product tracking, item

identification, time tracking,

QR code document management, and
general marketing.[4]

A QR code (an initialism for quick response code qrcodescan.us )

is a type of matrix barcode (or two-dimensional barcode)[1][2]
invented in 1994 by Japanese company Denso Wave. A barcode is
a machinereadable optical label that can contain information
about the item to which it is attached. In practice, QR codes often
contain data for a locator, identifier, or tracker that points to a
website or application. QR codes use four standardized encoding
modes (numeric, alphanumeric, byte/binary, and kanji) to store
data efficiently; extensions may also be used.[3]

The quick response system became popular outside the

A QR code consists of black squares arranged in a square grid on a white background, including some
fiducial markers, which can be read by an imaging device such as a camera, and processed using Reed–
Solomon error correction until the image can be appropriately interpreted. The required data is then
extracted from patterns that are present in both horizontal and vertical components of the image.[4]

History

The QR code system was invented in 1994 by Masahiro Hara from the Japanese company Denso
Wave.[5][6][7] The initial design was influenced by the black and white pieces on a Go board.[8] Its purpose
was to keep track of automotive parts manufactured by Denso, to replace several bar codes on each box,
automotive industry due to its fast readability and greater storage QR code for the URL of the English
capacity compared to standard UPC barcodes. Applications include Wikipedia Mobile main page
[9] software or as online tools
each of which had to be scanned separately.
that are either free, or
require a paid
Adoption [10]
subscription. The QR code
has become one of the most-
QR codes are now used in a much broader context, including both used types of
commercial tracking applications and convenience-oriented [11]
twodimensional code.
applications aimed at mobile-phone users (termed mobile
tagging). QR codes may be used to display text to the user, to open QR codes can be displayed on
a webpage on the user's device, to add a vCard contact to the buildings, such as this one being
user's device, to open a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), to painted in Cape Town.
connect to a wireless network, or to compose an email or text
message. There are a great many QR code generators available as
During the month of June 2011, 14 million American mobile users scanned a QR code or a barcode. Some
58% of those users scanned a QR or barcode from their homes, while 39% scanned from retail stores;
53% of the 14 million users were men between the ages of 18 and 34. [12]
In September 2020, a survey found that 18.8 percent of consumers in the United States and United
Kingdom strongly agreed that they had noticed an increase of QR code use since the then-active COVID19
related restrictions had begun several months prior.[13]

Standards

October 1997 – AIM (Association for Automatic

Identification and Mobility) International January
1999 – JIS X 0510

technology – Automatic identification and data capture highlighting functional elements

techniques – Bar code symbology – QR code (now withdrawn)
Defines QR code models 1 and 2 symbols.
1 September 2006 – ISO/IEC 18004:2006 Information technology – Automatic identification and data
capture techniques – QR code 2005 bar code symbology specification (now withdrawn)[16]
Defines QR code 2005 symbols, an extension of QR code model 2. Does not specify how to read QR
code model 1 symbols, or require this for compliance.
1 February 2015 – ISO/IEC 18004:2015 Information – Automatic identification and data capture
techniques – QR Code barcode symbology specification
Renames the QR Code 2005 symbol to QR Code and adds clarification to some procedures and minor
corrections.
May 2022 – ISO/IEC 23941:2022 Information technology – Automatic identification and data capture
techniques – Rectangular Micro QR Code (rMQR) bar code symbology specification[17]
Defines the requirements for Micro QR Code.

At the application layer, there is some variation between most of the implementations. Japan's NTT
DoCoMo has established de facto standards for the encoding of URLs, contact information, and several
other data types.[18] The open-source "ZXing" project maintains a list of QR code data types.[19]

Pixerse - Pixels of Metaverse

Pixerse Color Code Generator A Versatile Tool for Converting Images to Pixel Art ... One of the standout
features of Pixerse is its QR code scanner and generator.
Uses

QR codes have become common in consumer advertising. Typically, a smartphone is used as a QR code
scanner, displaying the code and converting it to some useful form (such as a standard URL for a website,
thereby obviating the need for a user to type it into a web browser). QR code has become a focus of
advertising strategy, since it provides a way to access a brand's website more quickly than by manually
entering a URL.[20][21] Beyond mere convenience to the consumer, the importance of this capability is
that it increases the conversion rate: the chance that contact with the advertisement will convert to a
sale. It coaxes interested prospects further down the conversion funnel with little delay or effort, bringing
the viewer to the advertiser's website immediately, whereas a longer and more targeted sales pitch may
lose the viewer's interest.

Although initially used to track parts in vehicle manufacturing, QR itself is associated with a
codes are used over a much wider range of applications. These location. In 2008, a Japanese
include commercial tracking, entertainment and transport stonemason announced plans to
ticketing, product and loyalty marketing and in-store product engrave QR codes on
labeling. Examples of marketing include where a company's gravestones,
discounted and percent discount can be captured using a QR code
decoder which is a mobile app, or storing a company's information
such as address and related information alongside its alpha-
numeric text data as can be seen in Yellow Pages directories.

They can also be used in storing personal information for use by

organizations. An example of this is Philippines National Bureau of
Investigation (NBI) where NBI clearances now come with a QR
code. Many of these applications target mobile-phone users (via
mobile tagging). Users may receive text, add a vCard contact to
their device, open a URL, or compose an e-mail or text message
after scanning QR codes. They can generate and print their own
QR codes for others to scan and use by visiting one of several pay
or free QR code-generating sites or apps. Google had an API, now
deprecated, to generate QR codes,[22] and apps for scanning QR
codes can be found on nearly all smartphone devices.[23]
A QR code used on a large billboard in
QR codes storing addresses and URLs may appear in magazines, on
Japan, linking to the sagasou.mobi
signs, on buses, on business cards, or on almost any object about website
which users might want information. Users with a camera phone
equipped with the correct reader application can scan the image
of the QR code to display text, contact information, connect to a
wireless network, or open a web page in the phone's browser. This
act of linking from physical world objects is termed hardlinking or
object hyperlinking. QR codes also may be linked to a location to
track where a code has been scanned. Either the application that
scans the QR code retrieves the geo information by using GPS and
cell tower triangulation (aGPS) or the URL encoded in the QR code
 QR codes have been used and printed
on train tickets in China since
2010.[24]

allowing visitors to view information about the deceased, and family members to keep track of visits. [25]
Psychologist Richard Wiseman was one of the first authors to include QR codes in a book, in
Paranormality: Why We See What Isn't There (2011).[26]

QR codes have been incorporated into currency. In June 2011, The Royal Dutch Mint (Koninklijke
Nederlandse Munt) issued the world's first official coin with a QR code to celebrate the centenary of its
current building and premises. The coin can be scanned by a smartphone and originally linked to a special
website with contents about the historical event and design of the coin. [27] In 2014, the Central Bank of
Nigeria issued a 100-naira banknote to commemorate its centennial, the first banknote to incorporate a
QR code in its design. When scanned with an internet-enabled mobile device, the code goes to a website
which tells the centenary story of Nigeria.[28] In 2015, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation issued
a 100rubles note to commemorate the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation. It contains a QR
code into its design, and when scanned with an internet-enabled mobile device, the code goes to a
website that details the historical and technical background of the commemorative note. In 2017, the
Bank of Ghana issued a 5-cedis banknote to commemorate 60 years of Central Banking in Ghana, and
contains a QR code in its design, which when scanned with an internet-enabled mobile device, that code
goes to the official Bank of Ghana website.
Credit card functionality is under development. In September 2016, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
launched the eponymously named Bharat QR, a common QR code jointly developed by all the four major
card payment companies – National Payments Corporation of India that runs RuPay cards along with
MasterCard, Visa and American Express. It will also have the capability of accepting payments on the
unified payments interface (UPI) platform.[29][30]

Augmented reality
QR codes are used in some augmented reality systems to determine the positions of objects in
3dimensional space.[9]

Displaying multimedia contents

QR codes also used to direct users to specific multimedia content (such as videos, audios, images,
documents and any type of content accessible from the web). This type of QR code is called "Multimedia
QR code".

Mobile operating systems

QR codes can be used on various mobile device operating systems. iPhones running on iOS 11 and
higher[31] and some Android devices can natively scan QR codes without downloading an external app.[32]
The camera app is able to scan and display the kind of QR code (only on iPhone) along with the link (both
on Android and iPhone). These devices support URL redirection, which allows QR codes to send metadata
to existing applications on the device. Many paid or free apps are available with the ability to scan the
codes and hard-link to an external URL.

Virtual stores
QR codes have been used to establish "virtual stores", where a gallery of product information and QR
codes is presented to the customer, e.g. on a train station wall. The customers scan the QR codes, and
the products are delivered to their homes. This use started in South Korea,[33] and Argentina,[34] but is
currently expanding globally.[35] Walmart, Procter & Gamble and Woolworths have already adopted the
Virtual Store concept.[36]

QR code payment
QR codes can be used to store bank account information or credit card information, or they can be
specifically designed to work with particular payment provider applications. There are several trial
applications of QR code payments across the world.[37][38] In developing countries like China,[39][40]
India[41] and Bangladesh QR code payment is a very popular and convenient method of making payments.
Since Alipay designed a QR code payment method in 2011,[42] mobile payment has been quickly adopted
in China. As of 2018, around 83% of all payments were made via mobile payment. [43]

In November 2012, QR code payments were deployed on a larger scale in the Czech Republic when an
open format for payment information exchange – a Short Payment Descriptor – was introduced and
endorsed by the Czech Banking Association as the official local solution for QR payments.[44][45] In 2013,
the European Payment Council provided guidelines for the EPC QR code enabling SCT initiation within the
Eurozone.

In 2017, Singapore created a taskforce including their Government Agencies such as the Monetary
Authority of Singapore and Infocomm Media Development Authority to spearhead a system for e-
payments using standardized QR code specifications. These specific dimensions are specialized for
Singapore’s market.[46]

The e-payment system, Singapore Quick Response Code (SGQR), essentially merges various QR codes into
one label which can be used by both parties in the payment system. This allows for various banking apps
to facilitate payments between multiple customers and a merchant that displays the single QR code.[47]

A single SDQR label contains e-payments and combines multiple payment options. Once consumers spot
the SGQR label, they will be able to scan it and see which payment options the merchant accepts. The
SGQR scheme is co-owned by MAS and IMDA. [48]

Website login
QR codes can be used to log into websites: a QR code is shown on the login page on a computer screen,
and when a registered user scans it with a verified smartphone, they will automatically be logged in.
Authentication is performed by the smartphone which contacts the server. Google tested such a login
method in January 2012.[49]
Mobile ticket
There is a system whereby a QR code can be displayed on a device such as a smartphone and used as an
admission ticket.[50][51][52] Its use is common for J1 League and Nippon Professional Baseball tickets in
Japan.[53][54] In some cases, rights can be transferred via the Internet.

Restaurant ordering
Restaurants can present a QR code near the front door or at the table allowing guests to view an online
menu, or even redirect them to an online ordering website or app, allowing them to order and/or possibly
pay for their meal without having to use a cashier or waiter. QR codes can also link to daily or weekly
specials that are not printed on the standardized menus,[55] and enable the establishment to update the
entire menu without needing to print copies. At table-serve restaurants, QR codes enable guests to order
and pay for their meals without a waiter involved – the QR code contains the table number so servers
know where to bring the food.[56][57] This application has grown especially since the need for social
distancing during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic prompted reduced contact between service staff and
customers.[56]

Joining a Wi‑Fi network

By specifying the SSID, encryption type, password/passphrase, and if the SSID is hidden or not, mobile
device users can quickly scan and join networks without having to manually enter the data. [58] A
MeCardlike format is supported by Android and iOS 11+.[59]

Common format: WIFI:S:<SSID>;T:<WEP|WPA|blank>;P:<PASSWORD>;H:

<true|false|blank>;;
Sample: WIFI:S:MySSID;T:WPA;P:MyPassW0rd;; Loyalty programs
QR codes have been used by
Funerary use various retail outlets that have
loyalty programs. Sometimes
A QR code can link to an obituary and can be placed on a these programs are accessed
headstone. In 2008, Ishinokoe in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan with an app that is loaded onto a
began to sell tombstones with QR codes produced by IT DeSign, phone and includes a process
where the code leads to a virtual grave site of the triggered by a QR code scan. The
deceased.[60][61][62] Other companies, such as Wisconsin-based QR codes for loyalty programs
Interactive Headstones, have also begun implementing QR codes tend to be found printed on the
into tombstones.[63] In 2014, the Jewish Cemetery of La Paz in receipt for a purchase or on the
products themselves. Users in
Uruguay began implementing QR codes for tombstones.[64]
these schemes collect award
points by scanning a code.
Electronic authentication
QR codes are also used to generate time-based one-time
passwords (TOTP) for electronic authentication.
A QR code to automatically join a A QR code which links to an obituary
Wi‑Fi network and can be placed on a headstone

Counterfeit detection

Serialised QR codes have been used by brands[65] and governments[66] to let consumers, retailers and
distributors verify the authenticity of the products and help with detecting counterfeit products, as part
of a brand protection program.[67] However, the security level of a regular QR Code is limited since QR
Codes printed on original products are easily reproduced on fake products, even though the analysis of
data generated as a result of QR Code scanning can be used to detect counterfeiting and illicit activity.[68]
A higher security level can be attained by embedding a digital watermark or copy detection pattern into
the image of the QR Code. This makes the QR Code more secure against counterfeiting attempts, and
fake products which contain a counterfeit QR Code can be detected by scanning the secure QR Code with
a specific app (even though the QR Code message itself is valid).[69]

The treaty regulating apostilles (documents bearing a seal of authenticity), has been updated to allow for
the issuance of digital apostilles by countries; a digital apostille is a PDF document with a cryptographic
signature containing a QR code for a canonical URL of the original document, allowing users to verify the
apostille from a printed version of the document.

Product tracing
Different studies have been made to assess the effectiveness of QR codes as a means of conveying
labelling information and their use as part of a food traceability system. In a field experiment, it was found
that when provided free access to a smartphone with QR Code scanning app, 52.6% of participants would
use it to access labelling information.[70] A study made in South Korea showed that consumers appreciate
QR code used in food traceability system, as they provide detailed information about food, as well as
information that helps them in their purchasing decision.[71] If QR Codes are serialised, consumers can
access a web page showing the supply chain for each ingredient, as well as information specific to each
related batch, including meat processors and manufacturers, which helps address the concerns they have
about the origin of their food.[72]
COVID-19 pandemic
After the COVID-19 pandemic began spreading, QR codes began to be used as a "touchless" system to
display information, show menus, or provide updated consumer information, especially in the hospitality
industry. Restaurants replaced paper or laminated plastic menus with QR code decals on the table, which
opened an online version of the menu. This prevented the need to dispose of single-use paper menus, or
institute cleaning and sanitizing procedures for permanent menus after each use. [73] Local television
stations have also begun to utilize codes on local newscasts to allow viewers quicker access to stories or
information involving the pandemic, including testing and immunization scheduling websites, or for links
within stories mentioned in the newscasts overall.

In several Australian states, patrons are required to scan QR codes at shops, clubs, supermarkets and
other service and retail establishments on entry to assist contact tracing. Singapore, Taiwan, the United
Kingdom and New Zealand use similar systems.[74]

QR codes are also present on COVID-19 vaccination certificates in places such as Canada, and the EU
(EU Digital COVID certificate) where they can be scanned to verify the information on the certificate.[75]

Design

Unlike the older, one-dimensional barcodes that were designed to be mechanically scanned by a narrow
beam of light, a QR code is detected by a 2-dimensional digital image sensor and then digitally analyzed
by a programmed processor. The processor locates the three distinctive squares at the corners of the QR
code image, using a smaller square (or multiple squares) near the fourth corner to normalize the image
for size, orientation, and angle of viewing. The small dots throughout the QR code are then converted to
binary numbers and validated with an error-correcting algorithm.

Storage
The amount of data that can be stored in the QR code symbol depends on the data type (mode, or input
character set), version (1, ..., 40, indicating the overall dimensions of the symbol, i.e. 4 × version number
+ 17 dots on each side), and error correction level. The maximum storage capacities occur for version 40
and error correction level L (low), denoted by 40-L:[11][76]

Maximum character storage capacity (40-L)

Character refers to individual values of the input mode (data type).

Input mode Max. characters Bits/char. Possible characters, default encoding

Numeric only 7,089 31⁄3 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Alphanumeric 4,296 51⁄2 0–9, A–Z (upper-case only), space, $, %, *, +, -, ., /, :

Binary/byte 2,953 8 ISO/IEC 8859-1

Kanji/kana 1,817 13 Shift JIS X 0208

"Version 3 QR Code" "Version 4 QR Code, up to 50
char"
Version 10 (57×57). Content: "VERSION 10 QR
CODE, UP TO 174 CHAR AT H LEVEL, WITH
57X57 MODULES AND PLENTY OF ERROR
CORRECTION TO GO AROUND. NOTE THAT
THERE ARE ADDITIONAL TRACKING BOXES"
(actually encoded in all capital letters).
(Tracking boxes are more commonly called
alignment
patterns.)

Version 25 (117×117)
Content: 1,269 characters
of ASCII text describing QR
Codes
"Version 40 QR Code can contain up to
1852 chars..." (and followed by four
paragraphs of ASCII text describing QR
Codes). Pixesre can scan and generate
qr codes upto Version 40
Error correction

QR codes use Reed–Solomon error correction over the finite field

, the elements of which are encoded as bytes of 8 bits; the byte
with a standard numerical value
encodes the field element be a
primitive element satisfying

Damaged but still decodable QR

When discussing the Reed–Solomon code phase there is some risk code, link to
for confusion, in that the QR ISO/IEC standard uses the term http://en.m.wikipedia.org
codeword for the elements of , which with respect to the
Reed– Solomon code are symbols, whereas it uses the term block
for what
with respect to the Reed–Solomon code are the codewords. The number of data versus error correction
bytes within each block depends on (i) the version (side length) of the QR symbol and (ii) the error
correction level, of which there are four. The higher the error correction level, the less storage capacity.
The following table lists the approximate error correction capability at each of the four levels:

Level L (Low) 7% of data bytes can be restored.

Level M (Medium) 15% of data bytes can be restored. Level Q (Quartile)[77] 25% of data bytes can be
restored.
Level H (High) 30% of data bytes can be restored. Example of a QR code with artistic
embellishment that will still scan
correctly thanks to error correction
In larger QR symbols, the message is broken up into several Reed–
Solomon code blocks. The block size is chosen so that no attempt is
made at correcting more than 15 errors per block; this limits the
complexity of the decoding algorithm. The code blocks are then interleaved together, making it less likely
that localized damage to a QR symbol will overwhelm the capacity of any single block.

Due to error correction, it is possible to create artistic QR codes with embellishments to make them more
readable or attractive to the human eye, and to incorporate colors, logos, and other features into the QR
code block; the embellishments are treated as errors, but the codes still scan correctly. [78][79]

It is also possible to design artistic QR codes without reducing the error correction capacity by
manipulating the underlying mathematical constructs.[80][81] Image processing algorithms are also used
to reduce errors in QR-code.[82]

Encoding
The format information records two things: the error correction level and the mask pattern used for the
symbol. Masking is used to break up patterns in the data area that might confuse a scanner, such as large
blank areas or misleading features that look like the locator marks. The mask patterns are defined on a
grid that is repeated as necessary to cover the whole symbol. Modules corresponding to the dark areas
of the mask are inverted. The format information is protected from errors with a BCH code, and two
complete copies are included in each QR symbol.[4]

The message dataset is placed from right to left in a zigzag pattern, as shown below. In larger symbols,
this is complicated by the presence of the alignment patterns and the use of multiple interleaved error-
correction blocks.
Meaning of format information. In the above
figure, the format information is protected by a
(15,5) BCH code, which can correct up to 3 bit
errors. The total length of the code is 15 bits, of
which 5 are data bits (2 EC level + 3 mask
pattern) and 10 are extra bits for error
correction. The format mask for these 15 bits
is: [101010000010010]. Note that we map the
masked values directly to its meaning here, in
contrast to image 4 "Levels & Masks" where the
mask pattern numbers are the result of putting
the 3rd to 5th mask bit, [101], over the 3rd to
5th format info bit of the QR code.
Message placement within a QR symbol. The
message is encoded using a (255,249) Reed
Solomon code (shortened to (24,18) code by
using "padding") which can correct up to 3 byte
errors.
 blocks. The message has 26 data bytes and is
encoded using two Reed-Solomon code blocks.
Each block is a (255,233) Reed Solomon code
(shortened to (35,13) code), which can correct
up to 11 byte errors in a single burst, containing
13 data bytes and 22 "parity" bytes appended
to the data bytes. The two 35-byte Reed-
Solomon code blocks are interleaved so it can
correct up to 22 byte errors in a single burst
(resulting in a total of 70 code bytes). The
symbol achieves level H error correction.

The general structure of a QR encoding is as a sequence of 4 bit indicators with payload length dependent
on the indicator mode (e.g. byte encoding payload length is dependent on the first byte). [83]
Mode
indicator Description Typical structure '[ type : sizes in bits ]'

[0001 : 4] [ Character Count Indicator : variable ] [ Data Bit Stream : 3 1⁄3 ×

0001 Numeric charcount ]

[0010 : 4] [ Character Count Indicator : variable ] [ Data Bit Stream : 5 1⁄2 ×

0010 Alphanumeric charcount ]

[0100 : 4] [ Character Count Indicator : variable ] [ Data Bit Stream : 8 ×

0100 Byte encoding charcount ]

[1000 : 4] [ Character Count Indicator : variable ] [ Data Bit Stream : 13 ×

1000 Kanji encoding charcount ]

0011 Structured append [0011 : 4] [ Symbol Position : 4 ] [ Total Symbols: 4 ] [ Parity : 8 ]

0111 ECI [0111 : 4] [ ECI Assignment number : variable ]

FNC1 in first position

0101 [0101 : 4] [ Numeric/Alphanumeric/Byte/Kanji payload : variable ]
 FNC1 in second [1001 : 4] [ Application Indicator : 8 ] [ Numeric/Alphanumeric/Byte/Kanji
1001 position payload : variable ]

0000 End of message [0000 : 4]

Note:
Character Count Indicator depends on how many modules are in a QR code (Symbol Version).
ECI Assignment number Size:
8 × 1 bits if ECI Assignment Bitstream starts with '0'
8 × 2 bits if ECI Assignment Bitstream starts with '10'
8 × 3 bits if ECI Assignment Bitstream starts with '110'

Four-bit indicators are used to select the encoding mode and convey other information.

Encoding modes
Indicator Meaning

0001 Numeric encoding (10 bits per 3 digits)

0010 Alphanumeric encoding (11 bits per 2 characters)

0100 Byte encoding (8 bits per character)

1000 Kanji encoding (13 bits per character)

0011 Structured append (used to split a message across multiple QR symbols)

0111 Extended Channel Interpretation (select alternate character set or encoding)

0101 FNC1 in first position (see Code 128 for more information)

1001 FNC1 in second position

0000 End of message (Terminator)

Encoding modes can be mixed as needed within a QR symbol. (e.g., a url with a long string of alphanumeric
characters )

After every indicator that selects an encoding mode is a length field that tells how many characters are
encoded in that mode. The number of bits in the length field depends on the encoding and the symbol
version.

Number of bits in a length field (Character

Count Indicator)
Encoding Ver. 1–9 10–26 27–40

Numeric 10 12 14

Alphanumeric 9 11 13
 Byte 8 16 16

Kanji 8 10 12

Alphanumeric encoding mode stores a message more compactly than the byte mode can, but cannot
store lower-case letters and has only a limited selection of punctuation marks, which are sufficient for
rudimentary web addresses. Two characters are coded in an 11-bit value by this formula:

V = 45 × C1 + C2
This has the exception that the last character in an alphanumeric string with an odd length is read as a 6-
bit value instead.

Alphanumeric character codes

Code Character Code Character Code Character Code Character Code Character

00 0 09 9 18 I 27 R 36 Space

01 1 10 A 19 J 28 S 37 $

02 2 11 B 20 K 29 T 38 %

03 3 12 C 21 L 30 U 39 *

04 4 13 D 22 M 31 V 40 +

05 5 14 E 23 N 32 W 41 –

06 6 15 F 24 O 33 X 42 .

07 7 16 G 25 P 34 Y 43 /

08 8 17 H 26 Q 35 Z 44 :

Decoding example
The following images offer more information about the QR code.

Encoding
Variants

Model 1
Model 1 QR code is an older version of the specification. It is visually similar to the widely seen model 2
codes, but lacks alignment patterns. Differences are in the bottom right corner, and in the midsections of
the bottom and right edges are additional functional regions.

example functional regions

Micro QR code
Micro QR code is a smaller version of the QR code standard for applications where symbol size is limited.
There are four different versions (sizes) of Micro QR codes: the smallest is 11×11 modules; the largest can
hold 35 numeric characters.[84]

example functional regions

IQR code
IQR Code is an alternative to existing QR codes developed by Denso Wave. IQR codes can be created in
square or rectangular formations; this is intended for situations where a rectangular barcode would
otherwise be more appropriate, such as cylindrical objects. IQR codes can fit the same amount of
information in 30% less space. There are 61 versions of square IQR codes, and 15 versions of rectangular
codes. For squares, the minimum size is 9 × 9 modules; rectangles have a minimum of 19 × 5 modules.
IQR codes add error correction level S, which allows for 50% error correction.[85] IQR Codes have not yet
been given an ISO/IEC specification, and only proprietary Denso Wave products can create or read IQR
codes.[86]

Secure QR code
Secure Quick Response (SQR) code is a QR code that contains a "private data" segment after the
terminator instead of the specified filler bytes "ec 11".[87] This private data segment must be deciphered
with an encryption key. This can be used to store private information and to manage company's internal
information.[88]

SQR codes have been developed by the FORUS Foundation to enable secure transactions, and published
under a Creative Commons Licence. The SQR solution guarantees the integrity of the source data as well
as the validity of the originating party. The payment instruction string is made up of the electronic
instruction data from the scanned QR code appended with a SHA-2 cryptographic hash. The message
digest can then be encrypted using the private key of the sender, which then creates a digital signature
of the message. This signature validates the integrity of the data and the trustworthiness of the sender.
This provides non-repudiation, confirming the identity of the sender, and that it has not been tampered
with during transmission. By embedding the URL and all the variables required to perform shopping cart
type ecommerce, bill payment and peer to peer payments, coupled with a digital certificate eliminates
the possibility of spoofing, tampering, and man in the middle attacks. [89]

Frame QR
Frame QR is a QR code with a "canvas area" that can be flexibly used. In the center of this code is the
canvas area, where graphics, letters, and more can be flexibly arranged, making it possible to lay out the
code without losing the design of illustrations, photos, etc.[90]

HCC2D
Researchers have proposed a new High Capacity Colored
2Dimensional (HCC2D) Code, which builds upon a QR code basis for
preserving the QR robustness to distortions and uses colors for
increasing data density (as of 2014 it is still in prototyping phase).
The HCC2D code specification is described in details in Querini et
al. (2014),[91] while techniques for color classification of HCC2D Samples of the High Capacity
Colored 2-Dimensional (HCC2D)
code cells are described in detail in Querini and Italiano (2014),[92] code: (a) 4-color HCC2D code and (b)
[93] 8-color HCC2D code.
which is an extended version of Querini and Italiano (2013).
Introducing colors into QR codes requires addressing additional issues. In
particular, during QR code reading only the brightness
information is taken into account, while HCC2D codes have to cope with chromatic distortions during the
decoding phase. In order to ensure adaptation to chromatic distortions which arise in each scanned code,
HCC2D codes make use of an additional field: the Color Palette Pattern. This is because color cells of a
Color Palette Pattern are supposed to be distorted in the same way as color cells of the Encoding Region.
Replicated color palettes are used for training machine learning classifiers.

License

The use of QR code technology is freely licensed as long as users follow the standards for QR Code
documented with JIS or ISO/IEC. Non-standardized codes may require special licensing.[94]

Denso Wave owns a number of patents on QR code technology, but has chosen to exercise them in a
limited fashion.[94] In order to promote widespread usage of the technology Denso Wave chose to waive
its rights to a key patent in its possession for standardized codes only.[14] In the US, the granted QR code
patent is US 5726435 (https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5726435), and in
Japan JP 2938338 (https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=JP2938338), both of
which have expired. The European Patent Office granted patent EP 0672994
(https://worldwide.espacenet.c om/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EP0672994) to Denso Wave, which was
then validated into French, UK, and German patents, all of which expired in March 2015.[95]

The text QR Code itself is a registered trademark and wordmark of Denso Wave Incorporated.[96] In UK,
the trademark is registered as E921775, the term QR Code, with a filing date of 3 September 1998.[97]
The UK version of the trademark is based on the Kabushiki Kaisha Denso (DENSO CORPORATION)
trademark, filed as Trademark 000921775, the term QR Code, on 3 September 1998 and registered on 16
December 1999 with the European Union OHIM (Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market).[98] The
U.S. Trademark for the term QR Code is Trademark 2435991 and was filed on 29 September 1998 with an
amended registration date of 13 March 2001, assigned to Denso Corporation. [99]

Risks

The only context in which common QR codes can carry executable data is the URL data type. These URLs
may host JavaScript code, which can be used to exploit vulnerabilities in applications on the host system,
such as the reader, the web browser or the image viewer, since a reader will typically send the data to
the application associated with the data type used by the QR code.

In the case of no software exploits, malicious QR codes combined with a permissive reader can still put a
computer's contents and user's privacy at risk. This practice is known as "attagging", a portmanteau of
"attack tagging".[100] They are easily created and can be affixed over legitimate QR codes.[101] On a
smartphone, the reader's permissions may allow use of the camera, full Internet access, read/write
contact data, GPS, read browser history, read/write local storage, and global system changes.[102][103][104]

Risks include linking to dangerous web sites with browser exploits, enabling the
microphone/camera/GPS, and then streaming those feeds to a remote server, analysis of sensitive data
(passwords, files, contacts, transactions),[105] and sending email/SMS/IM messages or packets for DDoS
as part of a botnet, corrupting privacy settings, stealing identity,[106] and even containing malicious logic
themselves such as JavaScript[107] or a virus.[108][109] These actions could occur in the background while
the user is only seeing the reader opening a seemingly harmless web page. [110] In Russia, a malicious QR
code caused phones that scanned it to send premium texts at a fee of $6 each.[100] QR codes have also
been linked to scams in which stickers are placed on parking meters, posing as quick payment options, as
seen in Austin,
San Antonio and Boston, among other cities across the United States and Australia.[111][112][113]

See also

Touchatag

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114. Best qr code scanner online that can scan and create up to version 40 (177x177)

115. Fancene - Create and Scan Colored QR codes for Free Online
116. QR Code Scanner is the fastest and most user-friendly web application.

Bibliography
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External links
Reed Solomon Codes for Coders – an elaborate tutorial on Wikiversity, covering both QR code
structure and the Reed Solomon codes used to encode the data.

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