CHEM 1421: Chemistry for Engineers I Lab

Analysis of Vinegar

Lap Report 6

Dr. Mayhem Mahmud

Abdulhadi Abbas Alharz

202100172

Section: 113

2nd Semester - 2022

 Analysis of Vinegar
Objectives:
• To objective of this laboratory is to determine the concentration of
acetic acid in vinegar.
• to develop lab skills like preparing standard solutions and
performing titrations.

Procedure:
1. Put on the Goggles!
2. Obtain the molarity of the NaOH from the label on the bottle and
record the molarity on the data sheet.
3. Clean a burette by rinsing it with tap water and discarding the water.
Next, rinse the burette with two 5 mL portions of NaOH standard
solution, discarding the NaOH after each rinse.
4. Fill the burette with NaOH standard solution to slightly above the zero
mark and set up the burette as demonstrated by the lab instructor.
5. Drain enough NaOH solution from the burette so as to remove all the
air bubbles from the tip of the burette and read the level. Record this
reading as the initial volume to ± 0.01 mL on the data sheet for NaOH.
6. Repeat steps 2 - 4 for the vinegar burette.
7. Drain approximately 5 mL of the vinegar from the burette into a clean
250 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Record the final volume to ± 0.01 mL on the
data sheet for vinegar.
8. To the vinegar sample, add about 20 mL of distilled water and four
drops of phenolphthalein indicator solution.
9. carefully place the flask containing the vinegar and indicator under
the burette. Slowly add NaOH from the burette to the flask, while
swirling the flask, until the solution in the flask is a faint permanent
pink. If you overshoot the end point, the solution will be red and you
must discard your results. Record the final volume to ± 0.01 mL on the
data sheet for NaOH.

10. Perform a second titration by refilling the NaOH burette and

repeating steps 6 - 8.
Materials Required:
 Report Sheet:
Known Sample:
Trial 1 Trial 2
Starting burette reading(mL) 1.1 12.2
Endpoint burette reading(mL) 12.2 22.6
Endpoint volume of NaOH solution (V mL) 11.1 10.4
Moles of NaOH=V(L) X Molarity 0.0063/0.1
Moles of acetic acid=moles of NaOH X 1Mol acetic acid/1mol NaOH 0.00063
Molarity of acetic acid= moles of acetic acid/Vol. of sample used(L) 0.00063/0.005=0.126

Lap Exercise:

1. What is the everyday name for sodium chloride ?

Salt
2. This reaction is specific example of the general reaction
Acid + alkali → salt + water.
Write the name of this specific reaction
Neutralisation
3. What is the molar mass of HCl (use periodic table)
36.5
4. What is the molar mass of the hydrochloric acid are present in
2.5g of HCl (use periodic table)
2.5/36.5=0.0685 mol
5. 1 Molar NaOH is prepared by adding 40g of NaOH in 1L water.
How will you prepare 0.5 Molar NaOH?
20/40=0.5mol
0.5/1=0.5M
CHEM 1421: Chemistry for Engineers I Lab

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF ANION

Lap Report 7

Dr. Mayhem Mahmud

Abdulhadi Abbas Alharz

202100172

Section: 113

2nd Semester - 2022

 Objective:
• To learn how to identify an anion from its typical chemical reactions and how to
represent a chemical reaction as a net ionic equation.
• To develop skills to identify anions like Cl- , SO4-2 , NO3 -2 and CO3-2 in aqueous
medium using precipitation, coloration and gas evaluation reactions.
Table 1. Molecular and Total Ionic Equations for the Qualitative Analysis of Anion.
Chloride Ion Test
Molecular Equation
AgNO3 + NaCl -----> AgCl + NaNO3
Total Ionic Equation:
Ag+(aq) + NO3- (aq) + Na+ (aq) + Cl-(aq) -----> AgCl(s) + 2Na+ (aq) + NO3-(aq)

Sulfate Ion Test

Molecular Equation
BaCl2 + Na2SO4 -----> BaSO4 + 2NaCl
Total Ionic Equation:
Ba2+(aq) + 2Cl- (aq) + 2Na+ (aq)+ SO42- (aq) -----> BaSO4(S) + 2Na+(aq)+2Cl-(aq)
Nitrate Ion Test
Molecular Equation
8FeSO4 + 2NaNO3 + 4H2SO4 -----> 2[FeNO]SO4 + 3Fe2(SO4)3 + Na2SO4 + 4H2O
Total Ionic Equation:
4Fe2+(aq) + 6SO42- (aq) + Na+ (aq) + No3-(aq) + 4H+ (aq) ----> [FeNO]2+ (aq) + 6SO42-(aq)
+3Fe3+(aq) +Na+(aq) +2H2O.

Carbonate Ion Test

Molecular Equation
Na2CO3 + 2HCl ----> 2NaCl + H2O + CO2.
Total Ionic Equation:
2Na+(aq) + CO32-(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) ----> 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) + H2O +CO2 (g)
Experimental Procedure:

1. Know Solution of Anion. A sample of the " Known Anion Test Solution." Will be
available on top of each lap bench.
2. Unknown Solution of Anions.

a. The test for chloride ion.

1) Add about 1/2 mL (10 drops) of the "Known Anion Solution" to a centrifuge
tube. Add two drops of 6 M HNO3 to make the solution acidic. Check the acidity
with litmus paper (blue of red) by touching a piece of litmus paper with the
stirring rod that was used to stir the solution.
2) Add two drops of 0.1 M AgNO3 and stir. You should see white precipitate that
can be centrifuged to the bottom of centrifuge tube.
3) Record your observation and conclusion about this test on the Report Sheet
with ionic equation.

b. The test for sulfate ion.

1) Add about 1/2 mL (10 drops) of the "Known Anion Solution" to a test tube. Add
two drops of 6 M HCl to make the solution acidic. Check the acidity with litmus
paper (blue of red) by touching a piece of litmus paper with the stirring rod that
was used to stir the solution.
2) Add two drops of 0.1 M BaCl2 stir and centrifuge. You should see white ppt at
the test tube. The white ppt of BaSO4 is a positive test for sulfate ion.
3) Record your observation and conclusion about this test on the Report Sheet
with ionic equation.
c. The test for sulfate ion.

1) Add about 1/2 mL (10 drops) of the "Known Anion Solution" to a centrifuge
tube. Add two drops of 6 M H2SO4 to make the solution acidic. Check the acidity
with litmus paper (blue of red) by touching a piece of litmus paper with the
stirring rod that was used to stir the solution.
2) Add 10 drops of statured iron (II) sulfate solution and stir. Hold the test tube at
a 45o angle and carefully pour about 3 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid down
the inside of the test tube in such a way that the sulfuric acid slides under the
iron (II) sulfate solution.
3) Look for a brown (or purple-brown) ring to form between the concentrated
sulfuric acid layer and the iron (II) sulfate layer. This (brown ring) of [FeNO]2+ is
positive test for the nitrate ion.
4) Record your observation and conclusion about this test on the Report Sheet
with ionic equation.

d. The test for carbonate ion.

1) Add about 1/2 mL (10 drops) of the "Known Anion Solution" to a centrifuge
tube. Add two drops of 6 M HCl and look to see if bubbles of colorless gas
coming out of the solution. The presence of colorless gas of CO2 is positive test
for carbonate ion.
2) Record your observation and conclusion about this test on the Report Sheet
with ionic equation.
Materials Required:
test tubes

tube rack

glass stirring rods

deionized water
squirt bottle

250 mL beaker for

waste collection
Report sheet:
1. Known solution of anions.
Observation and conclusions
a. Cl-1 test
(Milky Solution)
Net ionic equation
Ag+(aq) + NO3- (aq) + Na+ (aq) + Cl-(aq) -----> AgCl(s) + 2Na+ (aq) + NO3-(aq)

b. SO4-2 test
( whit liquid solution )
Net ionic equation
Ba2+(aq) + 2Cl- (aq) + 2Na+ (aq)+ SO42- (aq) -----> BaSO4(S) + 2Na+(aq)+2Cl-(aq)

c. NO3-1 test
(brown color)
Net ionic equation
8FeSO4 + 2NaNO3 + 4H2SO4 -----> 2[FeNO]SO4 + 3Fe2(SO4)3 + Na2SO4 + 4H2O

d. CO3-2 test
(Bubble & bad smell)
Net ionic equation
2Na+(aq) + CO32-(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) ----> 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) + H2O +CO2 (g)

2. Result for unknown solution of Anions

Solution No. 1 & 2
Mark each anion below to indicate if it is "P" for present or "A" for absent.
1. 2.
a. Cl-1. (A) b. SO4-2. (A) a.Cl-1. (A) b. SO4-2. (A)

C. NO3-1 (A) d. CO3-2 (P) C. NO3-1 (P) d. CO3-2 (A)

Lap Exercise:
1. In your own words, define the following terms:
Anion: is an ion with more electrons than protons, giving it a net negative charge
(since electrons are negatively charged and protons are positively charged)

Aqueous solution: is a solution in which the solvent is water. It is usually shown

in chemical equations by appending (aq) to the relevant chemical formula.
Centrifuge: a machine with a rapidly rotating container that applies centrifugal
force to its contents, typically to separate fluids of different densities (e.g. cream
from milk) or liquids from solids.

Precipitate(ppt): is an insoluble solid that emerges from a liquid solution

Qualitative analysis: branch of chemistry that deals with the identification of
elements or grouping of elements present in a sample.

2. Why is it necessary to use distilled water throughout the experiment?

Because distillation involves boiling the water and then condensing the steam into
a clean container.

3. Hot is litmus paper used to test for an acidic solution?

Blue litmus paper turns red under acidic conditions and red litmus paper turns
blue under basic or alkaline conditions

4. What common anions are present in tap water?

elements like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron all are routinely
found in tap water at relatively high concentrations. These elements form
positive ions in solution because they have “excess electrons” that they donate
during ionic bonding.
CHEM 1421: Chemistry for Engineers I Lab

Determination of gas constant R

Lap Report 8

Dr. Mayhem Mahmud

Abdulhadi Abbas Alharz

202100172

Section: 113

2nd Semester - 2022

 Determination of gas constant R
INTRODUCTION:
The gas constant, R, is the proportionality constant in the ideal gas
equation, PV = nRT. The value of R can be determined by collecting a known
number of moles (n) of gas and measuring its volume (V), temperature (T),
and pressure (P).
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

1. Obtain a strip of Mg metal from your instructor, and weigh it on the electric
balance.
2. Fill an 800-ml beaker with about 700 ml water.
3. Pour 10 ml of 6 M HCl into the burette. Carefully, with a minimum of
mixing, add distilled water until the burette is full.
4. Fold the metal strip in the middle at a right angle. Place it in the burette to
a depth of at least 5 cm using a clean glass rod to push it down.
5. Place your thumb over the top of the burette. Turn the burette over and
set it in the beaker. Remove your thumb only after the mouth of the burette
is under water.
6. The density of 6 M hydrochloric acid is greater than water. So, it will sink
to the bottom of the burette.
7. Measure the temperature of the water in the beaker. In appendix, look up
the vapor pressure of water at this temperature.
8. Change the units of V, T, and P so that they are consistent with the
desired units of R. Calculate R.
9. Clean your burette and workplace before submitting report and leaving.
Materials Required:

beaker

burette

graduated
cylinder

funnel

ruler (mm scale)

Results and Calculations

Data :-
Data Trail 1
Mass of Magnesium 0.0585 g
Final water level (milliliters) 35 ml
Temperature of water & H2 22.1 C
(celsius)
Vapor pressure of water (mm 19.9
Hg)

Calculations: -
Calculations Trail 1
Molar mass of Mg 24.3 mg
Moles of Mg reacted 0.0024
Temperature (T) (K) 295.25 K
Pressure of dry H2 formed (P) 0.9738 atm
(ATM)
Volume of H2 formed (V liters) 0.035L
The gas constant, R 0.05

POST LAB EXERCISE

1- What is the practical application of ideal gas law?
PV = nRT

2- With the help of ideal gas law, derive the units of R?

R = P.V / n.T
Atm.L / mole. K

3- Why you note down the room temperature in this

experiment?
Because, maybe if the room is too hot it will change the
temperature of the water and H2.

4- Write two most important precautions in this experiment?

Take care when we use the dilute hydrochloric acid, and clean the
burette and workplace before submitting the report and leaving.
CHEM 1421: Chemistry for Engineers I Lab

Enthalpy changes in chemical reaction

Lap Report 9

Dr. Mayhem Mahmud

Abdulhadi Abbas Alharz

202100172

Section: 113

2nd Semester - 2022

 Enthalpy changes in chemical reaction
OBJECTIVE:
• Understanding the concept of thermos chemistry by measuring temperature changes in an
insulated reaction vessel.
• Measurement of the enthalpy of neutralization of a strong acid with a strong base.
• Determine the molar heat of solution of sodium hydroxide.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
10. Determination of the heat of solution (DeltaH1) of NaOH
11. Determination of the heat of neutralization (Delta H2).

MATERIAL REQUIRED
1. Styrofoam cup calorimeter.
2. Thermometer.
3. Stirring rod.
4. Burette and burette stand.
5. Beaker.
6. Sodium hydroxide solid and aqueous solution.
7. Hydrochloric acid, etc.
Materials Required:

BEAKER

GRADUATED CYLINDER

DIGITAL THERMOMETER

RING STAND AND CLAMP

HOT PLATE/STIRRER
RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS
Data and Calculations for the heat of Neutralization
(DeltaH2)
Volume of NaOH 50
solution
Molarity of NaOH 0.5 M
solution
Moles of NaOH reacted 0.025
Mass of NaOH solution 50
Volume of HCl solution 0.025 L
Molarity of HCl solution 0.5 M
Moles of HCl reacted 0.025
Mass of HCl solution 50
Total mass of mixed 100
soln
Initial temperature of 20.8 C
NaOH or HCl soln
Final temperature (NaCl 24.3 C
soln)
Temperature change 3.5 C
(Delta T)
Moles of water formed 0.025
DeltaH2 of neutralization 58.0576 KJ
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2o
Heat of neutralization = 100 * 3.5 * 4.1484 / 0.025 =
58057.6
POST LAB EXERCISE
1- Write the balanced molecular, total ionic and net
ionic equation for the neutralization reaction
between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide.
• Sodium hydroxide + Hydrochloric acid -> Sodium
hydroxide + Water

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

2- Define specific heat of a substance.

• the number of units of heat required to raise the
temperature of a unit mass of the substance at that
temperature one degree.

3- Explain exothermic and endothermic reaction with

an example each.
• Exothermic reactions which evolve heat, transfer that
heat to their surroundings, causing the surroundings to
become warmer, such reactions are called exothermic
(meaning heat goes out).

• Endothermic reactions which absorb heat take heat

from their surroundings, causing the surroundings to
 become cooler, such reactions are called endothermic
(meaning heat goes in).

4- Write one safety precaution for this experiment.

• You must be extremely careful, because sodium
hydroxide is very corrosive to the skin and may cause
Blindness if it gets into your eyes.

5- Write one example of a diprotic acid.

• Sulphuric acid, H2SO4
• Carbonic acid, H2CO3
• Oxalic acid, COOH-COOH
CHEM 1421: Chemistry for Engineers I Lab

Applications of Chromatography
Lap Report 10

Dr. Mayhem Mahmud

Abdulhadi Abbas Alharz

202100172

Section: 113

2nd Semester - 2022

 Applications of Chromatography
OBJECTIVE:
• To separate blue, green, red, and yellow food colors by paper
chromatography.
• To develop the lab skill for preparing and developing a paper
chromatogram.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
A. Separation of Food Colors by paper Chromatography
1- Cut a piece of chromatography paper that measure 9.0 x 15.0
cm. using a pencil, draw a line 2.0 cm from the bottom of the
paper and mark four equidistant points (x) along the origin line.
Label the four points B, G, R, and Y.
2- Using separate glass capillary tubes, make a 2-mm spot (.) on
the origin line at B, G, R, and Y. with blue, green, red, and yellow
food colors.
3- Adjust the length of the chromatograph to fit the
chromatographic jar, and tape the top edge of the paper to a
glass stirring rod as illustrated in figure 1.
4- Measure ~50 ml of solvent into a graduated cylinder, and without
splashing pour the solvent through a long-stem funnel into the
bottom of the 1000-ml beaker. Cover the top of the beaker with
a piece of aluminum foil.
5- After the solvent, has moved about halfway up the paper
chromatogram (~1.5 hours), remove the paper from the beaker,
and draw a dashed line (---) along the solvent front.
6- Place the chromatogram in a drying oven for ~5 minutes.
7- When the paper is dry, circle each spot and place a dot in the
center. Measure the distance from the origin to the solvent front,
and from the origin to the center of each spot for the blue; green;
red; and yellow food colors.
8- Calculate the Rf value for each component in the blue; green;
red; and yellow food colors.

MATERIAL REQUIRED
1. Whatman No. 1 chromatography paper.
2. Blue, green, red, yellow food colors.
3. Glass capillary tubes for spotting samples.
4. Solvent for developing chamber.
5. 1000-Ml beaker.
6. (65:35 isopropyl alcohol and water).
7. Long-stem funnel aluminum foil, ~ 15 x 15 cm square.
8. Surgical latex gloves.
9. Oven or heat lamp.
10. Metric ruler.
Materials Required:
Distance from origin to solvent front 2.5cm

RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS

Distance Blue Green RED Yellow Orange

from origin (B) (G) (R) (Y) (O)
To 1st × × 1.9 cm 0.9 cm ×
component
To 2nd 2.5 cm × 1.8 cm 0.5 cm ×
component
To 3nd × × × 0.7 1.8
component
POST LAB EXERCISE
6- In your own words define the following: -

Mobile phase:
The mobile phase used in this experiment is called "eluting
solution" and consists of a mixture containing Ethyl alcohol, Butyl
Alcohol, 6 M HCl and acetone. It is introduced at the bottom of the
chromatogram and allowed to move upwards by capillary action.

Solvent front:
The solvent front in chromatography is the "signal" or the leading
edge of the solvent as it moves through the matrix. In TLC, e.g., it
will be the leading edge of the solvent as it moves up the plate. It
HPLC, it is somewhat more problematic, in that it is the initial
segment of solvent as it comes off the column, and may be large
enough to interfere with the measurement of the compound of
interest.

Rf value:
it’s the distance travelled by the component / the distance
travelled by the solvent.

7- What is meant by spotting the chromatogram?

Using a pencil draw a line 1.5-2 cm from the bottom.
Divide this into eight segments and label each. You should have
one each for the five single ions, one for the KNOWN mixture of
the five w ions and two for the UNKNOWN.
8- Write any other application of chromatography

• To check the purity of an organic compound.

• To detect pesticide or insecticide residues in food.

• In forensics to analyze the dye composition of fibers.

• To analyze fibers on a person’s body and also analyze blood

found at a crime scene.

• To analyze metal ions and organic compounds in solutions.

• To move a gaseous mixture through a column of absorbent

material, etc.
CHEM 1421: Chemistry for Engineers I Lab

Chemical synthesis

Lap Report 11

Dr. Mayhem Mahmud

Abdulhadi Abbas Alharz

202100172

Section: 113

2nd Semester - 2022

 Chemical synthesis
OBJECTIVE:
• To learn basic techniques used in chemical synthesis.

METHODOLOGY:
1- Weigh out 1 – 2 g copper oxide and transfer to clean 400ml beaker. Record the
appearance of solid. Add 30-35 ml of 4M sulfuric acid to the beaker.
2- Transfer the beaker to a ring stand and heat the mixture very slowly. Stir the
mixture to prevent the boil over. Use as small a flame as possible to barely
maintain boiling. Record the color of the solution as the mixture is heated.
3- The copper oxide will gradually dissolve in sulfuric acid solution. A small
quantity of metallic copper may be seen floating on the surface. Eventually,
most of this metallic copper will be dissolved in the acid.
4- Continue heating till all the copper oxide is dissolved and mixture is
homogenous.
5- Set up a gravity funnel/filter paper, and have ready a clean 250 ml beaker for
collecting the filtrate.
6- Using tongs or a towel to protect your hands, filter the hot solution into the
clean 250ml beaker.
7- Divide the filtrate of copper sulfate solution into 2 portions of approximately
same size.
8- Transfer one portion to an evaporating dish. Place the evaporating on a burner
with a minimum flame. Cover the dish with a watch glass, and heat the solution
very gently to reduce its volume until crystals begin to form in the solution.
Remove heating, allow mixture to cool and filter under suction on Buchner
funnel. Allow air to pass through the crystals for several minutes to dry them.
9- To the 2nd portion of copper sulfate solution, add a volume of distilled water
approximately equivalent to 50% of the volume of the copper sulfate solution.
Transfer the dilute solution to crystallization dish and allow it to stands
undisturbed till the next lab period.
Materials Required:

FILTER PEPER

BEAKER

BUNSEN BURNER

PETRY DISH
RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS

1. Mass of Copper Oxide Taken 3g

2. Appearance of CuO “Black”
3. Observation on dissolving CuO in acid “From black to blue”
4. Color of CuO/Acid solution “Blue”
5. Appearance of crystals obtained “small blue crystals”
6. Comment on the shape of the crystals

the shape of the crystals is like the sand.