18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Lecture 09

Design of Wall and Column

Footings

By: Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar
[email protected]

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Contents

 Introduction

 Types of Foundation

 Wall Footing
 General

 ACI Recommendations

 Design Procedure

 Examples

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 2

1
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Contents

 Isolated/Column Footing
 General

 ACI Recommendations

 Design Procedure

 Examples

 References

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 3

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction

 The substructure, or foundation, is the part of a structure that is usually

placed below the surface of the ground and that transmits the load to
the underlying soil or rock.

 Foundation is regarded as the most important component of

engineered systems.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 4

2
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Types of Foundations

 Foundations can be divided into two broad categories depending on the

depth of foundation;

1. Shallow Foundations

 Load transfer occurs at shallower depths.

 Isolated, Wall, Combined, Mat footings.

2. Deep Foundations

 Load transfer occurs at deeper depths.

 Piles, drilled piers, drilled caissons

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 5

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Types of Foundations

 Shallow Foundations
1. Isolated Column Footing

 Isolated column footing carrying a single column is usually called

spread footing.

Spread Footing
(Ordinary)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 6

3
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Types of Foundations

 Shallow Foundations
1. Isolated Column Footing

 Sometimes spread footings are stepped, or are tapered to save

materials.

Spread Footing Spread Footing

(Tapered) (Stepped)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 7

SU1 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Types of Foundations

 Shallow Foundations
2. Wall Footing (Strip Footing)

 Wall footings or strip footings display essentially one-dimensional

action, cantilevering out on each side of the wall.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 8

4
Slide 8

SU1 Sami Ullah, 10-Feb-18

 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Types of Foundations

 Shallow Foundations
3. Combined Footing
 A combined footing is a type of footing supporting two or more than two
columns. There are two common configurations of combined footings:

1. Two Column Footing

 Such a footing is often used when one column is close to a property line.

Property Line

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 9

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Types of Foundations

 Shallow Foundations
3. Combined Footing
2. Column Strip or Multiple Column Footing

 A combined footing may also be used if the space between

adjoining isolated footings is small.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 10

5
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Types of Foundations

 Shallow Foundations
4. Mat Footing
 A mat or raft foundation transfers the loads from all the columns in a
building to the underlying soil.

 Mat foundations are used when excessive loads are supported on a

limited area or when very weak soils are encountered.

 Mat footings are essentially inverted slabs and hence they have as much
configurations as typical slab systems have.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 11

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Types of Foundations

 Shallow Foundations
5. Mat Footing

Mat Footing with Beams Mat Footing without Beams

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 12

6
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Types of Foundations

 Shallow Foundations
5. Mat Footing

Mat Footing with Drop Panels Mat Footing with Column Capitals

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 13

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Types of Foundations

 Deep Foundations
6. Pile Foundation
 This type of foundation is essential when the supporting ground consists
of structurally unsound layers of materials to large depths.

 The piles maybe either end bearing, skin friction, or both.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 14

7
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Types of Foundations

 Choice of Foundation
 The choice of foundation type is selected in consultation with
geotechnical engineer.
 Factors to be considered are:
 Soil strength
 Soil type
 Variability of soil type over the area and with increasing depth
 Susceptibility of the soil and the building to deflections.
 Construction methods

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 15

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Following types of footing will be

discussed in detail in the next slides:

1. Wall Footing
2. Isolated Column Footing

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I

8
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

1. Wall Footing

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

General

 Behavior:
 A wall footing behaves just like a cantilever, where the cantilever
extends out from the wall and is loaded in an upward direction by
the soil pressure.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 18

9
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

General
 Reinforcement:
 Main reinforcement for flexure is placed at the bottom of the footing
perpendicular to the wall along the short direction, as shown.

 Temperature reinforcement is placed at the bottom of the footing

parallel to the wall along the long direction.
Main Reinforcement

Plan of wall footing

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 19

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Recommendations

 ACI Chapter 13
 ACI section 13.3 contains provisions for shallow foundations.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 20

10
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Recommendations
 Required Footing Bearing Area
 Footing bearing area is calculated based on unfactored forces or service
loads (ACI 13.3.1.1) as follows:
 Bearing Area, Areq = Service Load/ qe
NSL
 Where Effective bearing capacity, qe = qa – W
(W = Weight of fill + weight of concrete footing) Z

 Bearing pressure, qu:

Wfill= γfill (z – h)
 qu = Factored load on column / Areq
Wcon= γcon h

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 21

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Recommendations

 ACI code Design Recommendations for Flexure

 The wall footing is designed like a beam or one way slab, by
considering a typical 12-in. wide strip along the wall length.

Unit Strip
b

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 22

11
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Recommendations

 ACI code Design Recommendations for Flexure

 The maximum factored moment is calculated at critical section

• For a footing supporting concrete Concrete wall

wall, critical section is located at
k
the face of the wall. (ACI 13.2.7.1)
Critical section
𝒒𝒖𝒃𝒌𝟐
𝑴𝒖
𝟐
Where b = 1 foot
qu

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 23

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Recommendations

 ACI code Design Recommendations for Flexure

 The maximum factored moment is calculated at critical section.

t t
2 2
• For a footing supporting masonry wall, Masonry wall
critical section is located between the edge
k
and the middle of the wall. (ACI 13.2.7.1)
𝟐 Critical section
𝒕
𝒒𝒖 𝒃 𝒌
𝑴𝒖 𝟒
𝟐

qu
t
4

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 24

12
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Recommendations

 ACI Code Design Recommendations for Flexure

 Minimum reinforcement Requirement, Asmin (ACI 7.6.1.1):

 For Grade 40, Asmin = 0.0020 bh

Where; b = 12 inches and
h = thickness of footing
 For Grade 60, Asmin = 0.0018 bh

 Maximum spacing requirement

 Maximum spacing = 3h or 18″

 Clear cover

 Minimum 3″ clear cover must be provided to protect the bars

from corrosion.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 25

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Recommendations

 ACI code Design Recommendations for Shear

 Only one-way shear or beam shear is significant in wall footing.
Hence critical shear is determined at critical section which is at a
distance “d” from the face of support.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 26

13
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Recommendations

 ACI code Design Recommendations for Shear

 Calculation of Critical shear at distance ‘d’

Vu = qub(k – d)
B
Where b is unit width equal to 1 foot

Wall

d
k

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 27

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Recommendations

 ACI code Design Recommendations for Shear

 Shear Capacity (ΦVc)

ΦVc = Φ2 f′ bd

Where b is unit width equal to one foot or 12 inch

ΦVc should be equal to or greater than Vu , If ΦVc < Vu, the

depth of footing is increased instead of providing any shear
reinforcement.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 28

14
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Procedure
 The design involves the following steps:
 Step # 01: Estimate the thickness of footing, h

Assume thickness h of the footing which must satisfy the shear

requirements. (Min. thickness of wall footing = 6 in.).

 Step # 02: Calculate weight of fill + weight of concrete footing, W

W = Wconc + Wfill

 Step # 03: Calculate effective bearing capacity, qe

qe = qa – W (qa = Allowable bearing capacity of soil)

 Step # 04: Calculate bearing area, Areq

Areq = service load / qe

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 29

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Procedure
 The design involves the following steps:
 Step # 05: Calculate design pressure on base of footing due to
factored loads, qu

qu = Factored load / Bearing area

 Step # 06: Calculate the critical shear, Vu

Vu = qu b (k – d)

 Step # 07: Check the shear capacity, ΦVc

ΦVc = Φ2 f′ bd

ΦVc shall be equal to or greater than Vu , if ΦVc < Vu , increase thickness of

footing; b = 12 inch

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 30

15
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Procedure
 The design involves the following steps:
 Step # 08: Calculate maximum moment, Mu

𝒕 𝟐
𝒒𝒖 𝒃 𝒌 𝟒
𝑴𝒖 (Masonry wall) where; t = wall thickness
𝟐

𝒒𝒖 𝒃𝒌𝟐
𝑴𝒖 𝟐
(Concrete wall)

 Step # 09: Calculate steel area, As

As = Mu / Φfy (d - a/2), a = 0.2h

By trial and success method, find As

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 31

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Procedure
 The design involves the following steps:
 Step # 10: Minimum reinforcement check

 Asmin = 0.0020 bh For Grade 40

 Asmin = 0.0018 bh For Grade 60

 Step # 11: Main Bars Spacing and maximum spacing check

 Main Bars: Spacing = (Ab /As )x12

 Maximum spacing = 3h or 18″

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 32

16
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Procedure
 The design involves the following steps:
 Step # 12: Distribution Bars Placement

 Distribution Bars will be provided along the long direction.

Number of distribution bars will be calculated as follows:

No. of bars = Adist / Ab

 Adist = Area of distribution Steel = 0.0020 bh (For Grade 40)

 Adist = 0.0018 bh (For Grade 60)

 where; b = width of footing (inches), h = footing thickness (inches) and

Ab = Area of bar to be used (in2)

 Step # 13: Drafting

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 33

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 9.1
 Design Example: Wall Footing
 A 12-in thick concrete wall carries a service dead load of 10 kips/ft
and a service live load of 12.5 kips/ft. The loads are acting at the
base of the wall. The allowable bearing capacity, qa, is 5000 psf at
the level of the base of the footing, which is 5 ft below the final
ground surface. Design a wall footing using f ′c = 3500 psi and fy =
60,000 psi. The density of soil is 120 lb/ft3.

base of wall

base of footing

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 34

17
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 9.1
 Step # 01: Estimate the thickness of footing, h
 Assuming a trial thickness, h = 12 in.

 Assuming #6 bar

 Effective depth, d = 12 – 3 in. cover – ½ (bar diameter) ≈ 8.62 in.

 Step # 02: Calculate weight of fill and weight of concrete, W

 W = Wconc + Wfill = 1 x 0.15 + 4 x 0.12 = 0.63 ksf

 Step # 03: Calculate effective bearing capacity, qe

 qe = qa – W

qe = 5 – 0.63 = 4.37 ksf

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 35

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 9.1
 Step # 04: Calculate bearing area, Areq
 Areq = service load / qe

Service load = 10 + 12.5 = 22.5 kips/ft

Areq = 22.5/4.37 = 5.15 ft2

b= 1’
Area=B x b
B
5.15=B x 1…………B= 5.15 ft

For b= 1 foot, we will select 5 ft,2 in. wide footing.

 Step # 05: Calculate design pressure on base of footing due

to factored loads, qu
qu = Factored load / Bearing area

Factored loads = 1.2(10) + 1.6(12.5) = 32 kips

 qu = 32/5.17 = 6.19 ksf

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 36

18
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 9.1
5-2 = 62 
 Step # 06: Calculate the critical
shear, Vu 12  25 

 Only one-way shear is significant in Critical

Section
wall footing, hence determining for
8.62
Shear
critical shear at distance d from the
d 16.5
face of support.
 Vu = qu b(k – d) 1 ft
strip
 Vu = 6.19 x 1 {(25 – 8.62)/12}

= 8.45 kips/ft

Footing Wall

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 37

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 9.1
 Step # 07: Check the shear capacity, ΦVc

 Check the thickness for shear

 Shear capacity, Vc =  2 f ′c b d

= {0.75 ×2x (3500) × 12 × 8.62}/1000

Vc = 9.18 kips

 Since Vc, > Vu , the footing depth is OK. Otherwise, chose a new
thickness and repeat the previous steps.

 Using 12 in thick and 5 ft,2 in wide footing.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 38

19
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 9.1
Critical
Section for
 Step # 08: Calculate maximum moment, Flexure
Mu

𝒒𝒖𝒃𝒌𝟐
 𝑴𝒖 = 6.19x1x((25/12)2 /2
𝟐

= 13.43 ft-kips/ft = 161.16 in-kips/ft 25

 Step # 09: Calculate steel area, As

 Now, using trial and success method for
determining As, 1 ft
strip
As = Mu / Φfy (d - a/2), a = 0.2h

 As = 0.390 in2 per foot.

Footing Wall

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 39

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 9.1
 Step # 10: Minimum reinforcement check
 Minimum reinforcement

 As,min = 0.0018bh = 0.0018 × 12 × 12 = 0.26 in2/ft

 As (0.390 in2) > Asmin (0.26 in2) O.K

 Step # 11: Main Bars Spacing and maximum spacing check

 Main Bars: Spacing = (Ab / As)x12

 Using #5 bars, spacing = 0.31 x 12 / 0.390 = 9.53 ≈ 9 in. c/c

 Max spacing = 3h or 18 = 3(12) = 36 or 18 (OK)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 40

20
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 9.1
 Step # 12: Distribution Bars Placement
 Distribution Bars:

 Adist = 0.0018Bh = 0.0018 × 62 × 12 = 1.34 in2 ,

 No. of bars = Adist / Ab = 1.34 / 0.31 = 4.32 ≈ 5 bars

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 41

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 9.1
 Step # 13: Drafting

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 42

21
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 9.2
 Design Example: Wall Footing
 A 12-in thick concrete wall carries a service dead load of 15 kips/ft
and a service live load of 10 kips/ft. The loads are acting at the
base of the wall. The allowable bearing capacity, qa is 5000 psf at
the level of the base of the footing, which is 5 ft below the final
ground surface. Design a wall footing using f ′c = 3000 psi and fy =
40,000 psi. The density of soil is 120 lb/ft3.

base of wall

base of footing

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 43

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

2. Isolated Column Footing

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I

22
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

General

 Shape:
 Individual column footings are generally square in plan.

 Rectangular shapes are sometimes used where dimensional

limitations exists.

Spread Footing
(Ordinary)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 45

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

General
 Behavior:
 The Isolated footing is a slab that directly supports a column.

 Isolated footings display essentially two-dimensional action,

cantilevering out on both orthogonal sides of the column.

 The footing is loaded in an upward direction by the soil pressure.

 Tensile stresses are induced in each direction in the bottom of the

footing.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 46

23
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

General
 Reinforcement:
 A spread footing will typically have reinforcement in two orthogonal
directions at the bottom of the footing for flexure.

Main Reinforcement

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 47

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Recommendations
 Required Footing Area
 Bearing Area, Areq (B x L) = Service Load/ qe

 qu (bearing pressure for strength design of footing):

 qu = factored load on column / Areq

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 48

24
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Recommendations
 ACI Code Design Recommendations for Flexure
 The maximum factored moment is calculated at critical section.
 For an isolated footing, critical section is located at the face of
the column.
 Mu = quBk2/2, where; k = (B – C)/2

Concrete column

Critical Section

qu qu

B B

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 49

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Recommendations
 ACI Code Design Recommendations for Flexure
 Minimum Reinforcement (Asmin):

 ACI Code minimum reinforcement requirement for isolated

footing is same as for wall footing. However, many designers
recommend to use beam minimum reinforcement for isolated
column footing as follows.

Asmin = 0.005Bdavg for Grade 40 steel

Asmin = 0.0033Bdavg for Grade 60 steel davg

 Maximum Spacing Requirement (ACI 7.7.2.3):

 Least of 3h or 18

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 50

25
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Recommendations
 ACI Code Design Recommendations for in Shear
 The footing thickness (depth) is generally established by the shear
requirement.

 The footing is subjected to two-way action. The two-way shear is

commonly termed Punching shear, since the column or pedestal
tends to punch through the footing.

 Beam shear is not usually a problem in an isolated footing.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 51

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Recommendations
 ACI Code Design Recommendations for Shear
 Two-Way Shear (Punching Shear)
 The critical section for this two-way shear is taken at d/2 from the face
of the column.

bo

davg

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 52

26
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Recommendations
 ACI Code Design Recommendations for Shear
 Calculation of Critical shear at distance d/2
Vup = quB2 – qu(c + davg) 2
Vup = qu {B2 – (c + davg) 2} bo

davg

B B

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 53

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Recommendations
 ACI Code Design Recommendations for Shear

 Punching shear capacity (ΦVcp)

ΦVcp = Φ4 f ′ bo davg

Where bo is Critical Shear Parameter.

In the case of square column and square footing, bo = 4 x (c + davg)

davg + c B
davg /
2
c
davg + c

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 54

27
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Recommendations
 ACI Code Design Recommendations for Shear

ΦVcp should be equal to or greater than Vup, If ΦVcp < Vup, the
depth of footing is increased instead of providing any shear
reinforcement.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 55

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Procedure
 The design involves the following steps:
 Step # 01: Estimate the thickness of footing, h

Assume thickness h of the footing which must satisfy the shear

requirements. (Min. thickness of footing on soil = 6 in.). Also find ‘d’.

 Step # 02: Calculate weight of fill + weight of concrete, W

W = Wconc + Wfill

 Step # 03: Calculate effective bearing capacity, qe

qe = qa – W (qa = Allowable bearing capacity of soil)

 Step # 04: Calculate bearing area, Areq

Areq = service load / qe

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 56

28
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Procedure
 The design involves the following steps:
 Step # 05: Calculate critical shear parameter, bo

Critical Perimeter, bo = 4 x (c + davg)

 Step # 06: Calculate design pressure on base of footing due to

factored loads, qu
qu = Factored load / Bearing area

 Step # 07: Calculate the punching shear force, Vup

Vup = qu {B2 – (c + davg) 2}

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 57

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Procedure
 The design involves the following steps:
 Step # 08: Check the punching shear capacity, ΦVcp

ΦVcp = Φ4 f ′ bodavg ΦVcp ≥ Vup

ΦVcp shall be equal to or greater than Vup, if ΦVcp < Vup , increase
thickness of footing

 Step # 09: Calculate maximum moment, Mu

Mu = quBk2/2, where; k = (B – C)/2

 Step # 10: Calculate steel area, As

By trial and success
As = Mu / Φfy (d - a/2), a = 0.2davg method, find As

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 58

29
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Procedure
 The design involves the following steps:
 Step # 11: Minimum reinforcement check, Asmin

Asmin = 0.005Bdavg for Grade 40 steel

Asmin = 0.0033Bdavg for Grade 60 steel

 Step # 12: Bars Placement

 Step # 13: Drafting

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 59

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 9.3

 Example: Isolated Footing

A column 18″ square with fc′ = 3 ksi reinforced with 8,#8 bars of fy = 40 ksi,
supports a service load of 81.87 kips ( factored load = 103.17 kips). The
load is acting at the base of column. The allowable soil pressure at the
level of the base of the column footing is 2.204 k/ft2. Design a square
footing with base 5′ below surface. Take unit weight of soil as 100 pcf.

base of column

base of footing

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 60

30
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 9.3

 Data Given:
 Column size = 18″ × 18″

 fc′ =3 ksi

 fy = 40 ksi

 qa = 2.204 k/ft2

 Factored load on column = 103.17 kips (Reaction at the support)

 Service load on column = 81.87 kips (Reaction at the support due to

service load)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 61

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 9.3

 Step # 01: Estimate the thickness of footing, h

 Assume h = 15 in.

 davg = h – clear cover – one bar dia

= 15 – 3 – 1(for #8 bar) = 11 in.

 Step # 02: Calculate overburden pressure, W

 Assume depth of the base of footing from ground level (z) = 5′

 Weight of fill and concrete footing, W = Wconc + Wfill

W = γfill(z - h) + γch =100 × (5 – 1.25) +150 × (1.25)

W = 562.5 psf = 0.5625 ksf

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 62

31
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 9.3

 Step # 03: Calculate effective bearing

capacity, qe
 Effective bearing capacity, qe = qa – W
= 2.204 – 0.5625 = 1.642 ksf

 Step # 04: Calculate bearing area, Areq

 Bearing area, Areq = Service Load/ qe
= 81.87/1.642 = 49.86 ft2
Areq = B x B = 49.86 ft2 => B = 7 ft.
davg + c B = 7′
davg / 2 =
11/2 = 5.5′

c = 18″

davg + c

B = 7′
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 63

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 9.3

 Step # 05: Calculate critical shear parameter, bo

 Critical Perimeter, bo = 4 x (c + davg)

= 4 × (18 + 11) =116 in

davg + c B = 7′
davg / 2 =
 Step # 06: Calculate design pressure on 11/2 = 5.5′

base of footing due to factored loads, c = 18″

davg + c
qu
 qu = Factored load on column / Areq B = 7′

qu = 103.17 / (7 × 7) = 2.105 ksf

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 64

32
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 9.3

 Step # 07: Calculate the punching

shear force, Vup
 Vup = qu {B2 – (c + davg) 2}

 Vup = quB2 – qu(c + davg) 2

 Vup = 2.105 [72 – {(18+11)/12}2]

= 90.85 kip
B B

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 65

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 9.3

 Step # 08: Check the punching shear capacity,

ΦVcp bo

davg
 Vup = 90.85 kip

Punching shear capacity (ΦVcp)

ΦVcp = Φ4 f ′ bo davg

ΦVcp = 0.75 × 4 × 3000 × 116 × 11/1000

ΦVcp = 209.66 k > Vup, O.K

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 66

33
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 9.3

 Step # 09: Calculate maximum Critical Section

moment, Mu
 Mu = quBk2/2

 k = (B – C)/2 = (7 x 12 –18)/2
qu qu

= 33 in = 2.75´ B B

 Mu = 2.105 × 7 × 2.75 × 2.75/2

= 55.72 ft-k

= 668.60 in-kip

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 67

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 9.3

 Step # 10: Calculate steel area, As

 Mu = 668.60 in-kip a = 0.2davg = 0.2 × 11 = 2.2″

As = Mu/ {Φfy(davg – a/2)} = 668.60/ {0.9 × 40 × (11 – 2.2/2)} = 1.87 in2

a = Asfy/ (0.85fc′B) = 1.83 × 40/ (0.85 × 3 × 7 × 12) = 0.35″

After trials, As = 1.71 in2

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 68

34
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 9.3

 Step # 11: Minimum reinforcement check, Asmin

Asmin = 0.005 B davg = 4.62 in2

Asmin = 4.62 in2 so Asmin governs

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 69

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 9.3

 Step # 12: Bars Placement

Main Reinforcement
 Now, the spacing can be calculated as follows:

 Using #8 bars: No. of bars = 4.62/0.79

≈ 6 bars.

 Spacing = (6.5/5)x12 = 15 in. c/c

 Hence 6 bars can be provided in the foundation

if they are placed 15 in. c/c

 Max. spacing should not exceed 3h or 18 in

7

7 - clear cover(3+3) = 6.5

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 70

35
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 9.3

 Step # 13: Drafting

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 71

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Example 9.4
Example: Isolated Footing
A column 18″ square with fc′ = 3ksi reinforced with 8 #8 bars of fy = 60 ksi,
supports a service dead load of 220 kips and a service live load of 175
kips. The loads are acting at the base of column. The allowable soil
pressure at the level of the base of the column footing is 5 k/ft2. Design a
square footing with base 5′ below surface. Take unit weight of soil equal to
100 pcf.

base of column

base of footing

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 72

36
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Assignment # 04

 Submit Example # 9.4 of Lecture 09-Design of Column and Wall

Footings in the next class.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 73

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Quiz # 04

 A short quiz will be taken in Lecture 08-Design of RC Column in the

next class.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 74

37
 18‐May‐18

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

References

 Design of Concrete Structures 14th / 15th edition by Nilson, Darwin

and Dolan.

 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 75

38