LESSON#1: FORCE SYSTEM

Statics - RB

MODULE 1-PRELIM
HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY
School of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
 LESSON#1: FORCE SYSTEM MODULE 1-PRELIM

LESSON#1: Force System

In this lesson you will be able to calculate forces and resolve them into components using the
Parallelogram Law. Express force and position Cartesian vector form and explain. Determine the
vector's magnitude and direction.
All concepts sample problems and figures are from the followings books,
 Meriam, Kraig.(2012). Engineering Mechanics Statics, 9th ed. John Wiley & Sons.
 Beer, Johnston, Mazurek, Eisenberg. (2010). Vector Mechanics for Engineers: STATICS, 7th
ed.,McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
 R.C.Hibbeler (2010). Engineering Mechanics, 12th ed., New Jersey: Prentice Hall
 Pytel, Kiusalaas (2010). Engineering Mechanics:Statics, 3rd ed., Cengage Learning, Stamford,
CT USA
You can also refer to the following online pages for additional information.
 HAU BOOKs 24x7
 http://www.civilengineering.com
 CE 474 Structural Analysis II Homepage.https://engineering.purdue.edu/~ce474/
 NPTEL Phase II::Civil Engineering-Structural Analysis I .nptel.ac.in/downloads/105101085/

INTRODUCTIONS:
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MECHANICS
Mechanics
 Is a branch of the physical sciences that is concerned with the state of rest or motion of
bodies that are subjected to the action of forces.
 Is the foundation of most engineering sciences and is an indispensable prerequisite to their
study.
 The purpose of mechanics is to explain and predict physical phenomena and thus to lay the
foundations for engineering applications
THREE BRANCHES OF MECHANICS
 Rigid-Body Mechanics – Statics of Deformable Bodies
 Deformable-Body Mechanics – Strength of Materials

ENGR. CAROLINA E. DUNGCA 1

 LESSON#1: FORCE SYSTEM MODULE 1-PRELIM

 Fluid Mechanics
Rigid-Body Mechanics
 Statics – deals with the effects and distribution of forces on rigid bodies which are and
remain at rest.
It is the study of bodies and structures that are in equilibrium. For a body to be in equilibrium, there
must be no net force acting on it. In addition, there must be no net torque acting on it.
https://www.britannica.com/science/mechanics/Rigid-bodies
 Dynamics - Is concerned with the accelerated motion of bodies.
It is the study of movement of systems of interconnected bodies under the action of external
forces. ... The dynamics of a rigid body system is described by the laws of kinematics and by the
application of Newton's second law (kinetics) or their derivative form Lagrangian mechanics.
IDEALIZATION
Three Idealizations
 Particle - is a representative of the body (whole) which has a mass but the size can be
neglected
 Rigid Body - is a combination of a large number of particles in which all the particles remain
at a fixed distance from one another, both before and after applying a load.
 Concentrated Force – represent the effect of the loading which is assumed to act at a point
on a body.
NEWTON’S THREE LAWS OF MOTION
FIRST LAW: Law of Inertia
 An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed
and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
SECOND LAW: Law of Acceleration

 The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the

magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely
proportional to the mass of the object.
THIRD LAW: Law of Interaction

 When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a
force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first body.

ENGR. CAROLINA E. DUNGCA 2

 LESSON#1: FORCE SYSTEM MODULE 1-PRELIM

LESSON#1: Force System

Force
 Is defined as an action of one body on another
 Is defined as an action which tends to cause acceleration of a body.
 Is a vector quantity, because its effect depends on the direction as well as on the magnitude
of the action.
 May be combined according to the parallelogram law of vector addition.
Specification of the Action of a Force
 Magnitude
 Direction
 Point of application

External and Internal Effects

 The effects of P external to the bracket are the reactive forces (not shown) exerted on the
bracket by the foundation and bolts because of the action of P.
 Forces external to a body can be either applied forces or reactive forces.
 The effects of P internal to the bracket are the resulting internal forces and deformations
distributed throughout the material of the bracket.
 The relation between internal forces and internal deformations depends on the material
properties of the body
Principle of Transmissibility
states that a force may be applied at any point on its given line of action without altering the
resultant effects of the force external to the rigid body on which it acts.

ENGR. CAROLINA E. DUNGCA 3

 LESSON#1: FORCE SYSTEM MODULE 1-PRELIM

Force Classification
Forces are classified as either contact or body forces
 A contact force is produced by direct physical contact;

an example is the force exerted on a body by a supporting surface

 body force is generated by virtue of the position of a body within a force field such as a
gravitational, electric, or magnetic field

An example of a body force is your weight.

Forces may be further classified as either concentrated or distributed.

ENGR. CAROLINA E. DUNGCA 4

 LESSON#1: FORCE SYSTEM MODULE 1-PRELIM

Force System:
Coplanar System:
The lines of action of a set of forces lie in a single plane.
 Collinear Force System - the lines of action of all the forces of a system act along the
same line.

 Parallel Forces

 Concurrent Force System - The forces when extended pass through a single point and
the point is called point of concurrency. The lines of actions of all forces meet at the
point of concurrency. Concurrent forces may or may not be coplanar.

ENGR. CAROLINA E. DUNGCA 5

 LESSON#1: FORCE SYSTEM MODULE 1-PRELIM

 Non-concurrent Force System - When the forces of a system do not meet at a common point
of concurrency, this type of force system is called non- concurrent force system. Parallel forces
are the example of this type of force system. Non-concurrent forces may be coplanar or non-
coplanar.
Non-Coplanar Force System
When the line of action of all the forces do not lie in one plane, is called Non-coplanar force system

Coplanar and concurrent force system

A force system in which all the forces lie in a single plane and meet at one point, For example,
forces acting at a joint of a roof truss

Coplanar and non-concurrent force system

These forces do not meet at a common point; however, they lie in a single plane, for example, forces
acting on a beam as shown

ENGR. CAROLINA E. DUNGCA 6

 LESSON#1: FORCE SYSTEM MODULE 1-PRELIM

Non-coplanar and concurrent force system

In this system, the forces lie in a different planes but pass through a single point. Example is forces
acting at the top end of an electrical pole

Non-coplanar and non-concurrent force system

The forces which do not lie in a single plane and do not pass through a single point are known as
non-coplanar and non-concurrent forces. Example is the loads transferred through columns to the
rectangular mat foundation as shown

Concurrent Forces
 Two or more forces are said to be concurrent at a point if their lines of action intersect at
that point.

they can be added using the parallelogram

law in their common plane to obtain their
sum or resultant R,

ENGR. CAROLINA E. DUNGCA 7

LESSON#1: FORCE SYSTEM MODULE 1-PRELIM

 Suppose the two concurrent forces lie in the same plane but are applied at two different
points
By the principle of transmissibility, we
may move them along their lines of
action and complete their vector sum
R at the point of concurrency A, as
shown.
We can replace F1 and F2 with the
resultant R without altering the
external effects on the body upon
which they act.

We can also use the triangle law to

obtain R, but we need to move the line
of action of one of the forces, as shown

ENGR. CAROLINA E. DUNGCA 8

 LESSON#1: FORCE SYSTEM MODULE 1-PRELIM

TWO-DIMENSIONAL FORCE SYSTEMS

Rectangular Components

In terms of the unit vectors i and j

ENGR. CAROLINA E. DUNGCA 9

LESSON#1: FORCE SYSTEM MODULE 1-PRELIM

Example #1: (SP.2/1, Engineering 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐹3

Mechanics:Statics: Meriam and Kraige, 7th ed).

The forces F1, F2, and F3, all of which act on point A
of the bracket, are specified in three different ways.
Determine the x and y scalar components of each of
the three forces.

Solution: Example #2: (SP.2/2, Engineering

Mechanics:Statics: Meriam and Kraige, 7th ed).
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑭𝟏
Combine the two forces P and T, which act on the
fixed structure at B, into a single equivalent force R.

𝒃𝒚 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑭𝟐

ENGR. CAROLINA E. DUNGCA 10

LESSON#1: FORCE SYSTEM MODULE 1-PRELIM

Problem #3: (SP.2/3, Engineering

Mechanics:Statics: Meriam and Kraige, 7th ed).

The 500-N force F is applied to the vertical pole as

Part (2). Determine the scalar components of the
shown. (1) Write F in terms of the unit vectors i and
force vector F along the x’- axes and y’-axes.
j and identify both its vector and scalar
components.(2) Determine the scalar components
of the force vector F along the x’- and y’-axes. (3)
Determine the scalar components of F along the x-
and y’-axes.

Part (3). Determine the scalar components of F

along the x- axes and y’-axes.

Solution

Part (1). Write F in terms of the unit vectors i and j

and identify both its vector and scalar components

ENGR. CAROLINA E. DUNGCA 11

LESSON#1: FORCE SYSTEM MODULE 1-PRELIM

Example #4: : (P.2/7, Engineering

Mechanics:Statics: Meriam and Kraige, 7th ed).

The two structural members, one of which is in

tension and the other in compression, exert the
indicated forces on joint O. Determine the
magnitude of the resultant R of the two forces and
the angle which R makes with the positive x-axis.

Solution:

ENGR.
. CAROLINA E. DUNGCA 12