BASIC CALCULUS

Limit of a Function Limit of Theorems

Function – is a rule of correspondence that o The limit theorems, also called Limit Laws,
assigns each element of x to exactly one are used to evaluate the limit of a function
element of y. at a real number c.

Limit of a Function – is the value that f (x) The Limit Theorems

approaches as the value of x comes closer
1. Limit of the Identify Function Rule (IFR)
and closer to it.
lim 𝑥 = 𝑐
Types of Limits 𝑥→𝑐

- The limit of a function can be distinguish 2. Constant Rule (CR)

based on their properties according to lim 𝑘 = 𝑘
these three types. 𝑥→𝑐

1. Two-sided limit 3. Product of a Constant and a Function or

2. One-sided limit Constant Multiple Rule (CMR)
3. Limit Does Not Exist (DNE)
lim[𝑘 • f(x)] = lim(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
Three Ways to Determine the Limit of a Function
4. Sum Rule and Difference Rule (SR/DR)
1. Tables and Graphs
2. Limit Laws lim[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) ± lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
3. Direct Substitution Property
5. Product Rule (PR)
Limits by Tables and Graphs
lim[𝑓(𝑥) • 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) • lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
 The first method or way to determine the
limit of a function is by constructing a table 6. Quotient Rule (QR)
of values and illustrating the graph of the lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥)
given function. lim
𝑔(𝑥)
= 𝑥→𝑐
lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑖𝑓 lim 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
 Limits it is indicated that the x values are 𝑥→𝑐

approaching from two sides of the graph, 7. Power Rule (PoR)

hence we need to construct the table of
lim 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝒄𝒏 , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟.
values from both sides of the limit. 𝑥→𝑐

Example: 8. Radical Rule (RR)

𝑛 𝑛
• lim(2𝑥 + 1) lim √𝑥 = √𝑐
𝑥→𝑐
x→5

-2 +0.5 +0.1 Continuity of a Function

5- 3 3.5 4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9
o a function f(x)is continuous at a number c if
f(x) 7 8 9 10 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 and only if the following three conditions
hold:
1. f(c) exists.
+2 -0.5 -0.1
2. lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists
5+ 7 6.5 6 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 𝑥→𝑐
3. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐)
𝑥→𝑐
f(x) 15 14 13 12 11.8 11.6 11.4 11.2
Discontinuity of a function

 A function f(x) is discontinuous at x = c if at

Enduring Understanding least one of the three conditions is not
satisfied. From the graph of a function, we
• Limit of a function is the value that f(x) can determine the discontinuity of a
approaches as the value of x comes closer function by taking note of the breaks or
and closer to it. holes in the graph.
• lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 this notation is read as “The
𝑥→ 𝑐
limit of the function f(x)as x approaches c is There are three specific types of discontinuity:
equal to L”. 1. Removable Discontinuity –a type of
• There are three types of limits: one-sided discontinuity that makes the graph undefined
limit, two-sided limit, and limit that does not at a given point. There is a hole or gap in the
exist graph of the function.
• There are three methods or ways to solve
for the limit of a function [1] limits by tables 2. Jump Discontinuity –a type of discontinuity
and graphs, [2] limit laws, [3] direct where one point of the graph stops at one
substitution property. point location and leaps to another point
location. The graph can be illustrated as a
broken graph.
3. Infinite/Asymptotic Discontinuity –a type of 3). x 2 + 3y 2 − 10x − 16y = -89
discontinuity that happens when there is at dy dy
least one side of the limit is illustrated infinitely. 2x + 6y dx − 10 − 16 dx = 0

Chain Rule dy
6y dx − 16 dx = 2x + 10
dy

o It is used in finding the derivative of a dy

(6y−16)= -2x+10
composite function where one function is dx
6y−16 6y−16
expressed in terms of another function.
dy -2x+10
o It also known as “Derivative of Composite dx
= 6y−16
Functions.”
Related Rates
Example of Composite Functions
- These are real-life problems concerning two
Given: f(x) = (x)15 and g(x)= x2 + 2 or more related variables that change as a
(f • g) x or f(g(x)) = (x2 +2)15 function of time.

Examples of functions that can be evaluated Four steps on how to do rates:

with or without the chain rule: 1. Illustrate
WITHOUT CHAIN RULE WITH CHAIN RULE 2. Equation
y = 2x +1 y = ( 2x + 1)-4
3. Differentiate
y = 2x3 + 5 𝑦 = √2𝑥 3 + 5 4. Solve

Examples:

1. A ladder 12 meters long is leaning against the wall

THE CHAIN RULE OF A POWER OR THE GENERAL of a building. The bottom of the ladder is sliding
POWER RULE away from the wall at the rate of 1.5 meters per
second. How fast is the top of the ladder sliding
 If g is differentiable at x and f is down when it is 3 meters above the ground?
differentiable at g(x), then the composite 1) Illustration:
function F= f • g defined by F(g(x)) is
differentiable at x and F’ is given by the 12m
product
3m

F’(x) = f’ (g(x)) • g’(x)

Implicit Differentiation 1.5m/s

 It is the process of finding the derivatives of

2. Equation
implicit function. a2 + b2 = c 2
Three steps on how to do implicit a2 + b2 = 122
a2 + b2 = 144
differentiation:

1. Differentiate with respect to x.

3. Differentiate (w/respect to time)
𝑑𝑥 da db
2. Collect all on one side.
𝑑𝑥 2a + 2b =0
dt dt
𝑑𝑥
3. Solve for 𝑑𝑥
4. P.T.
Examples:

1). 2x + y = 5 a2 + b2 = c 2
↓ 32 + b2 = 122
dy
2+ =0 9 + b2 = 144
dx
dy b = 144 – 9
= -2
dx √b 2 = 135
2). 2y – x2 = -7
Solve:
dy da db
2 dx − 2x = 0 2𝑎 dt + 2b dt = 0
da
dy 2(3) dt + 2(√135 )(1.5)=0
2 dx = 2x da
6 dt + 9√15 = 0
dy 6
da

dx
=x dt
=
-9√15
6 6

da
dt
= −5.81 𝑚/𝑠