world’s
stability. There is no absolute necessity, but there is no Chaos either: “Our
conviction, and here we come to the crux of the matter—is that in order for
an entity to be contingent and un-necessary . . . it cannot be anything what-
soever” (66). Further, “to be is necessarily to be a fact, but to be a fact is not
just to be anything whatsoever” (79).
I understand that “contingency is such that anything might happen,
even nothing at all, so that what is, remains as it is” (63). Nevertheless,
I do not understand the rejection of the “anything”—why alterity, if abso-
lute, could not be anything whatsoever. Why can’t contingency be assimi-
lated with the “anything”?
It seems that we are reconducted here to the old split between authen-
ticity and inauthenticity: there would be the good contingency and the inau-
thentic one, the “anything.” Meillassoux in the end says that contingency is
only thinkable, mathematically possible, not actual. The contingency of the
real is not real. There is no revolution, then, in the end; everything remains
as it is. In fact Kant was right, of course: the cinnabar is always red—and
not any red but this red.
It appears that Meillassoux, in the end, wants to conciliate the virtual-
ity of a total change and the constancy and stability of nature. In a very
Kantian mode, he preserves the possibility of the world. In a very Kantian
mode, he brings to light the conditions of possibility for contingency, that
is, its transcendental concept: the transcendental difference between what
is contingent and what is or can just be “anything.”
I will conclude with some questions and a little dialogue:
—Can we relinquish the transcendental? If transcendental means

authentic, then not only can we relinquish the transcendental, but we

have to. It also means, then, that we have to relinquish the transfinite,
which is of an alterity that is only mathematically possible, as this
appears as another form of authenticity and irreducibility. We defi-
nitely have to relinquish the irreducible.
—Do you mean that nothing is irreducible, authentic, or uncondi-
tional?
—Yes, this is what I mean.
—Then can we remain continental philosophers if we open the door
of the irreducibility to the anything?
—No, if we follow Heidegger, Derrida, . . . or Meillassoux, no. Yes, if
we follow . . . if we follow Kant himself.
—Kant himself?
—Yes, Kant himself. The trajectory of the three Critiques coincides
with the most radical exposure of the transcendental to its own
destruction ever. When Kant deals with the living being, in the sec-
ond part of the Critique of the Power of Judging, he deals with the
nontranscendental, which is something that refuses to be judged,
or thought, which is in need of its determination. He then comes to
the conclusion that there are two types of necessities, mechanistic
and teleological. The Kantian deconstruction of the transcenden-
tal pertains to this pluralization of necessity. What does life do to
thought? “There are so many modifications of the universal tran-
scendental natural concepts left undetermined by the laws given a
priori,” says Kant in the preface to the third Critique.20 Life is what
modifies the transcendental, what relinquishes it by forcing it to
transform itself.
—To become plastic, you mean?
—Yes.
—We thus have to negotiate the relinquishing of the transcendental
with Kant’s own struggle with it.
—How, then?
—Well, in exploring a field that is so often despised by the
philosophers—we mentioned it, that of biology.
—In establishing that our categories are reducible to biological con-
cepts, for example?
—Yes, exactly.
—That the transcendental is in the brain?
—Yes, exactly.

—Are you aware of being inauthentically Kantian when you say that?
—I am perfectly aware of it and not certain that Kant would have
rejected such an inauthentic approach to his philosophy.
notes
1. Quentin Meillassoux, After Finitude. An Essay on the Necessity of Contingency,
trans. Ray Brassier (London: Continuum, 2008); hereafter cited parenthetically in
the text by page number. See also Quentin Meillassoux, Après la finitude. Essai sur
la nécessité de la contingence (Paris: Seuil, 2006).
2. Meillassoux, Après la finitude, 38.
3. About the relationship between Kantianism and continental philosophy,
see Tom Rockmore, In Kant’s Wake: Philosophy in the Twentieth Century (Malden,
Mass.: Blackwell, 2006); and Lee Braver, A Thing of This World: A History of
Continental Anti-realism (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2007).
4. Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, in The Cambridge Edition of the Works
of Immanuel Kant, ed. Paul Guyer and Allen W. Wood (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, February 1999), “Introduction,” AK, III, 27, B3.
5. Martin Heidegger, Being and Time, trans. Joan Stanbaugh, rev. with a foreword
by Dennis J. Schmidt (New York: State University of New York Press, 2010).
6. Martin Heidegger, Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics, trans. Richard Taft
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997), in particular §§21–23, 32–34.
7. Extases is the name that Heidegger gives to the three moments of time—
present, past, and future—to the extent that they are constantly out of themselves
(from the Greek ek-stasis).
8. Martin Heidegger, The Basic Problems of Phenomenology, trans. Alfred
Hofstadter (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988).
9. Martin Heidegger, Contributions to Philosophy. From Enowning, trans. Parvis
Emad and Kennet Maly (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989), e.g.,
§§111–12.
10. Jacques Derrida, Voice and Phenomenon. Introduction to the Problem of the
Sign in Husserl’s Phenomenology, trans. Leonard Lawlor (Evanston: Northwestern
University Press, 2011), chap. VI in particular.
11. Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology, trans. Gayatri Spivak (Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1974), 20.
12. Jacques Derrida, Glas, trans. John P. Leavey Jr. and Richard Rand (Lincoln:
University of Nebraska Press, 1986), 183a.
13. Michel Foucault, Archaeology of Knowledge, trans. A. M. Sheridan Smith
(London: Routledge, 2002), see chap. V in particular.
14. Michel Foucault, What Is Enlightenment? in The Essential Foucault. Selections
from the Essential Works of Foucault, 1954–1984, ed. Paul Rabinow and Nikolas Rose
(New York: New Press, 2003), 43–57.

15. Michel Foucault to Giulio Preti, in “The Question of Culture,” debate with
Giulio Preti, in Michel Foucault Live: Collected Interviews, 1961–1984, ed. Sylvère
Lotringer (1972; New York: Semiotext[e], 1996). Cf. Colin Koopman’s important
article “Historical Critique or Transcendental Critique in Foucault: Two Kantian
Lineages,” Foucault Studies 8 (February 2010): 100–121.
16. See Meillassoux, After Finitude, 28: “to break with the transcendental.”
17. Quasi transcendental is a term forged by Jacques Derrida and often used by
him, for example, in Glas, 183a.
18. Michel Foucault, “On the Archaeology of the Sciences: Response to the
Epistemology Circle,” in Rabinow and Rose, Essential Foucault, 392–423, at 421.
19. Immanuel Kant, Critique of the Power of Judgment, trans. Paul Guyer and Eric
Matthews, ed. Paul Guyer and Allan W. Wood (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 2000), “Introduction,” sec. II, “On the Domain of Philosophy in General.”
20. Ibid., “Introduction,” §4.

2014 - Can We Relinquish The Transcendental

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

2014 - Can We Relinquish The Transcendental

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

2014 - Can We Relinquish The Transcendental

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Can We Relinquish the Transcendental?

Author(s): Catherine Malabou

abstract: Is contemporary continental European philosophy preparing itself to

keywords: transcendental, contingency, postcriticism, nature, mathematics, Hume,

I borrow the terms of the title question from Quentin Meillassoux’s

journal of speculative philosophy, vol. 28, no. 3, 2014

JSP 28.3_03_Malabou.indd 242 09/07/14 11:44 AM

JSP 28.3_03_Malabou.indd 243 09/07/14 11:44 AM

it is impossible to derive the forms of thought from a principle or

The transcendental, again, is a fact.

JSP 28.3_03_Malabou.indd 244 09/07/14 11:44 AM

JSP 28.3_03_Malabou.indd 245 09/07/14 11:44 AM

So again, the destruction or the critique of the transcendental has until

JSP 28.3_03_Malabou.indd 246 09/07/14 11:44 AM

In order to explore in a more detailed way the critique of ­correlationism,

To relinquish the transcendental implies a neutralization of the “proper”

JSP 28.3_03_Malabou.indd 247 09/07/14 11:44 AM

We then do not have to fear a return to empiricism or pure logicism.

A world capable of existing without us is, as we just saw, a world that is

JSP 28.3_03_Malabou.indd 248 09/07/14 11:44 AM

among which is the principle of causality, the world would be nothing

JSP 28.3_03_Malabou.indd 249 09/07/14 11:44 AM

of a game wherein everything, even the improbable, is predictable” (108).

JSP 28.3_03_Malabou.indd 250 09/07/14 11:44 AM

JSP 28.3_03_Malabou.indd 251 09/07/14 11:44 AM

something that finally happens—something other, something which, in its

—Can we relinquish the transcendental? If transcendental means

JSP 28.3_03_Malabou.indd 252 09/07/14 11:44 AM

JSP 28.3_03_Malabou.indd 253 09/07/14 11:44 AM

JSP 28.3_03_Malabou.indd 254 09/07/14 11:44 AM

JSP 28.3_03_Malabou.indd 255 09/07/14 11:44 AM

You might also like

In order to explore in a more detailed way the critique of correlationism,