Mr.

Abraham Mgonja (Head of ICT Unit)

Department of Science and Technology

Tumaini University Makumira
Email:[email protected]
Mob:255758797202

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 CLASS ROOM REGULATION

 DO NOT BE LATE FOR TO CLASS

 DO NOT TALK INSIDE CLASS ROOM

 IF YOU COME HALF AN HOUR LATE IN CLASS DO NOT COME IN.

 DO NOT MISS CLASS LECTURERS

 DO NOT FORGET THE THREE RULES

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Introduction to Information and
Communication Technology (UCC8111)
 This Course consists of four topics
 This course is for 16 weeks which constitute of 48 hours at the rate of 3 hours
per week.
 Mode of delivery is through lecturers and rarely practical depending on
availability of computer labs.
 Assessment methods: Course work consist of 40% and final University
examination is 60%.
 Course work shall constitute of group assignment 15 points, Individual timed
quiz 5 points and test 20 points.
 ICT NOTES will be made available and Class representative will tell you
how to get it.

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Introduction to Computer

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Computer

A computer is an electronic device, operating

under the control of instructions stored in its
own memory that can accept data (input),
process the data according to specified rules,
produce information (output), and store the
information for future use

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Functionalities of a computer
Digital computer carries out five functions in gross terms:
Takes data as input.
Stores the data/instructions in its memory and use them
when required.
Processes the data and converts it into useful information.
Generates the output
Controls all the above four steps

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Functionalities of a computer(Contd.)

Processing

Data Information

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Computer Components

Hardware
Software

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Hardware

 Computer hardware is the collection of

physical elements” Tangible objects”
 that constitutes a computer system.
 The actual machinery, wires, transistors,
and circuits … etc.

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Hardware:

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Software

Computer Programs
instructions and data

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Computer Units

1.InputUnit
2.Central processing Unit
3.Primary Memory Unit
4.Secondary storage Unit
5.Output Unit

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Input Devices
 Input device is any peripheral (piece of
computer hardware equipment to provide
data and control signals to an information
processing system such as a computer or
other information appliance.
 Input device Translate data from form that
humans understand to one that the computer
can work with. Most common are keyboard
and mouse
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Computer Units

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Central Processing Unit

 CPU
 known as microprocessor or processor
 It is responsible for all functions and processes

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CPU Components

 The CPU is comprised of three main parts

1. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
2. Control Unit (CU)
3. Registers: Stores the data that is to be executed
next.

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ALU

 Executes all arithmetic and logical operations.

 Arithmetic calculations like as addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division.
 Logical operation like compare numbers, letters, or
special characters

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Control Unit (CU)

Control Unit (CU): controls and co-ordinates computer components.

 Read the code for the next instruction to be executed.
 Increment the program counter so it points to the next instruction.
 Read whatever data the instruction requires from cells in memory.
 Provide the necessary data to an ALU or register.
 If the instruction requires an ALU or specialized hardware to
complete, instruct the hardware to perform the requested
operation.

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Registers

:Stores the data that is to be

 Registers
executed next, "very fast storage area".

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Primary Memory

 1. RAM.
 2.ROM

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Primary Memory
1. RAM: Random Access Memory: is a memory scheme
within the computer system responsible for storing data
on a temporary basis, so that it can be promptly
accessed by the processor as and when needed.
 It is volatile in nature, which means that data will be
erased once supply to the storage device is turned
off.
 RAM stores data randomly and the processor accesses
these data randomly from the RAM storage.
 RAM is considered "random access" because you can
access any memory cell directly if you know the row
and column that intersect at that cell.
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Primary Memory

2. ROM (Read Only Memory): ROM is a

permanent form of storage. ROM stays active
regardless of whether power supply to it is
turned on or off. ROM devices do not allow
data stored on them to be modified.

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Secondary Memory

 Stores data and programs permanently

 its retained after the power is turned off
 Main Examples
1. Hard Disk
2. Optical Disk
3. Flash memory
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Hard Disk

 Called Disk drive or HDD

 storesand provides relatively quick access
to large amounts of data.
 Stores
data on an electromagnetically
charged surface or set of surfaces.

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Optical Disk & Flash

 an optical disc drive (ODD) is a disk drive that

uses laser light to store data.
 There are three main types of optical media: CD, DVD,
and Blu-ray disc
CD “Compact Disk” can store up to 700MB
DVD “ Digital Video Disk “ can store up to 8.4 GB
Blu-ray disc. can store up to 50 GB

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3. Flash Disk

 A storage module made of flash memory chips. A Flash

disks have no mechanical platters or access arms, but the
term "disk" is used because the data are accessed as if
they were on a hard drive. The disk storage structure is
emulated.

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RAM V.s Hard Disk

 Whatare the differences between RAM as a

main memory and HDD as a Secondary
Memory.

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RAM V.s Hard Disk

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Input Devices

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Output Unit
 An output device is any piece of computer
hardware equipment used to communicate
the results of data processing carried out
by an information processing system (such
as a computer)
 converts the electronically generated
information into human-readable form.
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Output devices Examples

Monitor LCD Projection Panels

Printers (all types) Computer Output Microfilm (COM)
Plotters Speaker(s) 31
Projector
Output devices Examples

1. A monitor

CRT: Cathode Ray Tube

LCD: Liquid crystal display most
familiar these days
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Output devices Examples

2. Printer:
 transfers data from a computer onto paper

Printer types:
1-Laser Printer.
2-Ink Jet Printer.
3-Dot Matrix Printer
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 Software
 Software is a generic term for organized
collections of computer data and
instructions, often broken into two major
categories two major categories:
1. system software
2. application software

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System software
 Known as Operating System
 is responsible for controlling, integrating, and
managing the individual hardware components of
a computer system
 Windows is an example of OS.
 example of System Software:
 1) Microsoft Windows
 2) Linux
 3) Unix
 4) Mac OSX
 5) DOS 35
Application software
 is used to accomplish specific tasks other than just running the computer system.
 It may consist of:
 a single program, such as an image viewer;
 a small collection of programs (often called a software package) that work closely together
to accomplish a task, such as a spreadsheet or text processing system;
 a larger collection (often called a software suite) of related but independent programs and
packages that have a common user interface or shared data format, such as Microsoft
Office,

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Unit of Measurements - Storage
Storage Units

Bit BIT 0 or 1

Byte B 8 bits

Kilobyte KB 1024 bytes

Megabyte MB 1024 kilobytes

Gigabyte GB 1024 megabytes

Terabyte TB 1024 gigabytes

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Unit of Measurement -Speed

 Thespeed of CPU measured by unit called

Hertz (Hz)
1 Hz represent 1 cycle per second.
 Thespeed of CPU is known as Computer
Speed.

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Unit of Measurement -Speed

CPU SPEED MEASURES

1 hertz or Hz 1 cycle per second
1 MHz 1 million cycles per second or 1000 Hz
1 GHz 1 billion cycles per second or 1000 MHz

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Computer Classification

 Computers can be classified by size and power to:

1. Personal computer (PCs)
2. Workstation:
3. Minicomputer
4. Mainframe:
5. SuperComputer

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Computer Classification
 Personal computer (PCs): a small, single-user
computer based on a microprocessor. In addition to
the microprocessor, a personal computer has a
keyboard for entering data, a monitor for displaying
information, and a storage device for saving data.
 Workstation:a powerful, single-user
computer. A workstation is like a personal
computer, but it has a more powerful
microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor.
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Computer Classification
 Minicomputer: multi-user computer capable of
supporting from 10 to hundreds of users
simultaneously.
 Mainframe: powerful multi-user computer capable
of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users
simultaneously.
 Supercomputer: an extremely fast computer that
can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per
second.
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Computer Classification
 Compare between the previous type of
computers based on
 Price
 Processing Speed
 Storage Capacity
 Powerful
 Single-user or Multi-user
 Computer Size
 Companies size

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Laptop computer

 is a portable computer.
 personal computer that can be easily carried and
used in a variety of locations.
 run the same software and applications in PCs

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Netbook Computer

A netbook is a type of laptop that is designed

to be even more portable.
 Cheaperand less powerful than laptops or
desktops.
 Theyare generally less powerful than other
types of computers, but they provide enough
power for email and internet access, which is
where the name "netbook" comes from.
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Mobile Devices
 A mobile device is basically any handheld computer.
 It is designed to be extremely portable.
 Some mobile devices are more powerful
 Types:
1.Tablet Computers
2.E-Book Readers
3.Smartphones

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Tablet Computers

 designed to be portable.
 Themost obvious difference is that tablet
computers don't have keyboards or
touchpads.
 Bestused for tasks like web
browsing, watching videos, reading e-books,
and playing games.
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Tablet Computers
 The most obvious difference is that tablet computers don't have
keyboards or touchpads. Instead, the entire screen is touch-
sensitive, allowing you to type on a virtual keyboard and use your
finger as a mouse pointer.
 Tablet computers are mostly designed for consuming media, and
they are optimized for tasks like web browsing, watching videos,
reading e-books, and playing games

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Smartphones

a powerful mobile phone

 designed to run a variety of applications in
addition to phone service.
 Compare it with the tablet?
 Internet access is an important feature of
smartphones. (3G or 4G)(Wi-Fi Service)
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Data, Information and Knowledge

 Data:
 Facts and figures which relay something
specific
 but which are not organized in any way and
which provide no further information
regarding patterns
unstructured facts and figures
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Data, Information and Knowledge

 Information:
 Fordata to become information, it must be
contextualized, categorized, calculated and
condensed. (Processing)
 it is data with relevance and purpose.

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Data, Information and Knowledge

 Knowledge:
 Knowledge is closely linked to doing and
implies know-how and understanding.
 Processing Information

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Data, Information and Knowledge

 Data: symbols
 Information: data that are processed to be
useful; provides answers to "who", "what",
"where", and "when" questions
 Knowledge: application of data and
information; answers "how" questions

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Data, Information and Knowledge

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Data, Information and Knowledge

Processing data produces

information, and processing
information produces
knowledge.

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Characteristics of Computer

1.Speed
2.Accuracy
3.Diligence
4.Storage Capability
5.Versatility

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Characteristics of Computer

 Speed :The computer can process data very

fast, at the rate of millions of instructions per
second
 Accuracy: Computer provides a high degree of accuracy.
For example, the computer can accurately give the result of
division of any two numbers up to 10 decimal places.
 Diligence: When used for a longer period of time, the
computer does not get tired or fatigued. It can perform long
and complex calculations with the same speed and accuracy
from the start till the end.
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Characteristics of Computer
 Storage Capability: Large volumes of data and
information can be stored in the computer and also
retrieved whenever required. A limited amount of
data can be stored, temporarily, in the primary
memory. Secondary storage devices like floppy disk
and compact disk can store a large amount of data
permanently.
 Versatility: Computer is versatile in nature. It can
perform different types of tasks with the same
ease. At one moment you can use the computer to
prepare a letter document and in the next moment
you may play music or print a document.
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 Computer Security

 Computer security is the ability of a system to protect

information and system resources.

 The main objective of computer security is protection of

information and property from theft, corruption, or natural
disaster, while allowing the information and property to
remain accessible and productive to its intended users.

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Computer Viruses
 computer virus is a malicious program that attaches itself to
computer systems and destroys or corrupts data.
 A computer virus is an application program designed and
written to destroy other programs.
 virus might attach itself to a program such as a spreadsheet
program
 and it has the chance to reproduce (by attaching to other
programs)
 Computer Viruses are man made program

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 Types of computer Viruses

Viruses:
E-mail viruses:
Trojan horses:
Worms:

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E-mail viruses:

 e-mail virus travels as an attachment to e-mail

messages
 Replicates itself by automatically mailing itself to
dozens of people in the victim's e-mail address
book.

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Trojan horses

 simply a computer program

 Theprogram claims to do one thing (it may
claim to be a game) but instead does
damage when you run it

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Worms

A worm is a small piece of software that

uses computer networks and security holes
to replicate itself.
 wormscans the network for another
machine that has a specific security hole.

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Symptoms of infected computer

 Unusual items appearing on the display, including graphics, odd messages, or

system error messages.

 Corrupted or inaccessible program files, hard disks, or diskettes.

 Programs taking longer to start up, running more slowly than usual, or not
running at all.

 Unexplained decrease in the amount of available system memory

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Damages caused by Viruses

 How do you know if you have a virus?

Lack of storage capability
Decrease in the speed of executing
programs
Unexpected error messages
Halting the system
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Tips to avoid viruses and lessen their impact?

1. Delete e-mails from unknown or suspicious,

untrustworthy (unreliable) sources, especially
those with files attached to an e-mail.
2. Never open a file attached to an e-mail unless
you know what it is, even if it appears to come
from a friend.
3. Download files from the Internet only from
legitimate and reputable sources.
4. Update your antivirus software at least every two
weeks as over 200 viruses are discovered each
month.
5. Backup your files periodically 68
Reason for Creating Computer Viruses

 Intellectual challenge

 To relieve boredom

 Revenge

 Economic reasons

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