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Operating System
Project Report: Mac OS

Submitted By
Hasibul Hasan Santo
ID:212-15-14699

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Operating System:
Operating system (OS) is system software which plays an important role as a interface
between machine and user. What complicates operating systems is that it has the ability to
reply to user instruction which is called intelligent operating. Meanwhile there are various
operating systems created to achieve certain tasks, our paper emphases on operating
systems which work on computers.

Introduction to Mac OS:

Mac OS created by the Apple Inc an American computer company. The operating system was
presented in 1984 to run the corporation’s Macintosh line of personal computers (PCs). The
Macintosh indicated the age of graphical user interface (GUI) systems.

Apple’s advertising for the overview of the Macintosh focused deeply on its operating
system’s in-built ease of use. Different virtually all other modern PCs, the Mac OS (initially
designated simply System Software, with a version number appended) was graphically
based. Relatively than typing commands and
directory paths at text prompts, users moved a
mouse pointer to visually navigate the Finder—
a series of virtual folders and files, represented
by icons. Most computer operating systems
sooner or later implemented the GUI model. In
the 1980s Apple made an contract allowing
Microsoft to use certain features of the Mac
interface in early versions of Windows. But,
except for a brief period in the 1990s, Mac OS
has never been licensed for use with computers
made by creators other than Apple.

Later Mac OS releases presented features such as Internet file sharing, network browsing,
and multiple user accounts. In 1996 Apple attained rival NeXT Computers, which was
originated by Steven Jobs after his leaving from Apple, and in 2001 the company trolled out
Mac OS X, a major redesign based on both the NextStep system and Apple’s most recent OS
release. OS X ran on a UNIX kernel (core software code) and presented technical advances
such as memory protection and preemptive multitasking, along with a more versatile Finder,
an elegant-looking interface called Aqua, and a convenient graphical “Dock” bar for
launching frequently used applications. Updates to OS X added features such as automated
backups and a “Dashboard” manager for small, handy applications called widgets.

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History:
The past of macOS, Apple's present Mac operating system originally named Mac OS X until
2012 and then OS X until 2016, started with the company's project to swap its "classic" Mac
OS. That system, up to and together with its final release Mac OS 9, was a direct descendant
of the operating system Apple had used in its Macintosh computers since their introduction
in 1984. However, the current macOS is a Unix operating system built on knowledge that had
been established at NeXT from the 1980s until Apple bought the company in early 1997.

Even though it was firstly promoted as simply "version 10" of the Mac OS (designated by the
Roman numeral "X"), it has a totally changed codebase from Mac OS 9, as well as significant
variations to its user interface. The evolution was a technologically and advantageously
significant one. To ease the evolution, versions through 10.4 were able to run Mac OS 9 and
its applications in a compatibility layer.

It was first released in 1999 as Mac OS X Server 1.0, with a widely released desktop version
—Mac OS X 10.0—following in March 2001. Since then, several more distinct desktop and
server editions of macOS have been released. Starting with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion, macOS
Server is no longer existing as a separate operating system; in its place, server management
tools are available for buying as an additional. Starting with the Intel build of Mac OS X 10.5
Leopard, most releases have been certified as Unix systems conforming to the Single Unix
Specification.

MacOS has reserved the main version number 10 through its development history to date;
releases of macOS have also been named after big cats (versions 10.0–10.8) or locations in
California (10.9–present).

Classic Mac OS

Mac OS 9, released in 1999

The "classic" Mac OS is the original Macintosh operating system that was introduced in
1984. close by the main Macintosh and stayed in essential use on Macs through 2001.

Mac discharged the first Macintosh on January 24, 1984; its initial framework programming
was mostly founded on the Lisa OS and the Xerox PARC Alto PC, which previous Apple CEO
Steve Jobs reviewed. It was initially named "Framework Software", or essentially
"Framework"; Apple rebranded it as "Macintosh OS" in 1996 due partially to its Macintosh
clone program that finished a year later.

Macintosh OS is described by its solid framework. It was noted as simple to utilize and
highlighted helpful performing multiple tasks for the greater part of its history, yet it was

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scrutinized for its restricted memory the board, absence of secured memory and access
controls, and defenselessness to clashes among expansions.

Releases:
Nine main versions of the classic Mac OS were released so far. The name "Classic" that now
indicates to Mac OS X.
• Macintosh System Software – "System 1", released in 1984
• System Software 2, 3, and 4 – released between 1985 and 1987
• System Software 5 – released in 1987
• System Software 6 – released in 1988
• System 7 / Mac OS 7.6 – released in 1991
• Mac OS 8 – released in 1997
• Mac OS 9 – final major version, released in 1999

Design principle:
Server 1.0 holds a mix of features from the classic Mac OS, NeXTSTEP and Mac OS X. Like
classic Mac OS, it has a single menu bar across the top of the screen, but file management is
performed in Workspace Manager from NeXTSTEP instead of the classic Mac OS Finder. The
UI still uses the Display PostScript-based window server from NeXTSTEP, rather than the
Quartz-based WindowServer, which would show up a year later in Mac OS X Public Beta. In
contrast to any form of Classic Mac OS, windows with unsaved substance show a dark dab in
the window close catch like NeXTSTEP did. The Dock and the Aqua appearance were
excluded; these were included later in Mac OS X.

"Carbon", basically a subset of "exemplary" Mac OS API calls, was likewise missing. This
implied the main local applications for OS X Server 1.0 were composed for the "Yellow Box"

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API, which proceeded to wind up known as "Cocoa". Moreover, Apple's own FireWire was
not bolstered.

Server 1.0 likewise incorporates the principal form of a NetBoot server, which enables PCs to
boot from a plate picture over a neighborhood arrange. This was especially valuable in a
school or other open machine setting, as it enabled the machines to be booted from a
solitary OS duplicate put away on Server 1.0. This made it troublesome for clients to harm
the OS by introducing programming – when they marked out, the machine would re-boot
with a new OS from the NetBoot server.

To run classic Mac OS applications, Mac OS X Server 1.0 contains the "Blue Box", which
basically ran a copy of Mac OS 8.5.1 in a separate process as an emulation layer. Blue Box
would ultimately be name again as the "Classic Environment" in Mac OS X, featuring the
latest version of Mac OS 9.

INNER DESIGN FEATURES:

Pre-emptive multitasking and memory protection. Considered to be portable. Consist of its
own software development tools, most glaringly an integrated development environment
called Xcode. Xcode offers interfaces to compilers that support some programming
languages including C, C++, Objective-C, and Java. Objective-C, and Java.

To allow a smooth change from Mac OS 9 to Mac OS X, the To allow a smooth progress from
Mac OS 9 to Mac OS X, the Carb on Carbon Application Programming Interface Application
Programming Interface (API) was made. Applications composed (API) was made.
Applications composed with Carbon can be executed locally on the two frameworks. with
Carbon can be executed locally on the two frameworks. Bolster the Java Platform Support
the Java Platform as a "favored programming bundle" by and by as a "favored programming
bundle" by and by this implies applications written in Java fit as conveniently into the
working this implies applications written in Java fit as flawlessly into the working framework
as could be allowed while as yet being cross-stage good. framework as could be expected
under the circumstances while as yet being cross-stage perfect. \ue000Many programming
bundles composed for the BSDs or Linux can be recompiled to Many programming bundles
composed for the BSDs or Linux can be recompiled to keep running on it. keep running on it.

GUI FEATURES:
Aqua GUI 2013 A liquid graphical UI with 2013 A liquid graphical UI with aqua-like elements.
Anti-associating of gadgets, content, designs and window components. ColorSync shading
coordinating incorporated with the center illustration motor, media experts. Drop shadows
around window and disengaged content components to give a feeling of profundity. Full-
shading, adaptable symbols up to 512x512 pixels Human interface rules pursued by all
applications, giving them reliable UI and console alternate routes. New interface

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components including sheets (report modular discourse boxes appended to explicit

windows) and drawers. OpenGL composites windows onto the screen to permit equipment
quickened drawing. This innovation (presented in rendition 10.2) is called Quartz Extreme.

Kernel module:
The Mac OS X kernel is called XNU which is monolithic. It can be viewed as consisting of the
following components:

• MACH
• Berkeley Software Distribution(BSD).
• I/O KIT.
• Driver Peripheral.

MACH:
XNU's Mach module is grounded on Mach 3.0, though it's not used as a microkernel. XNU's
Mach is responsible not used as a microkernel. XNU's Mach is responsible for several low-
level features of the system, such as:

• Preemptive multitasking, together with kernel threads.

• Protected memory
• Virtual memory management
• Inter-process communication
• Interrupt management
• Real-time support
• kernel debugger, ddb, is part of XNU's Mach component, and so is kdp, a remote
kernel part of XNU's Mach component, and so is kdp, a remote kernel debugging
protocol implementation)

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Console I/O

BSD:
Responsible for:
• Process Model.
• User ids, permissions, basic security policies.
• POSIX API, BSD style system calls.
• TCP/IP stack, BSD sockets, firewall.
• System V IPC. Crypto framework.
• Various synchronization mechanisms

I/O KIT:
The object-oriented device driver framework of the XNU kernel. Uses a restricted subset of
C++ (based on Embedded C++) as its programming language. This system is implemented by
the libkern library. Features of C++ that are not allowed in this subset include:

• Exceptions
• Multiple inheritance
• Templates
• RTTI (run-time type information), though I/O Kit has its private run-time typing
system. I/O Kit's application contains of three C++ libraries that are existing in the
kernel and accessible to loadable drivers: IOKit.framework, Kernel/libkern and
Kernel/IOKit.
• The I/O Kit contains a modular, layered run-time building that presents an concept of
the fundamental hardware by taking the dynamic relationships between the various
hardware/software components.

Driver Peripherals:

• Kernel Extensions (KENTs).

• PLATFORM EXPERT.
• LIBKERN AND LIBSA

KENTs:
I/O-Kit drivers are progressively connected at runtime, as supposed "KEXTs". KEXT can not
just connection against the I/O-Kit segment, yet in addition against different parts of the bit.
Along these lines, filesystem and organizing KEXTs (NKEs) are conceivable. Each KEXT, which
ordinarily lives in/System/Library/Extensions, is a package, i.e. a subdirectory which contains
the genuine twofold and a XML portrayal of conditions and the parts of the bit it joins
against.

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Process

management:
Process the executives in Mac OS X encourages the planning and execution of projects at
runtime. The Cocoa condition gives programming interfaces to collaborating with the
working framework. Utilizing these, engineers can get process and host data, dispatch
subprocesses, and pipe information between procedures.

File System:
Apple File System (APFS) is a proprietary file system for macOS established and installed by
Apple Inc. It goals to solution core difficulties of HFS+ (also called Mac OS Extended), APFS's
precursor on these operating systems. Apple File System is enhanced for flash and solid-state
drive storage, with a primary focus on encryption.

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Increased maximum number of files:

APFS supports 64-bit node numbers, supporting over 9 quintillion files on a single volume.

Data integrity:
Apple File System utilizes checksums to guarantee information trustworthiness for metadata,
yet not client information.

Crash protection:
Apple File System is intended to maintain a strategic distance from metadata defilement
caused by framework crashes. Rather than overwriting existing metadata records set up, it
composes completely new records, focuses to the new ones and after that discharges the
old ones. This keeps away from debased records containing incomplete old and fractional
new information caused by an accident that happens amid a refresh. It additionally abstains
from composing the change twice, as occurs with a HFS+ journaled record framework,
where changes are composed first to the diary and afterward to the list document.

Space sharing:
APFS adds the capacity to have different coherent drives (alluded to as Volumes) in a similar
holder where free space is accessible to all volumes in that compartment.

Scheduling:
Mac OS 9 uses cooperative scheduling for threads, where one process controls multiple
cooperative threads, and also provides preemptive scheduling for multiprocessing tasks. The
kernel schedules multiprocessing tasks using a preemptive scheduling algorithm. All Process
Manager processes run within a special multiprocessing task, called the "blue task". Those
processes are scheduled cooperatively, using a round-robin scheduling algorithm; a process
yields control of the processor to another process by explicitly calling a blocking function
such as WaitNextEvent. Each process has its own copy of the Thread Manager that schedules
that process's threads cooperatively; a thread yields control of the processor to another
thread by calling YieldToAnyThread or YieldToThread.

macOS uses a multilevel feedback queue, with four priority bands for threads – normal,
system high priority, kernel mode only, and real-time. Threads are scheduled preemptively;
macOS also supports cooperatively scheduled threads in its implementation of the Thread
Manager in Carbon.
Networking:
Every Macintosh ever built, even an original 1984 model, contains networking support.
fresher Macintosh computers have better built-in networking features than older Macintosh
computers. The newest Macs include gigabit Ethernet adapters and sophisticated
networking support built in to the operating system similar to the networking features that
come with Windows. Because the network support is built in, you don’t have to fuss with
installing and configuring the network.

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Originally, Macintosh computers used a set of networking protocols collectively known as

AppleTalk. In the mid 1990s, AppleTalk was supplanted by a networking scheme called Open
Transport.
The Mac OS X Server includes the following features:
Apache web server, which also runs on Windows and Linux systems
NetBoot, a feature that simplifies the task of managing network client computers
File services using AFP
WebObjects, a high-end tool for creating websites
QuickTime Streaming Server, which lets the server broadcast multimedia programs over the
network

Firewalls:
Firewalls are of vital importance for the modern user who spends just about every day
connected to the Internet. With always-on connections, managing the software and servers
trying to connect to your machine is important. With no firewall at all, your computer
remains exposed to all kinds of web traffic — some of it quite malicious.

Firewalls are simple in that they often allow or disallow network traffic based on pre-defined
rules or guidelines set by the OS and/or user. MacOS has a firewall built directly into the
system, just as it has many other security features. Rules for apps are added to the firewall
automatically or by the user; once added, you can choose whether to allow an app to
receive connections from the Web or to deny it access. Not everything needs access to the
Internet, and it’s smart to lock down what doesn’t need it. Sometimes, malware will look for
ports held open by software to infiltrate the machine.

Conclusion:
Operating system is system software which plays a role as a interface between user and
hardware. Mac operating system (OS) developed & deployed by the Apple Inc. The Mac
indicated the age of graphical user interface (GUI) systems. Nine main versions of the Mac
OS were released so far. Mac Operating System has only one menu bar at the top of the
screen, but file management is performed in workspace manager. Pre-emptive multitasking
and memory protection designed to be portable. Mac OS contains its particular software
development tools, most prominently an integrated development environment called Xcode.
Xcode gives interfaces to compilers that support several programming languages including
Java, C Sharp, C++ , C etc. The Mac OS kernel is called XNU which is monolithic. It can be
viewed as consisting of the following components: MACH , Berkeley Software
Distribution(BSD), I/O KIT, Driver Peripheral.
Every Mac ever built, even an original 1984 model, includes networking support. Mac
computers used a set of networking protocols collectively known as AppleTalk. the most
important security features of macOS: Gatekeeper, System Integrity Protection, XProtect,
Sandboxing, Firewalls.

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Reference:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291970839_Operating_System_and_Decision_M
aking
http://www.peachpit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=30341
https://www.scribd.com/doc/23120072/Mac-OS-X-DESIGN-PRINCIPLES-AND-KERNEL-
MODULES
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_File_System
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)
https://www.dummies.com/programming/networking/network-basics-macintosh-network-
facilities/
https://www.securemac.com/news/overview-macs-important-built-security-features

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