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Notes - Temperature Class Notes

The document provides notes on temperature and related concepts from a physics department. It defines internal energy, temperature, heat, and thermal equilibrium. It describes different temperature scales and methods for determining specific heat capacity, latent heat of fusion, and latent heat of vaporization. Thermometers, specific heat capacity, latent heat, and procedures for determining specific heat and latent heats of fusion and vaporization are discussed over multiple pages of detailed text.

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Mohmmad Affan
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41 views

Notes - Temperature Class Notes

The document provides notes on temperature and related concepts from a physics department. It defines internal energy, temperature, heat, and thermal equilibrium. It describes different temperature scales and methods for determining specific heat capacity, latent heat of fusion, and latent heat of vaporization. Thermometers, specific heat capacity, latent heat, and procedures for determining specific heat and latent heats of fusion and vaporization are discussed over multiple pages of detailed text.

Uploaded by

Mohmmad Affan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AL NOOR INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

KINGDOM OF BAHRAIN
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
AL PHYSICS
NOTES - TEMPERATURE

Internal Energy: The internal energy of a substance is the sum of the random distribution of kinetic
and potential energies.
(Kinetic energy arises from the translational and rotational motions Potential energy arises from the forces
between the molecules)

Temperature: A measure of the average random kinetic energy per molecule.

Heat: The term heat represents energy transfer due to a temperature difference resulting in an
increase in the kinetic energy of the molecules.

Thermal equilibrium: If there is no net energy flow between two bodies in thermal contact, then those
two bodies are at the same temperature. Then they are said to be in Thermal equilibrium.

Thermodynamic or Kelvin temperature scale: The thermodynamic temperature scale is independent


of the physical properties of any particular substance.

Absolute zero: The temperature at which all molecules have no kinetic energy.

Temperature Scales
Pi – physical property at ice point (00C)
Ps - physical property at steam point (1000C)
Pθ - physical property at θ0C

THERMOMETERS

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Specific Heat Capacity

The amount of heat required to change the temperature of a material is proportional to the mass and
to the temperature change:
The specific heat capacity, c, is characteristic of the material.
Definition: The specific heat capacity of a material is the energy required per unit mass of the
substance to raise the temperature by 1 K (or 10C)

Q=mcΔT
Determination of Specific Heat Capacity of Solids.

Latent Heat
The total heat required for a phase change depends on the total mass and the latent heat:

Specific Latent Heat is defined as the amount of thermal energy required per unit mass (1 Kg) of a
substance to change its state without any change in temperature.

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Specific latent heat of fusion, LF: the amount of thermal energy required per unit mass (1 Kg) of a
substance to change its state from solid to liquid without any change in temperature.

Specific latent heat of vaporisation, LV: the amount of thermal energy required per unit mass (1 Kg) of
a substance to change its state from liquid to gas without any change in temperature.

Determination of Specific Latent Heat of Fusion of Ice.

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Determination of Specific Latent Heat of Vaporisation of Water.

A beaker containing water is heated using an electrical heater. A wattmeter (or an ammeter and a
voltmeter) determines the rate at which energy is supplied to the heater. The beaker is insulated to
minimise energy loss, and it stands on a balance. A thermometer is included to ensure that the
temperature of the water remains at 100 °C. The water is heated at a steady rate and its mass recorded
at equal intervals of time. Its mass decreases as it boils. A graph of mass against time should be a
straight line whose gradient is the rate of mass loss. The wattmeter shows the rate at which energy is
supplied to the water via the heater. We thus have:

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