Research Article: Synthesis and Properties of Adhesive Polymer-Methylmethacrylate Materials
Research Article: Synthesis and Properties of Adhesive Polymer-Methylmethacrylate Materials
Research Article: Synthesis and Properties of Adhesive Polymer-Methylmethacrylate Materials
Research Article
Synthesis and Properties of Adhesive
Polymer-Methylmethacrylate Materials
Received 23 October 2017; Revised 2 February 2018; Accepted 21 February 2018; Published 27 March 2018
Copyright © 2018 Ulyana Khromiak et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.
Kinetics of emulsion polymerization of hydrophilic vinyl monomers in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone and technological
principles of their synthesis are determined. Reasonable technological parameters in the synthesis of copolymers are determined.
Physicochemical properties of the synthesized copolymers (surface tension, the size of latex particles, and pH) are determined.
Synthesized graft copolymers were used to create high-adhesion polymer-monomer compositions. These compositions have high
reactivity at room temperature. It can be regulated by the nature of the polymer matrix and the introduction of comonomers
and fillers due to the influence of physicochemical factors on the process of polymer formation. The rate of polymerization and
the degree of monomer conversion largely depend on the nature of the polymer matrix. The highest polymerization rate and
the maximum degree of conversion are observed when using a copolymer of polyvinylpyrrolidone and polymethylmethacrylate.
Materials based on the developed compositions are characterized by a low residual monomer content and high operational
properties, such as surface hardness, Vicat softening temperature, and adhesive bond strength to supports of different nature.
be noted that the use of (meth)acrylic adhesives is expanding kinetics of the polymerization and therefore the technological
in current conditions to solve many technological tasks [9]. features of the process and its productivity. This influence
The main components of (meth)acrylic adhesives are is caused by changes in the interphase characteristics of the
(meth)acrylic monomers or polymers, initiating systems, polymerization system, adsorption phenomena at the phase
hardeners, stabilizers, and modifiers. Methylmethacrylate boundary, and changes in the solubility of monomers in the
(MMA) is often used as the main monomer in the dispersion medium with the active participation of the emul-
(meth)acrylic adhesives. It provides high adhesive strength sifier. Emulsifiers have to meet a number of requirements
and is a good solvent for a number of polymers. When [13, 14]: high surface activity, ability to micellization, and
combined with oils MMA makes it possible to glue untreated nontoxicity.
surfaces. MMA has several disadvantages, in particular, Due to its properties and structure PVP can serve as an
high volatility, pungent odor, and fire risk. It is used in emulsifier in the processes of emulsion polymerization and
admixture with high boiling monomers such as hydroxyalkyl also be an effective polymer matrix, which actively partici-
methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, and methacrylates of pates directly in the polymerization processes. It should be
higher alcohols: tetrahydrofurfuryl-, diethylaminoethyl-, 2- noted that the influence of the emulsifier on the regularities
oxopropyl neopentyl-, and other glycolmethacrylates and of the emulsion polymerization of vinyl monomers primarily
styrene [10–12]. resulted in change in the interphase characteristics of the
The aim of the work is the development of functionalized polymerization system and the solubility of the monomers in
materials based on graft copolymers of polyvinylpyrrolidone the reaction medium. On the basis of the conducted studies,
for high-adhesion methyl methacrylate-copolymer composi- it has been established that PVP macromolecules exhibit
tions. high surface activity on the interphase surface of water-
vinyl monomer. This activity increases with a decrease in the
2. Materials and Methods polarity of the monomer in the VA-MMA-styrene series. This
is evidenced by the nature of the interphase tension isotherms
Copolymers were synthesized by emulsion polymerization of in the vinyl monomer-aqueous PVP solution system, the PVP
vinyl monomers in the presence of PVP, potassium persulfate, adsorption dependencies in the coordinates of the Langmuir
or hydrogen peroxide at 60–70∘ C and the ratio of monomer: equation, the maximum values of the Gibbs adsorption (𝐺𝑚 =
aqueous phase = 1 : 3. 2.14 ⋅ 10−6 mol/m2 ), and adsorption work (𝑊ad = 48.8 ⋅
The kinetics of the emulsion polymerization of the test 10−3 J/m2 ) for styrene. PVP has different effects on the total
compositions were studied by dilatometric method for mea- (true and colloidal) solubility of vinyl monomers in aqueous
suring the volume change of the reaction mixture during solution.
polymerization. Due to the increase of the PVP concentration up
IR studies were carried out on a spectrograph “Specord- to 0.2 mol/l monomer concentration, solubility of MMA
75IR” at room temperature. The spectra were recorded at increases from 0.15 to 0.22 mol/l, for VA it decreases from 0.33
the same intensity and the same scan rate between 400 and to 0.18, and for styrene it is almost unchangeable. Obviously it
4000 cm−1 . is a consequence of specific intermolecular interactions in the
The adhesive compositions were synthesized by the system that will affect the polymerization processes in these
polymerization of MMA or a mixture thereof with other systems.
monomers in the presence of synthesized copolymers at room High surface activity and solubilization ability of PVP
temperature. To determine the properties of the adhesive prove its high efficiency as an emulsifier in the processes
compositions, a number of studies were carried out. The of emulsion polymerization of vinyl monomers (KKM PVP,
conversion degree of the monomer was determined by the 0.09–0.11 mole/liter monomer concentration).
bromide-bromate method. The surface hardness and Vicat The effect of the monomer nature (MMA and styrene),
softening temperature of the samples were measured on the concentration factors, temperature, and stirring rate on the
Heppler consistometer. Adhesion was determined according kinetic regularities the of emulsion polymerization process
to ISO 527-5: 2009. of vinyl monomers in the presence of PVP was established.
Emulsion polymerization of vinyl monomers in the presence
3. Results and Discussion of PVP is characterized by a different rate depending on the
nature of the monomer (Figure 1).
3.1. Technological and Kinetic Features of Emulsion Polymer- Obviously the features of the emulsion polymerization
ization of Vinyl Monomers in the Presence of PVP. It has of vinyl monomers are caused by the dependence of the
been established that the enhanced initiating ability of the mechanism of particle formation from the solubility of the
series of (meth) acrylic monomers has graft copolymers of monomer in the aqueous solution of PVP: during the MMA
PVP. Copolymers were synthesized on the basis of PVP and polymerization the process may run in the aqueous solu-
vinyl monomers (MMA, vinyl acetate (VA), and styrene) tion with the formation of macroradicals by homogeneous
by emulsion polymerization. The emulsion polymerization nucleation, as well as in the micelles of the emulsifier (PVP),
of vinyl monomers is mostly carried out in the presence and continues in the polymer-monomeric particles, which
of emulsifiers that are surfactants of different nature [13– are formed from the emulsifier micelle or from aggregates of
15]. The nature of the emulsifier and its concentration in macromolecules released from the water phase. In the case
the reaction medium greatly influence the mechanism and of styrene, the polymerization process begins in the micelles
International Journal of Polymer Science 3
100 12
(2)
10
80 (1)
8
V (mol/ l·s)
60 (1)
1470
A (%)
1440
40
1200
4
1160
Intensity
(1 ) (2)
20
(2 ) 2
1500
1460
1220
0 0
1180
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8.5
· 10−3 (s) (3)
1300
1450
1140
Figure 1: Degree and rate of emulsion polymerization of vinyl
1500
monomers in the presence of PVP: (1), (1 ) – 0; (2), (2 ) – V. (1),
(2)VV0. (1 ), (2 ) styrene. 𝐶mon. = 0.99 mol/l; 𝐶in. = 2.81⋅10−3 mol/l;
𝐶PVP = 0,09 mol/l; 𝑀PVP = 28000; 𝑇 = 323 K.
1700 1500 1300 1100
] (=G−1 )
of the emulsifier and continues in the polymer-monomer Figure 2: IR spectra of PVP-gr-PMMA copolymers depending on
particles formed from them. In addition, polymerization the ratio of components in the synthesis and the drying temperature
of styrene can occur in micelles and in microdrops of a of the copolymer: MMA : PVP in the synthesis of the copolymer,
monomer, which is specific for nonionic emulsifiers (like mol/mol monomer concentration: (1), (2) 3 : 1; (3) 1 : 1. 𝑇𝑑 , 𝐾: (1)
PVP). 313; (2), (3) 343.
The polymerization reaction rates for the monomer and
initiator are 1.9 and 0.75, respectively, for MMA and 1.6 and
0.55 for styrene. the size of latex particles. The size of the latex particles also
It was found that the polymerization rate of all the depends on the nature of the monomer and, depending on
investigated vinyl monomers increases with increase in ratio the mixing rate, is described by the following:
of the monomeric and aqueous phases, the concentration
of the initiator, and the temperature. Dependence of the for styrene: 𝑟PVP-gr-PS
MMA polymerization rate on the particle size in the range
of 70–200 nm is described by the following: = −2 ⋅ 10−4 ⋅ 𝑉mix.
3 2
+ 0.0927 ⋅ 𝑉mix. − 15.758 ⋅ 𝑉mix.
110 3.5
100 (2)
3.4
90
3.3 (2)
80
r (nm)
3.2
pH
70
(1)
(1) 3.1
60
50 3
40 2.9
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
CCH. (%) CCH. (%)
(a) (b)
Figure 3: Influence of synthesis conditions on the properties of copolymer latexes: (a) 𝑟; (b) aX. (1) 323 K; (2) 333 K.
increases and the initiator concentration decreases, the sorp- 100 (1)
(2)
tion capacity of the copolymers decreases. Sorption ability (3)
of finely dispersed graft copolymers of polyvinylpyrrolidone
80
and polystyrene (PVP-gr-PS) is greater, compared to the (4)
graft copolymer of polyvinylpyrrolidone and polymethyl- (5)
methacrylate (PVP-gr-PMMA). With respect to heparin, it 60
is 3.0 ⋅ 105 and 3.1 ⋅ 104 units/m2 , respectively, with respect
A (%)
100 (1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
80
(5)
(6)
(1) 60
1250
A (%)
1480
1420
Intensity
(2) 40
1640
560
20
590
1275
0
1490
1435
1670
Table 1: Characteristic absorption bands for PVP-gr-PS (1) and MMA-copolymer composition based on PVP-gr-PS (2).
Characteristic absorption bands, cm−1
for PVP for PS
Composition 560 1300 1415 1480 1735 696 750 1590
C=\; NX
C–N; CX2 – CH2 –ring CN–ring C=\ CH–aromatic ring C=C
Amide VI
(1) 560 1250 1420 1480 1640 700 750 1580
(2) 590 1275 1435 1490 1670 700 750 1590
International Journal of Polymer Science
International Journal of Polymer Science 7
200 150
150
100
F (MPa)
Tv (∘ C)
100
50
50
0 0
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
(a) (b)
40
30
! (MPa)
20
(С)
10
(В)
0
(А)
1 2
3 4
(c)
Figure 8: Surface hardness (1), Vicat softening temperature (b), and the strength of adhesive bonding (c) VV0-PVP-gr-PMMA
compositions depending on comonomer nature: 1, without comonomer; 2, VP; 3, GMA; 4, HEMA. Nature of support material: (0) steel/steel;
(j) ceramics/ceramics; (b) steel/PMMA.
20
References
(1)
(2)
[1] L. M. Al-Harbi, S. A. Kosa, M. K. Baloch, Q. A. Bhatti, and E.-
(3) S. E.-B. H. El-Mossalamy, “Adsorption of Polyvinylpyrrolidone
0
0 50 100 150 200 over the Silica Surface: As Affected by Pretreatment of Adsor-
bent and Molar Mass of Polymer Adsorbate,” International
T (∘ C)
Journal of Polymer Science, vol. 2016, Article ID 2417292, 2016.
Figure 9: Thermomechanical curves of materials based on MMA- [2] J. W. Sikora, V. Levytskyi, V. Moravskyi, and H. Gerlach,
PVP-gr-PMMA compositions: (1), (3) not heat-treated, (2) heat- “Twin screw extrusion with Expancel foaming agent,” Journal
treated at 333 K; (3) with SiO2 . Filler content: 10 wt.%. of Polymer Engineering, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 501–508, 2013.
International Journal of Polymer Science 9
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