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Chapter 1

This document discusses numerical methods for solving mathematical problems that cannot be solved analytically. It provides an example of using Euler's method to model the velocity of a bungee jumper over time. Key points: 1) Numerical methods allow formulating mathematical problems computationally in order to find solutions. 2) The example models a bungee jumper's motion using equations for drag force, gravity, and acceleration. 3) Euler's method uses finite differences to iteratively solve the differential equation describing changes in velocity over time.

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Tariq Alharbi
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38 views15 pages

Chapter 1

This document discusses numerical methods for solving mathematical problems that cannot be solved analytically. It provides an example of using Euler's method to model the velocity of a bungee jumper over time. Key points: 1) Numerical methods allow formulating mathematical problems computationally in order to find solutions. 2) The example models a bungee jumper's motion using equations for drag force, gravity, and acceleration. 3) Euler's method uses finite differences to iteratively solve the differential equation describing changes in velocity over time.

Uploaded by

Tariq Alharbi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EE 407 Numerical Methods

Chapter 1
Mathematical Modeling, Numerical Methods,
and Problem Solving
The Book
Steven C. Chapra, Applied Numerical Methods
with MATLAB for Engineers and Scientists, 3rd
ed, McGraw, New York, 2012.
Motivation
• During your carrier or academic study
• Use of prepackaged computer program
• Dealing with problem can not be handled with commercial software or solved
analytically
What is the meaning of numerical method ?
• Numerical methods are techniques that used to formulate
mathematical problems so that they can be solved using
computations.
Problem
𝐹𝑈 = 𝑐𝑑 𝑣 2
Drive the function to calculate the
velocity Of the jumper verse time

𝐹𝐷 = 𝑚 𝑔

Steven C. Chapra, Applied Numerical Methods with MATLAB


for Engineers and Scientists, 3rd ed, McGraw, New York, 2012.
Modeling
• Newton second law of motion:
𝐹
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 → 𝑎=
𝑚
𝑑𝑣
• 𝑎 is the acceleration can be defined as 𝑎 =
𝑑𝑡

𝐹 𝑑𝑣 𝐹
𝑎= → =
𝑚 𝑑𝑡 𝑚
Modeling

𝑑𝑣 𝐹 𝐹𝑈 = 𝑐𝑑 𝑣 2
=
𝑑𝑡 𝑚

𝐹 = 𝐹𝐷 − 𝐹𝑈
𝑑𝑣 𝑐𝑑 𝑣 2
= 𝑔− 𝐹𝐷 = 𝑚 𝑔
𝑑𝑡 𝑚
Steven C. Chapra, Applied Numerical Methods with MATLAB
for Engineers and Scientists, 3rd ed, McGraw, New York, 2012.
EXAMPLE 1.1
A bungee jumper with a mass of 68.1 kg leaps from a
stationary hot air balloon. Use Eq. (1.9) to compute velocity for
the first 12 s of free fall. Also determine the terminal velocity
that will be attained for an infinitely long cord (or alternatively,
the jumpmaster is having a particularly bad day!). Use a drag
coefficient of 0.25 kg/m.

𝑑𝑣 𝑐𝑑 𝑣 2 𝑔𝑚 𝑔𝐶𝑑
= 𝑔−  Exact solution  𝑣 𝑡 =
𝐶𝑑
tanh(
𝑚
𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑚
Exact solution
𝑑𝑣 𝑐𝑑 𝑣 2
= 𝑔−
𝑑𝑡 𝑚

 Exact Solution

𝑔𝑚 𝑔𝐶𝑑
𝑣 𝑡 = tanh( 𝑡)
𝐶𝑑 𝑚
Numerical solution - Euler's Method
First order differential equation

𝑑𝑣 𝑐𝑑 𝑣 2
= 𝑔−
𝑑𝑡 𝑚

 Finite difference into the differential equation gives:


𝑐𝑑 𝑣(𝑡𝑖 )2
𝑑𝑣 ∆𝑣 𝑣(𝑡𝑖+1 ) − 𝑣(𝑡𝑖 ) 𝑣(𝑡𝑖+1 ) − 𝑣(𝑡𝑖 ) = 𝑔 − 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖
≅ = 𝑚
𝑑𝑡 ∆𝑡 𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖
𝑐𝑑 𝑣 2 𝑡𝑖
𝑣(𝑡𝑖+1 ) − 𝑣(𝑡𝑖 ) 𝑐𝑑 𝑣(𝑡𝑖 )2 𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 = 𝑣 𝑡𝑖 + 𝑔 − ∆𝑡
𝑚
= 𝑔−
𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖 𝑚 new = old + slope  step
2
𝑑𝑣 𝑐𝑑 𝑣 2 𝑐𝑑 𝑣 𝑡𝑖
= 𝑔− 𝑣 𝑡𝑖+1 = 𝑣 𝑡𝑖 + 𝑔 − ∆𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑚 𝑚
Model Function

Any models can be represented by


Dependent independent forcing 
 f  , parameters, 
variable  variables functions 

For the bungee jumper example



The dependent variable is velocity v
The Independent variable is time t
The Parameters are mass m, drag coefficient cd
The Forcing function is gravitational acceleration g
CONSERVATION LAWS
Time-variable (or transient)

Change = increases − decreases

Steady-state

if Change = 0  increases = decreases

𝑑𝑣 2 𝑔𝑚
=0  𝑚𝑔 = 𝑐𝑑 𝑣  𝑣=
𝐶𝑑
𝑑𝑡
CONSERVATION LAWS

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