SCIENCE OF LIFE Microbiology - focus on microorganisms and their

interactions within their environment

INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY
Mycology - study the fungi
The branch of science that study living things are referred
to as the life sciences. It is under the natural science. Bio Paleontology - fossils and geographic proofs of early life
came from Greek word “bio“ means life and “logus”,means
Pathology- nature and causes, processes and development
study of.
of diseases
Biologists
Physiology - functions of living matter together with its
- Experts in this field of science organs and parts
Zoology - (study of fauna/animals) Taxonomy - naming and classifying organisms
Botany - (study of flora/plants). Living organisms have many characteristics in order for
them to continue their species in the competent
Anatomy- study of forms in plants and animals, or
environment.
specifically in human being
The following are the characteristics of all living organisms
Biotechnology - manipulation of living matter such as
genetic modification 1. All organisms are made up of cells. Plants and animals
differ in some parts of cells.
Bioengineering - application of knowledge in biotechnology
by means of engineering 2. Capable of reproduction to sustain their species. It could
either be sexual or asexual.
Cell biology - study of cell molecular as well as the chemical
interactions that occur in it. 3. Containing DNA which dictates their character traits
which help them to grow and develop.
Ecology - interactions of living things with each other and
their relationships within the environment 4. Capable to utilize energy to be used in performing
specific functions.
Entomology- focus on insects
Anabolism- building up like photosynthesis
Ethology - focus on animal behavior
Catabolism- breaking down like respiration
Genetics - study on genes and heredity
5. Adaptation. Organisms adjust to changes in the Metabolism Catabolic Anabolic
environment and can easily respond to these changes.
Reaction Fast due to Slow
6. Growth and development. Ability to increase in size but nervous
with limitation and ability to develop over period of time. system
7. Responsive. Organism has the ability to react to the Cell parts No cell wall, With cell
stimulus. (Stimulus- factor that causes an organism to plastids, wall,
respond). small plastids
vacuole and bigger
8. The homeostasis is the concern of organisms to maintain
vacuole
the balance or steady state in wherever or whatever
environment they have. consumer producer
9. Ability to excrete, respire and breath.
10. Ability to feel, being sensitive and to move. In the study of biology, there are many facts about different
11. Organism are capable of evolving themselves to interact organisms. These facts are useful in building a framework
better in their environments. and concepts about the nature, characteristics, behavior,
importance, protection and conservation of these organism.
12. Specific or definite life span(infancy-death).
The following are the themes and principles in the study of
13. Organized (atom-cell-tissues-organs-system-ind) biology as the science of life:
Animal Plant Principle
Movement Free to move Stationary 1. Cell structure and function- all living things are
composed of cell.
Reproduction Mostly Sexual and
2. Organization- highly organized
sexual asexual
3. Balance in the body- homeostasis which is the
Food Heterotroph Autotrophs stability in the inside condition of our body.
Production s 4. Transfer of character traits- this is heredity which is
the transfer of character traits from the parents to
Organs Internal External the offspring.
 5. Evolution - the manner of the organism to change Albert Von Kolliker
over period of time.
- discovered mitochondria
6. Interaction in the environment - interactions of
biotic and abiotic factors within their environment.
7. The use of energy - they need and require the use of
energy for their different biological processes. The
energy in the ecosystem serves as fuel for every
living organism their species.

Two general types of cells

The Cell and The Basic Unit of Life
Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell
Simple and complex organisms are made up of cells which
may vary in size from microscopic to macroscopic. - no nucleus - has nucleus
- no - has
Single celled organisms are unicellular, while multicellular mitochondria mitochondria
organisms are complex. - no organelles - has nucleus and
Cytology enclosed in organelles
plasma enclosed in
- The study of cell membranes plasma
Scientist and their discovery: membrane

Robert Hooke Similarities

- discovered cells - Carry all the necessary functions of life

- Carry DNA and rDNA
Anton Van Leuwenhoek - Have vesicles, vacuoles
- discovered protozoa and bacteria Prokaryotes – Bacteria and archaea
Robert Brown Eukaryotes – Plants and animals
- discovered cell nucleus
Prokaryotes
- mostly singled celled and the DNA is found in a
central part of the cell; the nucleoid.
- most have peptidoglycan cell wall and many
polysaccharides capsule.
- most have peptidoglycan cell wall and many
polysaccharides capsule.
- capsule enable the cells to attached to surfaces in its
environment.
- some with flagella, pili, or fimbrae.
- Pili - used to exchanged genetic material during a      
type of reproduction called conjugation.
Cell Theories
- Fimbrae – used by bacteria to attach to a host cell.
 All biological organisms are composed of cells;
cells are the unit of life and all life come from
preexisting life.
 Cell theory is established today that if forms one of
the unifying principles of biology.
Eukaryotes  Zacharias Janssen. 1590 – uses microscopes for
observation.
- they have a more complex structure. Organelles
 Robert Hooke 1663 to 1665 – discovered cell
allow different functions to be compartmentalized in
 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek 1674 to 1683 – first
different areas of the cell.
seen the nucleus
- numerous membranes bound organelles like Golgi
 Theodor Schwann 1837 to 1839 – zoologists
body, chloroplasts, mitochondria and endoplasmic
 Matthias Schleiden 1839 – botanist who concluded
reticulum
that animals are made up of cells
- nucleus houses the cell’s DNA and directs the
 Rudolph Virchow 1855 – concluded that cells came
synthesis of ribosomes and proteins
from pre-existing cells.
Plant Cell structures
 1. Cell wall 2. Elaioplasts – stores lipids
- The rigist outermost layer of a plant cell 3. Proteinoplasts – stores protein
2. Cell membrane
- Protective layer that surrounds every cell and
separates it from its external environment. Parts of Nucleus
3. Cytoplasm
4 parts:
- a thick, aqueous (water-based) solution in which the
organelles are found 1. Nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope or
4. Nucleus Karyotheca
- Stores genetic materials 2. Chromatin Threads or Nuclear reticulum
5. Plastids 3. Nuclear sap or Nucleoplasm or karyolymph
- Pigments that give colors to the plant body 4. Nucleolus – stores the cell’s hereditary material or
6. Central Vacuole DNA and it coordinates the cell’s activities, which
- Storage are esp. water include intermediary metabolism, growth, protein
7. Golgi Apparatus synthesis, and reproduction (cell division)
- Packaging area of plant products  Animal Cell Organelles
8. Ribosomes
- Site of protein synthesis 13 main parts of an animal cell:
9. Mitochondria 1. Cell membrane
- Mainly for ATP production 2. Nucleus
Plastids 3. Nucleolus
4. Nuclear membrane
 Chloroplast – green pigments containing chlorophyll 5. Cytoplasm
for photosynthesis 6. Endoplasmic reticulum
 Chromoplast – colored pigments giving various 7. Golgi apparatus
color to fruits and veggies 8. Ribosomes
 Leukoplast – colorless found in potato, cassava, or 9. Mitochondria
rice starch. 10. Centrioles
- Types of leukoplast: 11. Cytoskeleton
1. Amyloplasts – potato starch 12. Vacuoles
 13. Vesicles (lysosomes)

Difference between Animal Cell and

Plant Cell
Cell Membrane
Animal cells each Plant cells have
 Biological membranes usually involve two layers of
have a cell wall,
phospholipids with their tails pointing inward, an
centrosome and chloroplasts and
arrangement called a phospholipid bilayer.
lysosomes while other specialized
 Cholesterol, another lipid composed of four fused
plants cells do plastids, and a
carbon rings, is found alongside phospholipids in the
not. large central
core of the membrane.
vacuole while
animal cells do Protein
not.
 There are peripheral and integral proteins present
in the cell membrane. They are involved in the cell
signaling pathway, defense mechanisms, facilitated
diffusion and active transport. They also act as
receptors, enzymes, cytoskeletal proteins, etc.
Carbohydrates
  Carbohydrates are major components of the cell
membrane, placed on the outermost surface of the
cells bound to lipids or proteins. The membrane
carbohydrates are involved in cell adhesion and
recognition and act as a physical barrier. Large,
uncharged molecules such as glucose cannot diffuse
through membranes.
Cholesterol
 is also a key determinant of membrane fluidity: at
high temperatures, cholesterol acts to stabilize the
cell membrane and increase its melting point; while
at low temperatures, it inserts into phospholipids
and prevents them from interfering with each other
to avoid aggregation Types of Body Cells

Phospholipids
 Phospholipids provide barriers in cellular
membranes to protect the cell, and they make
barriers for the organelles within those cells.
Phospholipids work to provide pathways for various
substances across membranes.
CELL STRUCTURES INVOLVED IN CELL REPRODUCTION
1. NUCLEUS- brain center of the cell that controls all
cells activity
2. CHROMOSOMES-thread- like structures located
inside the nucleus of both plant and animal cell.
3. DNA- complex molecule that contains all of the
information necessary to build & maintain an
organism.
4. GENES-hereditary unit consisting of a sequence of
DNA.
PARTS OF CHROMOSOMES Two Processes involved in Mitosis

1. CENTROMERE- region joining two sister a. Karyokinesis

chromatids b. Cytokinesis
2. CHROMATID- one of two identical copies of a
replicated chromosomes
3. DYADS-known as joined sister chromatids PHASES OF MITOSIS
4. TELOMERE- region of repetitive DNA located at the 1. PROPHASE- duplication of chromosomes, nuclear
end of the chromosome which protects it from
envelope begins to shorter, polar spindle fiber
damage. It assures that genetic materials are produced by two centrosomes form at opposite ends
partitioned equally during cell division.
of the cell.
2. METAPHASE- spindles are fully developed.
Chromosomes align at the center of equatorial plate.
3. ANAPHASE- sister chromatids separate and begin to
move to opposite poles. The original cell elongates
due to the lengthening of the spindle fibers. At the
end of anaphase, each pole has a complete set of
chromosomes.
 4. TELOPHASE- chromosomes contained in the new chromosomes separate) ---meiosis II (sister
nucleus of each forming daughter cells. Nuclear chromatids separate) =Haploid cells(n).
envelope reappears and after telophase, cytokinesis - Meiosis involves two fissions, Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
takes place.

CROSSING OVER
- usually happens during prophase I of meiosis
resulting into a new combination of DNA which
assures that the daughter cells are different from
Meiosis
their parent cell.
- is a type of cell division that reduces the number of
Parts of homologous chromosomes overlap and switch
chromosomes in the parent cell by half and
their genes.
produces four gamete cells.
- This process is required to produce egg and sperm
cells for sexual reproduction.
- begins with a parent cell that is diploid, meaning it
has two copies of each chromosome
- division of germ cell resulting into 4 gametes. The
parent cell is diploid, but the daughter cells are
haploid.
- usually observed in organisms which reproduced
sexually and among prokaryotes which multiply
through binary fission, a form of asexual
reproduction.
- -Meiosis I is comparable with the phases of mitosis
producing diploid
- cell, while Meiosis IIIc reduces producing 4 daughter
cells (haploid) and each is distinct from the others.
diploid cell------meiosis I (homologous
During mitosis when cells fail to meet the criteria required
to step into next phase, the cell check points intervene.
They prevent cells from proceeding with the next phase of
cell division.
However, mitosis can still go wrong and leads to diseases
and genetic abnormalities such as the following:
1. CANCER CELLS
2. INCORRECT NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES
(TRISONOMY, MONOSOMY ETC.)
3. GENE MUTATION (MOSAICISM)

APPLICATION
- CLONING
- STEM CELL